硒酸酯多糖通过下调mdr1/P-gp表达逆转K562/ADM细胞凋亡抑制

目的:研究硒酸酯多糖(Kappa-selenocarrageenan,KSC)对多药耐药K562/ADM细胞的诱导凋亡效应及其分子机制。方法:以白血病多药耐药细胞K562/ADM为KSC作用的靶细胞,用MTT比色法检测细胞增殖活性,形态学、DNA片段化和流式细胞术(FCM)观察细胞凋亡;RT-PCR检测mdr1基因和Caspase-3基因mRNA的表达;FCM测定P-gp蛋白表达水平和Caspase-3活性。结果:KSC显著抑制K562/ADM细胞增殖,KSC诱导后K562/ADM细胞出现典型的凋亡形态学变化、DNA片段化和亚G1期细胞群等特征性改变。KSC下调K562/ADM细胞mdr1基因表达、抑制P-gp合成,并上调caspase-3基因表达、增强caspase-3活性。结论:KSC通过下调mdr1/P-gp表达逆转K562/ADM多药耐药细胞的凋亡抑制。     

沉默 UVRAG 对白血病K562/ADM 细胞自噬及耐药性的影响

目的：探讨沉默紫外线抵抗相关基因（UVRAG）对人白血病 K562/ ADM 细胞自噬及耐药性的影响。方法 Western Blotting 检测 UVRAG 蛋白在 K562及 K562/ ADM 细胞中表达差异。特异性干扰 UVRAG 基因的 UVRAG siRNA 及 Scramble siRNA 在 LipofectamineTM2000介导下转染 K562/ ADM 细胞,CCK-8法、MDC荧光染色及 Western Blotting 分别检测 UVRAG siRNA 转染前后 K562/ ADM 细胞耐药性、自噬水平以及 P-糖蛋白（P-gp）表达的变化。结果 Western Blotting 检测显示 K562/ ADM 细胞中 UVRAG 蛋白表达明显高于K562细胞（P ﹤0.05）;与 K562/ ADM 组及 Scramble siRNA 转染组相比,UVRAG siRNA 转染组 UVRAG 蛋白表达显著下降（P ﹤0.05）,以48 h 效果最佳,提示 UVRAG siRNA 能高效沉默 K562/ ADM 细胞 UVRAG;CCK-8法显示与 K562/ ADM 组及 Scramble siRNA 转染组相比,UVRAGsiRNA 组对阿霉素敏感性显著增高,IC50值明显下降（P ﹤0.05）;MDC 染色荧光显微镜观察到 UVRAG siRNA 转染后 K562/ ADM 细胞胞浆中自噬泡明显减少;Western Blotting 显示 K562/ ADM 细胞中 Beclin-1、P-gp 表达及 P62降解明显高于 K562细胞,与K562/ ADM 细胞及 Scramble siRNA 转染组相比,UVRAG siRNA 转染组 Beclin-1、P-gp 表达及 P62降解显著降低（P 均﹤0.05）。结论 UVRAG 蛋白在 K562/ ADM 细胞中高表达,与白血病 MDR 密切相关;UVRAG siR-NA 下调 UVRAG 表达可降低 K562/ ADM 细胞耐药性,其机制可能与降低自噬水平及下调 P-gp 表达有关。     

干扰素和环孢霉素A 协同逆转K562/ ADM细胞对阿霉素的耐药性

  目的 观察干扰素(α-Interleron，α-IFN)和环孢霉素A(Cyclosporine A,CsA)对白血病K562/ADM细胞耐药性的协同逆转效应。方法 以多药耐药基因／P-糖蛋白(Muhidrug resistance gene／P-glycoprotein，mdrl／P-gp)超表达的K562／ADM细胞为靶细胞，MTT比色法检测药物的细胞毒效应；流式细胞仪检测细胞P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein，P-gp)表达水平；激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞内阿霉素含量变化。结果 K562／ADM细胞对阿霉素呈高度耐药性，并与柔红霉素和鬼臼乙叉甙交叉耐药，但与CsA无交叉耐药。CsA和α-IFN单独或联合应用均对K562／ADM细胞的耐药性有较强的抑制效应。流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦显微镜分析发现α-IFN和CsA单独或联合均不能下调细胞mdrl/P-gp的表达，反而应激性地刺激耐药细胞P-gp的合成增加，但可抑制P-gp的功能、增加K562／ADM细胞内阿霉素的积聚。结论 α-IFN和CsA联合可协同逆转耐药白血病细胞的耐药性，其作用机制为抑制P-gp的功能而非下调mdrl／P-gp的表达水平。     

siRNA抑制K562/ADM细胞mdr1基因表达并逆转其耐药性

背景与目的：白血病耐药性是白血病治疗中的难点，RNAi技术具有特异、高效、毒性小的特点，可高效、特异地抑制特定基因的过度表达。本文研究小干扰RNA分子（siRNA）对白血病多药耐药K562／ADM细胞mdr1基因表达和耐药性的影响。方法：设计、筛选和合成针对mdr1基因的siRNAs（si—mdrl—1，si—mdr1—2），脂质体介导转染K562／ADM细胞；RT—PCR法检测mdr1 mRNA的转录；流式细胞术测定P-糖蛋白（P—gP）表达水平；MTT法检测K562／ADM细胞对多柔比星（阿霉素，ADM）的敏感性。结果：si—mdr1—1、si-mdr1-2转染24h和48h，si—mdr1—1的抑制率分别为55．5％和22．5％，而si—mdr1—2则分别为16．0％和57．6％。si—mdr1—1和si—mdr1—2作用72h时，P—gP的表达强度分别下降74％和85％。si—mdr1—1和si—mdr1—2均可提高K562／ADM细胞对多柔比星的敏感性、逆转其耐药性，逆转倍数分别为2．52倍和1．96倍。结论：siRNA可特异性地沉默mdr1基因的表达，逆转P—gP介导的白血病细胞耐药性。     

MDR1基因短发卡样RNA表达载体逆转K562/A02人白血病细胞多药耐药的研究

目的构建MDR1基因短发卡样RNA(shRNA)真核表达载体,观察对K562/A02人白血病细胞株MDR1基因的沉默作用以及对P-糖蛋白(P-gp)表达及功能的影响。方法以基因重组技术构建表达质粒,转染重组质粒pEGFP-C1/U6/MDR1-A和pEGFP-C1/U6/MDR1-B至K562/A02细胞株,通过半定量RT-PCR和蛋白质印迹法,检测MDR1基因表达及P-gp表达水平的变化;以MTT法检测阿霉素(ADM)对K562/A02细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC_(50));高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测细胞内ADM含量。结果构建的2种重组质粒pEGFP-C1/U6/MDR1-A和pEGFP-C1/U6/MDR1-B均明显抑制K562/A02细胞株MDR1基因表达,抑制率最高为48．2%±2．5%;同时抑制P-gp蛋白的表达,抑制率最高为50．67%。对ADM药物敏感性的相对逆转效率分别为40．8%和62．4%;同时使K562/ A02细胞内ADM含量增加。结论shRNA表达载体可明显抑制K562/A02细胞MDR1 mRNA的转录和P-gp蛋白的表达,增加K562/A02细胞内ADM含量,恢复K562/A02细胞对化疗药物的敏感性,逆转MDR1基因编码蛋白P-gp介导的多药耐药。     

RNAi对白血病细胞mdr-1基因和多药耐药表型的影响

目的:探讨RNA干扰技术(RNAi)对慢性粒细胞白血病急变细胞系K562/AO2细胞mdr1基因的抑制和耐药表型的逆转作用。方法:选择合成封闭mdr-1基因的小干扰序列(si-MDR1),以1个碱基突变的si-MDR1-mut为对照序列,在脂质体介导下转染至K562/AO2细胞系。RT-PCR和Western blot检测mdr1 mRNA及P-gp蛋白水平,流式细胞术分析细胞内柔红霉素(daunorubicin,DNR)积累量,并以四甲基唑蓝快速比色法(MTT)反映K562/AO2对阿霉素、长春新碱、足叶乙甙药物敏感性的变化。结果:实验证实该序列能高效封闭K562/AO2细胞内mdr-1基因表达,增加细胞内化疗药物DNR积累量,增强K562/AO2细胞对阿霉素、长春新碱、足叶乙甙的敏感性。结论:RNAi可以通过抑制mdr1基因表达,逆转K562/AO2细胞耐药表型。     

雷公藤红素逆转K562/A02细胞多药耐药的实验研究

目的探讨雷公藤红素逆转人慢性粒细胞白血病红白血病急变细胞株K562/A02多药耐药的效果。方法采用CCK-8法测定细胞的药敏性及耐药逆转性,应用流式细胞术检测细胞内ADM浓度、P-gp蛋白表达。结果雷公藤红素对K562/A02、K562的半数抑制率浓度（IC50）分别为（295.58±23.288）μmol/L、（411.59±26.551）μmol/L。K562/A02细胞对ADM的耐药性是K562细胞的79.78倍。细胞毒剂量的雷公藤红素作用后,ADM对K562/A02细胞的IC50显著下降（P〈0.05）,逆转倍数为117.860倍。细胞毒剂量（IC50）和非细胞毒剂量（IC10）的雷公藤红素处理后的K562/A02细胞内的ADM浓度显著增加（P〈0.05）,增加倍数分别为1.537倍和1.102倍。雷公藤红素能明显下调K562/A02细胞的P-gp表达。结论雷公藤红素对逆转K562/A02细胞的耐药性有一定的作用,其机制可能与下调P-gp表达有关。     

Reversal of P-glycoprotein mediated multidrug resistance by a newly synthesized 1,4-benzothiazipine derivative,JTV-519

A newly synthesized 1,4-benzothiazipine derivate, 4-[3-(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl) propionyl]-7-methoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1, 4-benzothiazepine monohydrochloride (JTV-519) was examined for its ability to reverse P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) in K562/MDR and KB/MRP cells, respectively. JTV-519 at 3 microM reversed the resistance of K562/MDR cells to vincristine (VCR), taxol, etoposide (VP16), adriamycin (ADM) and actinomycin D and at 0.5 or 1 microM reversed their resistance to STI571. JTV-519 at 10 microM enhanced the accumulation of ADM in K562/MDR cells to the level in parental K562 cells and inhibited the efflux of ADM from K562/MDR cells. Photoaffinity labeling of P-gp with 3H-azidopine was almost completely inhibited by 500 microM JTV-519. JTV-519 at 3 microM also partially reversed the resistance of KB/MRP cells to VCR and at 500 microM partially inhibited the photoaffinity labeling of MRP1 with (125)I-II-azidophenyl agosterol A (125I-azidoAG-A). These results suggest that JTV-519 reversed the resistance to the anti-cancer agents in P-gp and MRP1 overexpressing multidrug-resistant cells by directly binding to P-gp and MRP1, and competitively inhibiting transport of the anti-cancer agents.     

MDR1基因下调逆转人白血病阿霉素耐药细胞株K562/ADM的耐药性

目的：探讨RNA干扰（RNAi）人MDR1基因对人白血病阿霉素耐药细胞株K562/ADM耐药性的影响。方法：应用针对人MDR1基因的RNAi质粒pENTRTM/U6-MDR1转染人白血病阿霉素耐药细胞株K562/ADM和亲本细胞株K562,48 h后实时荧光定量PCR检测MDR1 mRNA表达,流式细胞术检测P-gp蛋白表达和P-gp功能,MTT法检测细胞对ADM的耐药性。结果：与未转染细胞相比,K562/ADM耐药细胞pENTRTM/U6-MDR1组的MDR1 mRNA和P-gp蛋白表达和功能均显著下降（ P <0.05）,对阿霉素的耐药性显著降低（ P <0.05）。结论：MDR1基因下调可逆转人白血病阿霉素耐药细胞株对阿霉素的耐药性。     

Anti-proliferative effect of the abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 on the P-glycoprotein positive K562/ADM cell line

STI571, an abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is less effective in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients in the accelerated phase and in blastic crisis. We addressed whether STI571 is effective for the CML blastic crisis cell line K562 and the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) positive, multidrug resistance cell line K562/ADM. The present results demonstrate that P-gp positive K562/ADM cells were more resistant than K562 cells to the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effect of STI571, but the co-addition of a P-gp modulator augmented the sensitivity of K562/ADM cells to STI571. For patients in CML blastic crisis, simultaneous use of a P-gp modulator may increase the efficacy of STI571.     

斑蝥酸钠逆转K562/AO2细胞多药耐药的机制初探

目的 观察斑蝥酸钠(SCA)对多药耐药的白血病细胞(K562/AO2)细胞是否有逆转作用,并初步探讨其逆转机制.方法 应用 MTT测定多柔比星(阿霉素,ADM)对K562/AO2细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50);应用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测K562、K562/AO2细胞表达mdr1基因水平;用流式细胞术(FCM)检测其P-gp蛋白表达的水平.结果 MTT结果显示,无毒剂量的SCA与ADM联合应用比单纯加ADM(同等剂量)对K562/AO2细胞的IC50降低了1.51倍;耐药细胞(K562/AO2)经SCA处理后mdr1基因与P-gp蛋白表达均下降(P＜0.05).结论 SCA对K562/AO2有一定的逆转作用,其机制可能与下调mdr1基因和P-gp蛋白表达有关.     

Merocyanine 540-mediated photodynamic therapy inhibits P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity in adriamycin-resistant K562 cells

The photosensitizing dye merocyanine 540 (MC540) has been used in preclinical models and in a phase I clinical trial in the U.S.A. for the extracorporeal purging of autologous bone marrow grafts contaminated with leukemia or lymphoma. In this communication, we report MC540-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) was effective in purging leukemic cells expressing P-gp. When K562 and K562/ADM were exposed to MC540 (15 micrograms/ml) and white light (145.8 kJ/m2), the concentration of K562 and K 562/ADR was reduced by 1.8 and 3.0 log, respectively. Using flow cytometry and confocal laser scan microscopy, MC540 and calcein-AM were bound intracellularly and effluxed by P-gp in K562/ADM. In K562/ADM, calcein-AM efflux was inhibited by P-gp modulator, cyclosporin A (5 microM) and verapamil (15 micrograms/ml). In contrast, MC540 efflux was inhibited by cyclosporin A but not verapamil. Furthermore, MC540-mediated PDT inhibited efflux of calcein-AM and MC540, and induced the accumulation of dyes in K562/ADM. We conclude that MC540 is a substrate of P-gp and that MC540-mediated PDT is useful for purging MDR cells through inhibition of P-gp activity.     

5-溴汉防己甲素与汉防己甲素对K562/A02细胞多药耐药性逆转作用的比较

背景与目的:5-溴汉防己甲素(5-bromotetrandrine,BrTet)是汉防己甲素(tetrandrine,Tet)的溴化产物,具有逆转P-糖蛋白(P-glyeoprotein,P-gp)介导的肿瘤多药耐药(muhidrug resistance,MDR)的作用。本研究旨在比较BrTet与Tet对人白血病细胞K562/A02多药耐药的逆转作用。方法:采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝法(MTT)法检测不同浓度BrTet对K562细胞和K562/A02细胞的增殖抑制效应;检测阿霉素(adfiamycin,ADM)对K562细胞和K562/A02细胞增殖的抑制作用,以及加用BrTet、Tet时上述抑制作用的变化,并计算半数抑制浓度(IC50)及逆转倍数。Westernblot法检测各组细胞P-gp的表达,流式细胞仪检测各组细胞内ADM的蓄积。结果:K562/A02细胞对ADM的耐药倍数为49.51倍。2.0μmol/L及更低浓度的BrTet和1.5μmol/L及更低浓度的Tet对K562细胞和K562/A02细胞抑制率均小于10%,无明显细胞毒性作用。加入1.0μmol/L的Tet后,K562/A02细胞对ADM的耐药倍数为12.17倍。加入0.25、0.5和1.0μmol/L的BrTet后,K562/A02细胞对ADM的耐药倍数分别为17.88、9.97和4.24倍。1.0"mol/L的BrTet和Tet分别使K562/A02细胞内ADM浓度提高了69.0%和51.6%,使P-gp表达分别下调了51.1%和43.73%,其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:BrTet及Tet均可逆转K562/A02细胞耐药,且前者较后者逆转作用更强,逆转机制与抑制P-gp的表达、增加细胞内抗肿瘤药物浓度有关。     

Establishment of a human leukemia subline resistant to the growth-inhibitory effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and showing non-P-glycoprotein-mediated multi-drug resistance.

We have previously reported that K562/ADM, a typical P-glycoprotein-mediated multi-drug-resistant cell line, is cross-resistant to the growth-inhibitory effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and non-TPA type tumor promoters. To elucidate the mechanism of cross-resistance to tumor promoters in K562/ADM, we have established a K562 subline resistant to TPA-induced growth inhibition by exposing K562 cells to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine for 24 hr followed by continuous exposure to TPA. A K562 subline resistant to the TPA-induced growth inhibition, termed K562/TPA, was selected by a limiting dilution technique. K562/TPA was more than 500-fold resistant to TPA compared with parental K562 cells. K562/TPA showed cross-resistance to etoposide, teniposide, adriamycin (ADM), vincristine, vindesine and 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)] methyl-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, but showed collateral sensitivity to cisplatin. Although K562/ADM was not cross-resistant to 3'-deamino-3'-morpholino-13-deoxo-10-hydroxycarminomycin (MX2), an anthracycline derivative, K562/TPA was cross-resistant to MX2. By Northern blot analysis, K562/TPA did not express MDR-1. Accumulation of ADM by K562/TPA was no lower than that of K562 although that of K562/ADM was 5-fold lower than K562. We examined the subcellular distribution of ADM by fluorescence microscopy. The fluorescence of ADM was located in the nucleus of K562 and mainly in the cytoplasm of K562/TPA and K562/ADM. The distribution of ADM in K562/TPA, however, was different from that in K562/ADM. These results suggested that K562/TPA had a non-P-glycoprotein-mediated multi-drug-resistance phenotype and that the mechanism of drug-resistance in this cell line might be explained by an alteration in the intracellular drug distribution.     

Mechanism of cytotoxic effects of taxotere in the K562 human premyelocytic leukemia line

Background Taxotere, a semisynthetic derivative of Taxol, is known to possess cytotoxic effects on various animal cells. Methods To better understand the precise mechanism of this drug action, the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, K562, and its adriamycin and vincristine resistant sublines, respectively termed K562/ADM and K562/VCR, were used as targets. Results The IC₅₀ for taxotere was almost equal to that for VCR. Due to cross-resistance in the K562/ADM cells, the IC₅₀ value was 42.3 times greater with taxotere, although it was still lower than with ADM and VCR. A much lower cross-resistance was noted with the K562/VCR cells. Assessment of MDR-1 mRNA indicated that expression of the multidrug resistance gene product p-glycoprotein in the cell membrane was partly responsible for the resistance. K562 cells treated with taxotere accumulated in G₂M of the cell cycle, and morphologically, cells in metaphase were found to be remarkably increased. This indicates inhibition of mitosis. Unlike vincristine or vinblastine, taxotere enhanced the assembly of tubulin into microtubules in the absence of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Moreover, microtubule disassembly was inhibited even in the presence of calcium ions. Conclusion These results suggest that the tubulin equilibrium was shifted towards formation and away from degradation of microtubules that lead to metaphase arrest and eventual cell death. Syntheses of DNA, RNA and protein were not inhibited, and topoisomerases I and II were unaffected. Thus taxotere is an analogue of Taxol, showing a similar mechanism of cytotoxic effect to Taxol on the human K562 leukemia cell line as well as on rodent tumor cell lines.     

PLK1基因沉默增强K562/A02细胞对阿霉素敏感性的实验研究

背景与目的:Polo样激酶1(polo-likekinase1,PLK1)是一种重要的细胞周期调节分子,在多种肿瘤细胞中高表达且与肿瘤发病、治疗和预后密切相关。本研究探讨PLK1基因沉默增强K562/A02细胞对阿霉素敏感性的作用。方法:构建针对PLK1mRNA的siRNA真核质粒,将其导入经阿霉素诱导的K562/A02细胞中,通过RT-PCR和Westernblot分析PLK1基因在转染前后的表达差异;MTT法检测阿霉素对K562/A02细胞的半数抑制浓度;流式细胞术检测细胞内阿霉素积累量和阿霉素诱导后的细胞凋亡。结果:与对照组相比,转染pEGFP-PLK1质粒的K562/A02细胞PLK1mRNA和蛋白水平分别下降(61.9±2.5)%和(65.3±2.4)%,对阿霉素敏感性的相对逆转率为67.8%。经阿霉素诱导96h后,空白对照组的细胞凋亡率为11.33%,转染pEGFP-PLK1质粒组凋亡率达到54.39%。结论:PLK1基因沉默能明显增加K562/A02细胞内阿霉素的累积量,增强细胞对阿霉素的敏感性并诱导凋亡,从而逆转K562/A02细胞对阿霉素的耐药性。     

低剂量地西他滨联合伊马替尼对K562细胞的增殖抑制作用

 目的　研究低剂量地西他滨（DAC）联合伊马替尼（IM）对K562细胞株的增殖抑制作用及对bcr-abl表达的影响。方法　单药及两药联合后,通过四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTT）法观察药物对K562细胞株的增殖抑制作用,流式细胞术检测药物对K562细胞株早期凋亡率及细胞周期,巢式反转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）半定量检测药物对K562细胞株bcr-abl mRNA表达。结果　DAC与IM单药对K562细胞的抑制作用呈浓度时间依赖性。两药联合用药抑制作用较单药组明显（F＝43.947、165.580、321.193、296.101,均P＜0.05）,24、 48、72 h各浓度组与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（F＝202.759、168.457、417.538,均P＜0.05）。DAC及IM单药作用药物对K562细胞株均使G1期细胞明显增多,IM 0.2 μmol／L作用于K562细胞株48 h可见6.7 %早期凋亡细胞,IM 0.2 μmol／L联合DAC 4 μmol／L早期凋亡细胞增加至8.4 %。bcr-abl mRNA表达水平降低,DAC 4 μmol／L作用48 h后可降低K562细胞中bcr-abl mRNA表达（约14 %）,IM 0.2 μmol／L降低约40 %,联合用药表达量明显降低（约60 %）。联合用药组与单药组比较差异有统计学意义（F＝71.981,P＜0.05）。结论　DAC 对K562细胞的增殖抑制作用与细胞周期阻滞、诱导凋亡及降低bcr-abl mRNA表达有关,两药联合可显著抑制K562细胞增殖。     

维生素E琥珀酸酯诱导耐药白血病K562/ADM细胞凋亡的研究

目的:研究维生素E 琥珀酸酯(vitamin E succinate , VES)对多药耐药白血病K562/ADM细胞的诱导凋亡作用及分子机制。方法: 以体外培养的K562/ADM细胞为研究对象,采用噻唑蓝(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, MTT) 比色法检测细胞增殖活性, Wright Giemsa染色、DNA凝胶电泳和流式细胞术(flowcytometry, FCM)检测细胞凋亡;FCM测定细胞Fas、Bcl-2 和p53 蛋白表达水平。结果:VES可显著抑制K562/ADM细胞的生长及增殖,P= 0 .004。光镜下可见K562/ADM细胞呈典型凋亡的形态学改变。DNA凝胶电泳显示典型的凋亡DNA梯形条带。FCM细胞周期分析显示,G1 期阻滞,亚G1 期细胞比例增高,P=0 .005;Fas蛋白表达明显上调,P=0. 002;Bcl -2蛋白表达下调,P=0. 000;p53蛋白表达无明显变化。结论:VES可诱导K562/ADM细胞凋亡,作用机制可能与其上调Fas表达和下调Bcl 2表达有关。