利用多普勒超声探测肝细胞癌引起的肝动脉血液动力学改变

目的:为了探知向肝细胞癌供血与不供血的肝动脉分支间的血液动力学差异,对该两类动脉的速率波形作了比较。方法:利用双联彩色多普勒超声检查了38例单个肝叶内有肝细胞癌的患者和34例慢性肝病但无肝细胞癌的患者(对照者)。沿着右前段肝门分支和左侧肝门静脉垂直段测量了彩色编码的肝动脉校正角的收缩速率峰值与搏动指数。结果:对照组测试的动脉分支间的收缩速率峰值与搏动指数均无显著性差异,相反地,在肝细胞癌(直径≤3cm)患者中,向肿瘤供血的动脉分支搏动指数显著低于不向肿瘤供血的动脉分支。而收缩速率峰值却显著高于后者(P<0.05)。这些血液动力学改变的程度与肿瘤的大小及大的肝门动脉分支中有无瘤栓的存在有关。结果:这些结果表明,向肝细胞癌供血的肝动脉分支阻力低于不向肿瘤供血的分支。     

彩色多普勒检测转移性肝癌的血流动力学改变

目的探讨转移性肝癌(MHC)的彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)特征.方法应用CDFI观察MHC组65例及正常对照组24例,测量肝动脉和门静脉内径,观察癌灶及肝动脉、门静脉的血流情况,检测癌灶内血管及肝动脉的最大血流速度(Vmax)、阻力指数(RI)和门静脉的Vmax,分别对正常组、小肝癌型、结节型及块状型进行对比分析.结果癌灶以癌周双重供血为主,随着癌灶增大血供增加,RI增高,三种类型癌灶Vmax均为30cm/s左右,随癌灶增大无明显变化(P＞0.05).随癌灶增大肝动脉内径、Vmax和RI增加,门静脉内径增宽,Vmax则逐渐降低.结论随着MHC癌灶的增大血供增加,但Vmax无明显变化.此点有助于MHC的诊断.     

TACE联合内皮抑素对兔VX2肝移植瘤的血流动力学影响的超声评价

目的 利用多普勒超声研究TACE联合内皮抑素栓塞治疗后兔VX2肝移植瘤及肝脏的血流动力学变化.方法 20只荷瘤兔,随机分为对照组和抗血管生成组,每组10只,抗血管生成组经兔肝动脉给予内皮抑素+超液化碘油+阿霉素栓塞治疗,对照组以生理盐水代替.1周后多普勒超声观察肿瘤血供及肝动脉、门静脉血流动力学变化,检测结果与治疗前相应血管的多普勒血流参数进行比较.结果 对照组治疗后肝动脉最大血流速度增大(P<0.05),肝动脉阻力指数和门静脉血流速度无明显变化(P>0.05);抗血管生成组栓塞后肝动脉血流速度明显降低(P<0.05),阻力指数增大(P<0.05),门静脉血流速度无明显变化(P<0.05).治疗前所有病灶内及其周边多普勒超声均可检测出较丰富血流信号.治疗后显示抗血管生成组瘤内及瘤周血流信号均明显减弱,部分消失.结论 TACE联合内皮抑素可有效地阻断兔VX2肝移植瘤供血,多普勒超声可显示该血流的变化.便于对其疗效进行及时评价.     

大面积烧伤患者康复期下肢动脉血流动力学变化的研究

目的探讨大面积烧伤患者康复期下肢动脉的血流动力学变化规律。方法选取2016年7月至2018年7月牡丹江医学院第二附属医院收治的30例大面积烧伤康复期患者及同期进行健康体检的30名健康受试者作为研究对象,并分别将其设定为研究组与对照组,检测其股动脉、股浅动脉及足背动脉的管腔内径、搏动频率、舒张末期最低血流速度及收缩期峰值血流速度,计算血流阻力指数,并予以对比。结果研究组研究对象股动脉、股浅动脉及足背动脉的搏动频率、收缩期峰值血流速度及血流阻力指数均显著高于对照组,P均0.05,差异具有统计学意义;而管腔内径无明显差异,P 0.05,差异无统计学意义。即大面积烧伤康复期患者部分下肢动脉发生血流动力学改变,其搏动频率增快、血流阻力增强。结论大面积烧伤患者康复期下肢动脉血流动力学变化明显,值得临床医生进一步深入研究,以指导烧伤患者康复期的临床治疗。     

彩色多普勒超声对原发性肝癌肝固有动脉血流动力学的研究

目的：利用彩色多普勒超声,研究原发性肝癌（PHC）患者肝固有动脉（HA）的血流动力学特点,并与肝硬化患者和正常人对照分析,为PHC的早期诊断和鉴别诊断提供血流参数依据。方法：应用彩色多普勒超声检测原发性肝癌和肝硬化患者及正常人肝固有动脉内径（PHA—D）和肝固有动脉多普勒血流频谱参数。结果：PHC患者肝固有动脉内径宽于肝硬化患者和正常人（P〈0．05）,收缩期峰值流速高于肝硬化患者和正常人（P〈0．05）,阻力指数低于肝硬化患者和正常人（P〈0．05）。结论：PHC患者与肝硬化患者及正常人相比,肝固有动脉收缩期峰值流速明显增加,管径增宽,阻力指数降低,差别有统计学意义,通过彩色多普勒超声对PHC患者肝固有动脉内径和肝固有动脉多普勒血流频谱参数的检测,有助于原发性肝癌的早期诊断和鉴别诊断。     

原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉-右心房癌栓17例介入治疗体会

目的 评价TACE治疗原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉(IVC)-右心房(RA)癌栓的安全性和临床疗效.方法 17例原发性肝癌合并IVC-RA癌栓患者,行选择性动脉造影确认肿瘤供血动脉,之后行TACE.栓塞材料包括化疗药物-碘化油混合乳剂及颗粒型栓塞材料,栓塞的靶血管包括肝动脉分支、右侧膈下动脉、胃左动脉分支等.术后定期随访,酌情行进一步治疗.结果 17例患者共行TACE治疗45次,所有治疗均成功,无明显并发症.17例患者IVC-RA癌栓均可见明确供血动脉,肝动脉分支供血12例,肝外动脉供血9例,其中胃左动脉1例,右侧膈下动脉8例.复查CT,15例患者可见IVC-RA癌栓内碘油沉积.17例患者的中位生存期为12个月,1、2年生存率分别为52.9％、29.4％.结论 原发性肝癌IVC-RA癌栓血供丰富,主要供血动脉包括肝动脉、右侧膈下动脉,TACE是治疗原发性肝癌合并IVC-RA癌栓的安全有效方法.     

门静脉癌栓肝脏血供变更的CT表现

目的探讨门静脉癌栓血流动力学变化及肝脏周边区动脉期异常强化的发生机制.方法回顾分析30例经CT和血管造影证实的中晚期肝癌28例,转移癌2例同时并发门静脉癌栓形成的影像学资料.结果30例门静脉癌栓中在主干、左、右支同时存在的有18例,主干癌栓3例,左、右支癌栓9例.门静脉海绵样变26例,CT表现为肝门、肝裂、胆囊窝增粗成团的血管影.在30例中,肝脏周边区动脉期异常强化10例.结论门静脉癌栓后侧枝循环形成海绵样变,仍能维持肝脏的血供,肝脏周边区动脉期异常强化提示肝脏血供变更,门静脉血供减少,动脉血供代偿增加.     

战斗机飞行员脑血流动力学的研究

目的 探讨战斗机飞行员脑血流动力学的特点.方法 试验对象分为3组：战斗机飞行员组（40名）、运输机飞行员组（30名）和健康对照组（30名）,分别用2 MHz多普勒探头检测颅内各动脉的血流速度及搏动指数.结果 战斗机飞行员组与其他两组比较,颅内动脉各期血流速度呈对称性增快,差异均有显著性意义（P＜0.01）,以大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉、椎动脉、基底动脉和眼动脉血流速度增快明显.搏动指数虽有升高,但无统计学意义.运输机飞行员组与健康对照组相比,各期血流速度差异不显著.结论 战斗机飞行员颅脑动脉高血流流速是一种代偿性生理变化,在飞行鉴定时应引起重视.     

多层螺旋CT对不同肝叶血流动力学的比较研究

目的研究肝动脉和门静脉在不同肝叶的血流分配情况。方法选择能在同一CT横断面内同时显示肝左内叶、左外叶,肝右前叶、右后叶及门静脉主干或左右主支的健康成人30例,行CT灌注扫描,去卷积算法计算血流动力学参数:肝灌注指数(HPI)、肝血流量(HBF)、肝血容量(HBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)。所得结果按不同肝叶分组,进行方差分析。统计软件为SAS6.12,检验水准α=0.05。结果肝左、右叶的血流灌注指数有显著性差异;右前叶与右后叶、左内叶与左外叶灌注指数无明显差异;合并肝右前、后叶;肝左内、外叶得:肝左叶灌注指数为31.75%±5.28%,肝右叶灌注指数为5.2%±0.96%,两者有显著性差异(Ρ<0.05),HBF、HBV、MTT在不同肝叶无显著性差异。结论肝左叶的灌注指数明显高于肝右叶:肝左叶的动脉供血比例明显大于肝右叶。     

肝癌的肝外动脉栓塞治疗

目的 探研肝癌肝外动脉供血的特殊规律及可能形成机制,旨在提高介入治疗的有效性.方法 选择516例肝癌介入栓塞前常规腹腔动脉和肠系膜上动脉造影的病例,对癌灶临近膈肌的121例加做选择性膈下、右肾上腺、右肋间或双侧内乳动脉造影,分析肝癌肝外动脉供血特征.结果 196例肝外动脉供血来源于膈下及右肾上腺动脉68例(34.7%),胃十二指肠及网膜动脉51例(26.0%),胃左动脉42例(21.4%),胰十二 指肠动脉弓24例(12.2% ),结肠右动脉2例(1.0%),内乳动脉供 血5例(2.6%),肋间动脉供血3例(1.5%)以及胰背动脉供血1例(0.5%).58例为栓塞或外科肝动脉结扎后肝动脉闭塞所致的肝外侧枝循环(29.6% ),其余为原发性肝外动脉供血.肝外动脉供血与癌灶的原发部位和大小密切相关,统计表明,右膈下或肾上腺动脉主要供养VII、VIII段肝癌,胃十二指肠及网膜动脉主要供养IV、V、VI段癌灶,左膈下或胃左动脉主要供养II、III、IV段肝癌等.肝外供血支的插管成功率为92.7 %(182例).结论 熟悉肝癌肝外动脉供血的特点并掌握其规律对临床准确、彻底阻断肝癌多动脉供血,提高肝癌患者的介入治疗生存率具有重要意义.     

Arterial blood supply to the posterior aspect of segment IV of the liver from the caudate branch: demonstration at CT after iodized oil injection

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the arterial blood supply to the posterior aspect of segment IV of the liver with computed tomography (CT) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with iodized oil through the caudate arterial branch of the liver for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval and patient informed consent were not required for this retrospective study. Twenty-four patients (11 men and 13 women; mean age, 68 years) with HCC originating in the caudate lobe (n = 23) or posterior aspect of segment IV (n = 1) were selected. TACE of the caudate arterial branch was performed in all patients, including one patient with HCC in the posterior aspect of segment IV who underwent TACE of the caudate arterial branch after CT helped confirm that iodized oil was not distributed in the tumor after TACE of the medial segmental artery. The distribution of iodized oil in the posterior aspect of segment IV was analyzed with CT 1 week after TACE. The number and origin of all arteries supplying the caudate lobe and the number of arteries embolized were determined. RESULTS: Thirty-three caudate arterial branches were embolized. Twenty-nine branches were derived from the right hepatic artery and four were derived from the left hepatic artery. A single branch was seen in 17 patients, two branches were seen in five, and three branches were seen in two. Eight patients simultaneously underwent additional TACE of branches of the right hepatic artery (n = 6) or right inferior phrenic artery (n = 2). At CT, iodized oil was seen to be distributed entirely (n = 19) or partially (n = 5) in the caudate lobe. Distribution of iodized oil at the posterior aspect of segment IV was observed in 16 patients (67%), including 13 (54%) whose caudate arterial branches were derived entirely from the right hepatic artery. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the caudate arterial branch, which is mainly derived from the right hepatic artery, frequently supplies the posterior aspect of segment IV. This knowledge is important for managing HCC in the posterior aspect of segment IV by means of TACE.     

Variations in feeding arteries of hepatocellular carcinoma located in the left hepatic lobe

The left hepatic lobe is divided into three subsegments according to anatomical landmarks; however, there are several variations in the vascular territories of the left hepatic arterial branches. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) located near the umbilical fissure or at the left side of the umbilical portion of the left portal vein has frequent crossover blood supply. HCC located in the caudal aspect of the lateral segment has a variety of feeding arteries, and is infrequently supplied by the caudate artery or the medial subsegmental artery (A4), and by the lateral left hepatic arteries. HCC located in the posterior aspect of segment 4 is frequently supplied by the caudate artery or a small A4 branch arising from the caudate artery. In addition, the left inferior phrenic, right and left internal mammary, right and left gastric, cystic, and omental arteries are well known extrahepatic collateral pathways supplying HCC in the left hepatic lobe, especially when the hepatic artery is attenuated by previous transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Interventional radiologists should have sufficient knowledge of vascular territories in the left hepatic arterial branches and extrahepatic collaterals to perform effective TACE for HCC located in the left hepatic lobe.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe of the liver: variations of its feeding branches on arteriography

There are usually multiple caudate arteries arising from the right, left, and middle hepatic arteries, and they are frequently connected to each other. Therefore, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the caudate lobe is frequently fed by multiple branches arising from different origins. HCC located in the Spiegel lobe is usually fed by the caudate arteries derived from the right and/or left hepatic artery. HCC in the paracaval portion is mainly fed by the caudate artery derived from the right hepatic artery; with low frequency, it is fed by the caudate artery derived from the left hepatic artery. HCC in the caudate process is usually fed by the caudate artery derived from the right hepatic artery. Because of the complexity and overlap of vascular territories, the tumor-feeding branch of a recurrent HCC lesion in the caudate lobe frequently changes on follow-up arteriograms. In addition, several extrahepatic collateral vessels supply the recurrent tumor. To perform effective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for HCC in the caudate lobe, radiologists should have sufficient knowledge of vascular anatomy supplying HCC in the caudate lobe.     

Woodchuck Hepatic Anatomy and Vascular Alterations Due to Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Angiographic Atlas of the Abdomen and Pelvis

PurposeTo characterize the hepatic and abdominal angiographic anatomy of woodchucks and vascular changes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Materials and MethodsTwenty-nine woodchucks (23 with viral-associated HCC, 6 without) underwent multiphasic computed tomography (CT). Fourteen woodchucks (8 with HCC) also underwent diagnostic angiography. Hepatic arterial diameters were measured on the CT scans. Woodchucks were divided into 3 groups: non–tumor-bearing, largest tumor supplied by the right hepatic artery (RHA), and largest tumor supplied by the left hepatic artery (LHA). Statistical analysis with a repeated measures model was performed to determine the effects of tumor location (right, left), vessel measured (RHA, LHA), and interaction between the 2 on vessel diameter. Lobar arteries supplying HCC were compared with those that did not.ResultsCT anatomy and normal and variant vascular anatomy were defined. In woodchucks with HCC, LHA and RHA supplying tumors had mean diameters of 2.0 mm ± 0.3 and 1.6 mm ± 0.3 versus 1.5 mm ± 0.3 and 1.1 mm ± 0.2 for non–tumor-supplying arteries (P = .0002 and P < .0001), respectively. Lobar arteries supplying tumors were similarly ectatic. The right lateral lobe artery had the most profound increase in the mean diameter when supplying tumors, measuring 1.7 mm ± 0.1 versus 1.0 mm ± 0.1 in the non–tumor-supplying artery (P < .0001). There were no differences in the diameters of the aorta and celiac, common, and proper hepatic arteries between tumor- and non–tumor-bearing woodchucks. An angiographic atlas of the abdominal vessels was generated.ConclusionsHCC tumoral vasculature in woodchucks was ectatic compared with normal vasculature. This phenomenon recapitulates human HCC and may facilitate investigation of transcatheter and drug delivery therapies in an HCC animal model.     

原发性肝癌的肝外动脉供血来源类型和形成因素

目的分析手术不能切除的肝细胞肝癌(HCC),化疗栓塞前后形成肝外侧支动脉(ECAs)的来源类型和形成因素。方法回顾性分析35例患者,手术不能切除的肝癌,形成39支肝外侧支动脉供血,接受化疗栓塞术前后的病史、肝脏的电子机算机断层扫描片(CT)和肝脏血管数字减影片(DSA),研究HCC的ECAs来源类型与肝癌在肝内的部位、肝癌的大小和接受化疗栓塞的次数之间的关系。结果ECAs来源类型分别源于胸廓内动脉(5.1％)、右肋间动脉(7．7％)、胃左动脉(12．8％)、右膈下动脉(38．5％)、大网膜动脉(2．6％)、右肾上腺或肾包膜动脉(10．3％)。形成ECAs的影响因素较多,包括化疗栓塞的次数、肿瘤在肝内的部位、肿瘤的直径和化疗栓塞方式。绝大多数ECAs形成于多次化疗性栓塞后：化疗栓塞3～4次后,容易出现肝外动脉供血(17．9％);5～6次后,出现的概率显著增加(56.4％)。肿瘤位于肝脏表浅部位容易形成ECAs(71．8%),常为肝脏相邻部位：前、后及右腹壁、右膈顶和右肾。肿瘤的直径在5～10cm时(76．9％)。结论ECAs来源类型与肝癌的肝内部位有密切关系。ECAs的形成与肿瘤的多次化疗栓塞、肿瘤的大小和肿瘤在肝内的部位有显著关系。     

Hepatic arteries in potential donors for living related liver transplantation: evaluation with multi-detector row CT angiography

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of multi-detector row computed tomographic (CT) angiography in the evaluation of hepatic arterial anatomy in living related liver transplantation (LRLT) donors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a 10-month period, 62 potential LRLT donors were evaluated with CT and conventional angiography. Multi-detector row CT was performed after intravenous injection of 150 mL of contrast material at 3 mL/sec. CT angiograms of the hepatic arteries were generated by a radiologist who used volume rendering and maximum intensity projection techniques without knowledge of results of conventional angiography. Two reviewers reviewed CT and conventional angiograms retrospectively in consensus. The results of the two examinations were then compared. RESULTS: CT examinations were technically adequate in 56 (90%) donors. Respiratory motion artifact compromised detailed hepatic artery analysis in six donors (10%). Second-order branches of right hepatic arteries were visualized in 58 donors (94%), and second-order branches of left hepatic arteries were visualized in 51 (82%). A total of 27 hepatic arterial anatomic variations were detected in 22 donors at conventional angiography. CT angiography accurately depicted 25 (93%) anatomic variations in 20 donors (91%). CT angiography did not depict an accessory right hepatic artery in two donors. The number and origins of dominant arteries supplying segment IV were accurately identified at CT angiography in 51 donors (82%). Hepatic arterial anatomy depicted at CT angiography was identical to that at conventional angiography in 50 donors (81%). CONCLUSION: Multi-detector row CT angiography is useful but limited in its ability to depict the dominant artery supplying segment IV and small accessory hepatic arteries.     

Origins of Feeding Arteries of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Located Near the Umbilical Fissure of the Left Hepatic Lobe: Angiographic Evaluation

Purpose

To analyze the origins of the feeding arteries of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) near the umbilical fissure of the left hepatic lobe.

Methods

Twenty-eight HCCs with a mean?±?SD tumor diameter of 3.4?±?1.0?cm (range 1–4.4?cm) in contact with the right or left side of the umbilical fissure were treated by superselective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). The origins of the tumor-feeding arteries were analyzed with arteriograms and computed tomography or cone-beam computed tomography images obtained during and 1?week after TACE.

Results

Twenty-one HCC lesions were located in segment 3 and seven were located in segment 4. Of 21 tumors in segment 3, 13 (61.9%) were supplied by the lateral inferior subsegmental artery (A3), three (14.3%) by the medial subsegmental artery (A4), three (14.3%) by both A4 and A3, one (4.8%) by a branch arising from the left lateral hepatic artery, and one (4.8%) by a branch of the right gastric artery. In particular, all tumor-feeding branches arising from A4 were the first branch of A4. Of seven tumors in segment 4, four (57.1%) were supplied by A4 and three (42.9%) by A3. In particular, all tumor-feeding branches arising from A3 were the first branch of A3.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates crossover blood supply to HCC lesions located near the umbilical fissure, in addition to direct feeding from a separate branch. In particular, the first branch of the opposite subsegmental artery may feed tumors when crossover blood supply is present.     

Arterial switch procedure for D-transposition of the great arteries: quantitative midterm evaluation of hemodynamic changes with cine MR imaging and phase-shift velocity mapping-initial experience

PURPOSE: To evaluate cine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and phase-shift velocity mapping for assessment of the hemodynamic relevance of stenotic segments or specific hemodynamic changes in the great vessels after an arterial switch procedure for correction of D-transposition of the great arteries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients (age range, 2-17 years) with an acoustic window that was insufficient for Doppler transthoracic echocardiography were included in the study. Flow and diameter measurements of the pulmonary arterial trunk and its primary branches were performed with phase-shift velocity mapping and cine MR imaging. RESULTS: There were good correlations between pressure gradients in the pulmonary arteries estimated with MR imaging and those measured with Doppler echocardiography (r = 0.83, n = 15) and cardiac catheterization (r = 0.90, n = 13). Cine MR imaging revealed that the diameters of the right and left pulmonary arteries decreased with the expansion of the aorta during systole, which increased the peak velocity. This temporary stenosis was more severe in the right than in the left pulmonary artery and was accompanied by a significantly (P <.05) lower volume flow in the right artery. CONCLUSION: The anatomic situation after arterial switch repair tended to produce temporary stenoses in the primary pulmonary arterial branches, with significant changes in hemodynamics. These changes may affect the long-term outcome and go undetected with other imaging modalities.