基于磁共振图像的帕金森病计算机辅助诊断研究进展

近年来,由于帕金森病(PD)的临床复杂性与多模态磁共振(MR)图像的高维性,如何有效挖掘图像中特异性标记PD的影像生物标志物、建立高效的PD计算机辅助诊断(CAD)模型是研究中极具挑战性的问题。综述目前国内外研究进展,进一步分析MR多模态特征提取、特征选择、分类器模型等传统机器学习方法建立CAD模型的关键技术,并简要概述基于深度学习方法在早期PD分类诊断中的应用。指出基于多模态MR图像,采用机器学习或深度学习方法构建CAD模型,能够客观、准确地识别PD患者,对提高早期PD诊断的准确性具有很大价值和应用前景。今后研究应更深入挖掘多模态MR图像中的潜在标记PD的影像生物指标,开发更高阶的CAD模型,以辅助早期PD的临床智能诊断。     

A review of signal processing techniques for heart sound analysis in clinical diagnosis

This paper presents an overview of approaches to analysis of heart sound signals. The paper reviews the milestones in the development of phonocardiogram (PCG) signal analysis. It describes the various stages involved in the analysis of heart sounds and discrete wavelet transform as a preferred method for bio-signal processing. In addition, the gaps that still exist between contemporary methods of signal analysis of heart sounds and their applications for clinical diagnosis is reviewed. A lot of progress has been made but crucial gaps still exist. The findings of this review paper are as follows: there is a lack of consensus in research outputs; inter-patient adaptability of signal processing algorithm is still problematic; the process of clinical validation of analysis techniques was not sufficiently rigorous in most of the reviewed literature; and as such data integrity and measurement are still in doubt, which most of the time led to inaccurate interpretation of results. In addition, the existing diagnostic systems are too complex and expensive. The paper concluded that the ability to correctly acquire, analyse and interpret heart sound signals for improved clinical diagnostic processes has become a priority.     

A review of signal processing techniques for heart sound analysis in clinical diagnosis

This paper presents an overview of approaches to analysis of heart sound signals. The paper reviews the milestones in the development of phonocardiogram (PCG) signal analysis. It describes the various stages involved in the analysis of heart sounds and discrete wavelet transform as a preferred method for bio-signal processing. In addition, the gaps that still exist between contemporary methods of signal analysis of heart sounds and their applications for clinical diagnosis is reviewed. A lot of progress has been made but crucial gaps still exist. The findings of this review paper are as follows: there is a lack of consensus in research outputs; inter-patient adaptability of signal processing algorithm is still problematic; the process of clinical validation of analysis techniques was not sufficiently rigorous in most of the reviewed literature; and as such data integrity and measurement are still in doubt, which most of the time led to inaccurate interpretation of results. In addition, the existing diagnostic systems are too complex and expensive. The paper concluded that the ability to correctly acquire, analyse and interpret heart sound signals for improved clinical diagnostic processes has become a priority.     

Transductive reliability estimation for medical diagnosis

In the past decades, machine learning (ML) tools have been successfully used in several medical diagnostic problems. While they often significantly outperform expert physicians (in terms of diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity), they are mostly not being used in practice. One reason for this is that it is difficult to obtain an unbiased estimation of diagnose's reliability. We discuss how reliability of diagnoses is assessed in medical decision-making and propose a general framework for reliability estimation in machine learning, based on transductive inference. We compare our approach with a usual (machine learning) probabilistic approach as well as with classical stepwise diagnostic process where reliability of diagnose is presented as its post-test probability. The proposed transductive approach is evaluated on several medical datasets from the University of California (UCI) repository as well as on a practical problem of clinical diagnosis of the coronary artery disease (CAD). In all cases, significant improvements over existing techniques are achieved.     

Phonocardiogram signal analysis: a review

Many disease of the heart cause changes in heart sounds and additional murmurs before other signs and symptoms appear. Hence, heart sound analysis by auscultation is the primary test conducted by physicians to assess the condition of the heart. Yet, heart sound analysis by auscultation as well as analysis of the phonocardiogram (PCG) signal have not gained widespread acceptance. This is due mainly to many controversies regarding the genesis of the sounds and the lack of quantitative techniques for reliable analysis of the signal features. The heart sound signal has much more information than can be assessed by the human ear or by visual inspection of the signal tracings on paper as currently practiced. Here, we review the nature of the heart sound signal and the various signal-processing techniques that have been applied to PCG analysis. Some new research directions are also outlined.     

基于医学图像内容检索的计算机辅助乳腺X线影像诊断技术

乳腺癌是女性中高发的恶性肿瘤疾病.近年来,其发病率呈增高趋势.早期发现、早期诊断和早期治疗是降低乳腺癌患者死亡率的关键.计算机辅助诊断(CAD)技术能够有效提高早期诊断的准确性,而基于内容医学图像检索(CBMIR)技术的引入,为乳腺癌的诊断提供了有效的决策支持.文中就近年来基于医学图像内容检索的计算机辅助乳腺X线影像诊断关键技术进行了较为详尽的综述,包括微钙化和肿块检测、特征提取、相似性测度和相关反馈技术等,同时对该领域的发展趋势进行了展望.     

Feature Selection and Performance Evaluation of Support Vector Machine (SVM)-Based Classifier for Differentiating Benign and Malignant Pulmonary Nodules by Computed Tomography

There are lots of work being done to develop computer-assisted diagnosis and detection (CAD) technologies and systems to improve the diagnostic quality for pulmonary nodules. Another way to improve accuracy of diagnosis on new images is to recall or find images with similar features from archived historical images which already have confirmed diagnostic results, and the content-based image retrieval (CBIR) technology has been proposed for this purpose. In this paper, we present a method to find and select texture features of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) detected by computed tomography (CT) and evaluate the performance of support vector machine (SVM)-based classifiers in differentiating benign from malignant SPNs. Seventy-seven biopsy-confirmed CT cases of SPNs were included in this study. A total of 67 features were extracted by a feature extraction procedure, and around 25 features were finally selected after 300 genetic generations. We constructed the SVM-based classifier with the selected features and evaluated the performance of the classifier by comparing the classification results of the SVM-based classifier with six senior radiologists′ observations. The evaluation results not only showed that most of the selected features are characteristics frequently considered by radiologists and used in CAD analyses previously reported in classifying SPNs, but also indicated that some newly found features have important contribution in differentiating benign from malignant SPNs in SVM-based feature space. The results of this research can be used to build the highly efficient feature index of a CBIR system for CT images with pulmonary nodules.     

A multiple kernel support vector machine scheme for feature selection and rule extraction from gene expression data of cancer tissue

OBJECTIVE: Recently, gene expression profiling using microarray techniques has been shown as a promising tool to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Gene expression data contain high level of noise and the overwhelming number of genes relative to the number of available samples. It brings out a great challenge for machine learning and statistic techniques. Support vector machine (SVM) has been successfully used to classify gene expression data of cancer tissue. In the medical field, it is crucial to deliver the user a transparent decision process. How to explain the computed solutions and present the extracted knowledge becomes a main obstacle for SVM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multiple kernel support vector machine (MK-SVM) scheme, consisting of feature selection, rule extraction and prediction modeling is proposed to improve the explanation capacity of SVM. In this scheme, we show that the feature selection problem can be translated into an ordinary multiple parameters learning problem. And a shrinkage approach: 1-norm based linear programming is proposed to obtain the sparse parameters and the corresponding selected features. We propose a novel rule extraction approach using the information provided by the separating hyperplane and support vectors to improve the generalization capacity and comprehensibility of rules and reduce the computational complexity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Two public gene expression datasets: leukemia dataset and colon tumor dataset are used to demonstrate the performance of this approach. Using the small number of selected genes, MK-SVM achieves encouraging classification accuracy: more than 90% for both two datasets. Moreover, very simple rules with linguist labels are extracted. The rule sets have high diagnostic power because of their good classification performance.     

SVM-based CAD system for early detection of the Alzheimer's disease using kernel PCA and LDA

Single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) imaging has been widely used to guide clinicians in the early Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis challenge. However, AD detection still relies on subjective steps carried out by clinicians, which entail in some way subjectivity to the final diagnosis. In this work, kernel principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are applied on functional images as dimension reduction and feature extraction techniques, which are subsequently used to train a supervised support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The complete methodology provides a kernel-based computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system capable to distinguish AD from normal subjects with 92.31% accuracy rate for a SPECT database consisting of 91 patients. The proposed methodology outperforms voxels-as-features (VAF) that was considered as baseline approach, which yields 80.22% for the same SPECT database.     

Computerized heart sounds analysis

This paper is concerned with a synthesis study of the fast Fourier transform (FFT), the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), the Wigner distribution (WD) and the wavelet transform (WT) in analysing the phonocardiogram signal (PCG). It is shown that these transforms provide enough features of the PCG signals that will help clinics to obtain qualitative and quantitative measurements of the time-frequency (TF) PCG signal characteristics and consequently aid diagnosis. Similarly, it is shown that the frequency content of such a signal can be determined by the FFT without difficulties. The studied techniques (FT, STFT, WD, CWT, DWT and PWT) of analysis can thus be regarded as complementary in the TF analysis of the PCG signal; each will relate to a part distinct from the analysis in question.     

Phonocardiogram signal analysis: Techniques and performance comparison

This paper presents the applications of the spectrogram, Wigner distribution and wavelet transform analysis methods to the phonocardiogram (PCG) signals. A comparison between these three methods has shown the resolution differences between them. It is found that the spectrogram short-time Fourier transform (STFT), cannot detect the four components of the first sound of the PCG signal. Also, the two components of the second sound are inaccurately detected. The Wigner distribution can provide time-frequency characteristics of the PCG signal, but with insufficient diagnostic information: the four components of the first sound, SI, are not accurately detected and the two components of the second sound, S2, seem to be one component. It is found that the wavelet transform is capable of detecting the two components, the aortic valve component A2 and pulmonary value component P2, of the second sound S2 of a normal PCG signal. These components are not detectable using the spectrogram or the Wigner distribution. However, the standard Fourier transform can display these two components in frequency but not the time delay between them. Furthermore, the wavelet transform provides more features and characteristics of the PCG signals that mill help physicians to obtain qualitative and quantitative measurements of the time-frequency characteristics.     

基于机器学习的神经精神疾病辅助诊断研究进展

【摘要】神经影像技术被广泛应用于研究大脑结构和功能异常与神经精神疾病之间的相关性。与传统的统计学分析方法不同,机器学习模型能对神经影像学数据进行个体化预测,发掘潜在的生物学标记物。神经精神疾病辅助诊断包含数据预处理和机器学习算法。数据预处理是一种人为的特征工程,为机器学习算法提供量化特征;机器学习算法包含特征降维、模型训练和模型评估。鲁棒的机器学习算法可以实现对不同数据集的准确预测,并提供对预测结果贡献大的特征,作为潜在的生物学标记物。本文综述了近年来基于机器学习的神经精神疾病辅助诊断研究进展,从数据预处理、机器学习算法和生物学标记物3个角度进行介绍,并展望未来的研究方向。 【关键词】神经精神疾病;神经影像;机器学习;辅助诊断     

人体全消化道动力检测信号自动分析处理方法研究

消化道腔内压力检测是胃肠动力疾病诊断和胃肠动力学研究的一种主要手段。利用MEMS技术，我们开发了人体全消化道微型智能介入式诊查系统，能在正常生理状态下对全消化道压力、pH值进行长时间连续监测，解决了长期困扰医学界的压力信号的获取问题。本文着重讨论了系统的软件部分，即建立信号自动分析处理系统的必要性和方法。该系统主要实现信号的预处理、信号特征值的提取和优化、样本的分类功能，从而使测试结果可以真正应用于辅助医学诊断和研究，完善整个系统的功用。     

A machine learning perspective on the development of clinical decision support systems utilizing mass spectra of blood samples

Currently, the best way to reduce the mortality of cancer is to detect and treat it in the earliest stages. Technological advances in genomics and proteomics have opened a new realm of methods for early detection that show potential to overcome the drawbacks of current strategies. In particular, pattern analysis of mass spectra of blood samples has attracted attention as an approach to early detection of cancer. Mass spectrometry provides rapid and precise measurements of the sizes and relative abundances of the proteins present in a complex biological/chemical mixture. This article presents a review of the development of clinical decision support systems using mass spectrometry from a machine learning perspective. The literature is reviewed in an explicit machine learning framework, the components of which are preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, classifier training, and evaluation.     

Artificial intelligence in clinical multiparameter flow cytometry and mass cytometry–key tools and progress

There are many research studies and emerging tools using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to augment flow and mass cytometry workflows. Emerging AI tools can quickly identify common cell populations with continuous improvement of accuracy, uncover patterns in high-dimensional cytometric data that are undetectable by human analysis, facilitate the discovery of cell subpopulations, perform semi-automated immune cell profiling, and demonstrate potential to automate aspects of clinical multiparameter flow cytometric (MFC) diagnostic workflow. Utilizing AI in the analysis of cytometry samples can reduce subjective variability and assist in breakthroughs in understanding diseases.Here we review the diverse types of AI that are being applied to clinical cytometry data and how AI is driving advances in data analysis to improve diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy. We review supervised and unsupervised clustering algorithms for cell population identification, various dimensionality reduction techniques, and their utilities in visualization and machine learning pipelines, and supervised learning approaches for classifying entire cytometry samples.Understanding the AI landscape will enable pathologists to better utilize open source and commercially available tools, plan exploratory research projects to characterize diseases, and work with machine learning and data scientists to implement clinical data analysis pipelines.     

Analysis of phonocardiogram signals using wavelet transform

Phonocardiograms (PCG) are recordings of the acoustic waves produced by the mechanical action of the heart. They generally consist of two kinds of acoustic vibrations: heart sounds and heart murmurs. Heart murmurs are often the first signs of pathological changes of the heart valves, and are usually found during auscultation in primary health care. Heart auscultation has been recognized for a long time as an important tool for the diagnosis of heart disease, although its accuracy is still insufficient to diagnose some heart diseases. It does not enable the analyst to obtain both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the PCG signals. The efficiency of diagnosis can be improved considerably by using modern digital signal processing techniques. Therefore, these last can provide useful and valuable information on these signals. The aim of this study is to analyse PCG signals using wavelet transform. This analysis is based on an algorithm for the detection of heart sounds (the first and second sounds, S1 and S2) and heart murmurs using the PCG signal as the only source. The segmentation algorithm, which separates the components of the heart signal, is based on denoising by wavelet transform (DWT). This algorithm makes it possible to isolate individual sounds (S1 or S2) and murmurs. Thus, the analysis of various PCGs signals using wavelet transform can provide a wide range of statistical parameters related to the phonocardiogram signal.     

基于极限学习机的室性早搏判别算法的实现

室性早搏是常见的心律异常疾病,给人的生命带来威胁,准确的心律异常诊断对于帮助人们预防心血管疾病起到重要的作用。以MIT-BIH心律异常数据库中的数据作为分析对象,提出一种基于极限学习机算法的诊断方法,主要包括信号预处理、特征提取和分类,实现心电信号室性早搏异常的判别。采用小波变换结合形态学算法,对信号进行预处理,去除干扰,得到纯净的心电信号。通过K-means聚类算法提取QRS波群等特征参数,根据这些参数建立正常窦性心律和室性早搏的正样本和预测样本,再结合极限学习机分类器进行样本训练匹配和分类识别。选取1 260个周期信号进行实验,结果表明,该算法能准确诊断出室性早搏异常,最终阳性平均检测率达到95%,平均灵敏度达到96%。该算法相比其他算法,在识别精度相当的情况下,可极大提高算法的实时性,具有很高的研究价值,同时在移动医疗和临床医疗方面也具有一定的实用价值。     

Analysis of phonocardiogram signals using wavelet transform

Phonocardiograms (PCG) are recordings of the acoustic waves produced by the mechanical action of the heart. They generally consist of two kinds of acoustic vibrations: heart sounds and heart murmurs. Heart murmurs are often the first signs of pathological changes of the heart valves, and are usually found during auscultation in primary health care. Heart auscultation has been recognized for a long time as an important tool for the diagnosis of heart disease, although its accuracy is still insufficient to diagnose some heart diseases. It does not enable the analyst to obtain both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the PCG signals. The efficiency of diagnosis can be improved considerably by using modern digital signal processing techniques. Therefore, these last can provide useful and valuable information on these signals. The aim of this study is to analyse PCG signals using wavelet transform. This analysis is based on an algorithm for the detection of heart sounds (the first and second sounds, S1 and S2) and heart murmurs using the PCG signal as the only source. The segmentation algorithm, which separates the components of the heart signal, is based on denoising by wavelet transform (DWT). This algorithm makes it possible to isolate individual sounds (S1 or S2) and murmurs. Thus, the analysis of various PCGs signals using wavelet transform can provide a wide range of statistical parameters related to the phonocardiogram signal.     

Machine learning for medical diagnosis: history, state of the art and perspective

The paper provides an overview of the development of intelligent data analysis in medicine from a machine learning perspective: a historical view, a state-of-the-art view, and a view on some future trends in this subfield of applied artificial intelligence. The paper is not intended to provide a comprehensive overview but rather describes some subareas and directions which from my personal point of view seem to be important for applying machine learning in medical diagnosis. In the historical overview, I emphasize the naive Bayesian classifier, neural networks and decision trees. I present a comparison of some state-of-the-art systems, representatives from each branch of machine learning, when applied to several medical diagnostic tasks. The future trends are illustrated by two case studies. The first describes a recently developed method for dealing with reliability of decisions of classifiers, which seems to be promising for intelligent data analysis in medicine. The second describes an approach to using machine learning in order to verify some unexplained phenomena from complementary medicine, which is not (yet) approved by the orthodox medical community but could in the future play an important role in overall medical diagnosis and treatment.     

Evaluation of feature extraction techniques and classifiers for finger movement recognition using surface electromyography signal

Electromyography (EMG) in a bio-driven system is used as a control signal, for driving a hand prosthesis or other wearable assistive devices. Processing to get informative drive signals involves three main modules: preprocessing, dimensionality reduction, and classification. This paper proposes a system for classifying a six-channel EMG signal from 14 finger movements. A feature vector of 66 elements was determined from the six-channel EMG signal for each finger movement. Subsequently, various feature extraction techniques and classifiers were tested and evaluated. We compared the performance of six feature extraction techniques, namely principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), uncorrelated linear discriminant analysis (ULDA), orthogonal fuzzy neighborhood discriminant analysis (OFNDA), spectral regression linear discriminant analysis (SRLDA), and spectral regression extreme learning machine (SRELM). In addition, we also evaluated the performance of seven classifiers consisting of support vector machine (SVM), linear classifier (LC), naive Bayes (NB), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), radial basis function extreme learning machine (RBF-ELM), adaptive wavelet extreme learning machine (AW-ELM), and neural network (NN). The results showed that the combination of SRELM as the feature extraction technique and NN as the classifier yielded the best classification accuracy of 99%, which was significantly higher than those from the other combinations tested.

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Graphical abstract Mean of classification accuracies for 14 finger movements obtained with various pairs of SRELM and classifier