反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中文拉法辛浓度

目的 :建立高效液相色谱法检测人血浆中文拉法辛浓度。方法 :血浆样品经石油醚 乙醚 (2∶1 )提取后 ,有机相再用50mmol·L- 1盐酸反萃取并浓缩进样。色谱柱为氰基柱 (2 50× 4.6mm ,5μm) ,乙腈 -0 .1mol·L- 1NH4 H2 PO4 (2 5∶75)为流动相 ,UV检测波长 2 2 9nm。结果 :文拉法辛血浆最低检测浓度 1 0 μg·L- 1,线性范围 2 5～ 80 0 μg·L- 1,萃取回收率 75.5%～79.3%,加样回收率 97.4%～ 1 0 1 .2 %,日内RSD 4.87%～ 6 .39%,日间RSD 7.55%～ 1 0 .80 %。结论 :该法准确可靠 ,已用于临床患者文拉法辛血药浓度测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定瑞巴匹特血浆浓度

目的 :建立测定血浆内瑞巴匹特浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法 :KromasilC18色谱柱 ,甲醇 -0 .0 5mol·L- 1磷酸二氢钾 (55∶45,pH3.0 )为流动相 ,并由序贯单纯形法确定此为最佳配比点 ,流速 1 .0ml·min- 1,检测波长 2 30nm。结果 :瑞巴匹特在 1 5～ 1 2 0 0 μg·L- 1范围内 ,血浆药物浓度C与色谱峰高H呈现良好线性相关 ,血浆中瑞巴匹特平均相对回收率为(97.5± 0 .5) %(n =5) ,平均绝对回收率为 (90 .3± 1 .8) %(n =5) ;平均日内和日间RSD分别为 4.6 8%和 5.6 6 %(n =5) ;方法对血浆瑞巴匹特最低检出浓度为 2 μg·L- 1。结论 :本方法适于血浆中瑞巴匹特的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定米氮平片中米氮平的含量

目的 　建立测定米氮平片中米氮平含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法 　以美国迪马公司钻石 C1 8反相柱 ( 2 5 0 mm× 4.6mm,5 μm)为色谱柱 ,流动相为甲醇 -超纯水 ( 90∶ 10 ,V/V) ,流速为 0 .8m L· min- 1 ,检测波长 2 94nm,柱温 40℃ ,进样量为 5μL。考察了流动相不同配比对米氮平色谱行为的影响。 结果 　米氮平与片剂辅料及其杂质可完全分离 ;分析方法的定量测定下限为 0 .2 μg· m L- 1 ,线性范围 :1.0～ 10 0 .0 μg·m L- 1 ,回归方程为 C=1.85× 10 -1F+9.65× 10 - 1 ,r=0 .9995 ( n=9) ,平均回收率为 95 .0 5 %,RSD=0 .88%。结论 　该方法灵敏、准确、简单、快速 ,可用于米氮平片的含量测定     

HPLC法同时测定血浆地西泮及其代谢物浓度

目的 :建立同时测定血浆中地西泮及其代谢物浓度的方法。方法 :选用ZORBAXRP C18柱 (15 0mm× 4 6mm ,5 μm) ;甲醇 - 2 5mmol·L-1醋酸铵溶液 (6 0∶4 0 ,V/V)作流动相 ;流速 0 8mL·min-1;检测波长 2 30nm。取血浆样品 0 5mL ,在碱性条件下用二氯甲烷 -正己烷提取 ,HPLC检测。结果 :本法对替马西泮、去甲地西泮和地西泮 3种物质的最低检测限均为 2 μg·L-1,线性范围为 10～ 15 0 0 μg·L-1;奥沙西泮的最低检测限为 5 μg·L-1,线性范围为 2 0～ 15 0 0 μg·L-1。回收率均接近 10 0 % ,日内、日间RSD <5 %。结论 :本法能同时测定血浆中地西泮及其代谢物浓度 ,具有重现性好 ,灵敏、可靠 ,可用于地西泮中毒的监测     

HPLC-电化学法测定人血浆中盐酸克仑特罗浓度

目的　应用HPLC -电化学法检测人血浆中盐酸克仑特罗含量。方法　采用内标法定量,使用NucleodurC18色谱柱,以磷酸二氢钾缓冲液-乙腈(7∶3,V/V ,pH 5 .0 )为流动相,检测器电位0 .80V(Ag/AgCl)。结果　该方法的线性范围1.5～12 0μg·L-1,回归方程Y =0 .75 3X +0 .0 11,r=0 .9993;最低检测浓度0 .0 15 μg·L-1;RSD 2 .6 %～4 .2 % ;平均回收率93.4 %。结论　该方法适合临床监测     

反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中阿米替林及其代谢物去甲替林的总浓度和游离浓度

目的　建立灵敏、简便、适合临床监测阿米替林及其代谢物去甲替林总浓度与游离浓度的反相高效液相色谱法(RP HPLC)。方法　血样在碱性条件下 ,经一步液 液提取法后 ,在C 18柱上进行分离。流动相为乙腈∶水 =30∶70(V/V) ,其中含三乙胺 0 5 %和磷酸 0 3%。血浆样品药物总浓度测定为RP HPLC ,游离药物测定为超滤离心 /RP HPLC。结果　阿米替林和去甲替林的标准曲线在 4～ 2 0 0μg·L-1(总浓度 )和 4～ 6 4μg·L-1(游离浓度 )范围内呈线性。两药的平均回收率分别为 10 2 0 %± 3 77%与 99 3 %± 7 13 % ;日内RSD分别为 2 40 %～ 4 39% ,3 0 2 %～4 2 8% ;日间RSD分别为 4 92 %～ 6 15 % ,6 35 %～7 48%。测定了 7例健康志愿者单剂量口服盐酸阿米替林片 5 0mg后 6h的血药浓度。血浆阿米替林总浓度为 18 0～ 2 7 2 μg·L-1,游离浓度为 1 4～ 2 5 μg·L-1。血浆去甲替林总浓度为 (2 0± 0 4) μg·L-1(1 5～ 2 5 μg·L-1)。阿米替林的血浆蛋白结合率在 89 8%～ 92 6 %之间。结论　本方法简便、快速 ,灵敏度与选择性高 ;成本低 ,可用于临床上阿米替林治疗中的血药总浓度和游离浓度监测     

高效液相色谱法测定血浆缬沙坦浓度

目的　建立一种高效液相色谱法以测定血浆中缬沙坦浓度。方法　色谱柱 :LichrospherC18高效液相柱 ;流动相 :0 0 1mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾缓冲液 (pH 3 1)∶乙腈 =5 3∶4 7(V/V) ,流量 1 0ml·min-1;检测器 :荧光检测 ,激发波长2 6 5nm ,发射波长 378nm。血浆样品经盐酸酸化 ,乙酸乙酯萃取 ,分离有机相 ,氮气吹干 ,流动相溶解后进样。结果　缬沙坦保留时间为 12 5min ,分离良好 ;标准曲线在 5 9～2 36 0 μg·L-1范围内呈线性 ;日间RSD为 5 94 %～ 8 4 1% ,日内RSD为 2 83%～ 7 0 7% ,回收率为 81 13%± 5 2 6 %。选择住院高血压病人 15例 ,每日口服缬沙坦胶囊 80mg ,分别于第 4、7d测定其稳态峰、谷浓度 ,谷浓度为 (16 5 99±6 0 2 2 ) μg·L-1,峰浓度为 (5 2 6 90± 337 0 6 ) μg·L-1。结论　该法灵敏、简便 ,适用于血药浓度监测及其动力学研究     

HPLC／MS测定人血浆中盐酸班布特罗及其代谢物特布他林的浓度

目的 :用高效液相 /质谱联用法测定人血浆中盐酸班布特罗及其代谢物特布他林的浓度。方法 :液相 :采用SupelcodiscoveryC18色谱柱 (5 μm ,2 5 0mm× 4 6mm) ;柱温 40℃ ;流动相为甲醇 -醋酸铵溶液 (0 0 0 7mol·L-1) (2 0∶80 ) (并用冰醋酸调 pH =4 8) ,流速 0 6mL·min-1,进样量 6 0 μL ;质谱 :大气压化学电离源 (APCI) ,选择性监测 (SIR)质荷比 (m/z)分别为 2 2 6 (特布他林 ) ,2 6 0 (内标 ) ,36 8(班布特罗 )带正电荷的分子离子峰定量。样品用固相萃取小柱提取处理。结果 :班布特罗线性范围 0 12 5～ 16 μg·L-1,最低检测浓度为 0 0 5 μg·L-1。特布他林线性范围 0 312 5～ 40 μg·L-1,最低检测浓度为 0 0 5 μg·L-1。班布特罗和特布他林的萃取回收率均在 90 %以上 ,日内、日间的RSD皆小于 15 %。结论 :适用于临床上测定血浆中盐酸班布特罗及其代谢物特布他林的浓度及药动学的研究     

RP-HPLC测定犬血浆中卡托普利

目的　采用反相高效液相色谱法测定犬血浆中卡托普利浓度。方法　以对溴苯乙酰基溴为衍生剂 ,血浆样品经衍生反应后 ,用乙酸乙酯 -苯 (1∶1)提取 ,以ODSC18为固定相 ,乙腈∶水∶冰醋酸 (4 5∶5 5∶0 2 )为流动相 ,UV2 5 8nm紫外检测。结果　在 2 5～ 6 0 0 μg·L-1浓度范围线性良好 ,最小检测浓度为 12 5 μg·L-1。其日内差及日间差RSD分别小于 4 95 %和 2 88% ,相对回收率大于 94 8%。结论　方法简便灵敏 ,为卡托普利样品分析及临床药物监测提供了检测方法。     

格拉司琼血药浓度的高效液相色谱分析

目的 :建立人血浆中格拉司琼浓度的反相高效液相色谱测定方法。方法 :液 液萃取法分离纯化血浆样品 ,采用荧光检测器 ,以甲醇 磷酸盐缓冲液 (pH 2 .2 ,0 .0 2mol·L- 1含 3 .0 %三乙胺 ) ( 6 3∶3 7)为流动相 ,色谱柱为Shim PackCLC ODS柱( 150mm× 6 .0mm) ,并阐述了血浆中格拉司琼色谱峰形变和分裂的可能机理。结果 :格拉司琼色谱峰对称、不拖尾 ,萃取回收率达 92 % ,空白血浆和代谢物不干扰测定 ,血药浓度线性范围为 0 .5～ 6 0 .0 μg·mL- 1(r =0 .9995) ,最低检测限 0 .3 μg·mL- 1,方法回收率为 98.43 %～ 10 0 .4% ,日内RSD 2 .3 %～ 3 .8% ,日间RSD 2 .9%～ 4.6 %。结论 :此法简便、准确 ,灵敏度高 ,选择性好。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.