射野铅挡块的制作以及在放疗中的应用和质量保证

目的检验射野铅挡块的制作是否符合放射治疗计划靶区的要求,以及在放射治疗中的应用和质量保证的方法。方法病人在模拟机上进行摆位和体位固定,并拍摄定位片,根据医生所勾画靶区进行铅挡块的制作,制作好的铅挡块在验证柜上进行固定,拍摄定位验证片,检查照射野及遮挡范围与定位片上靶区是否一致。结果射野铅挡块的制作,不但能有效地保护正常组织,使照射野的形状与靶区形状吻合一致,并且方便、准确。结论射野铅挡块在放射治疗中被证实为行之有效的、较为实用的方法,它不仅符合放射治疗计划设计的要求,提高了放射治疗的精确度,而且有效的保护了临近重要器官。但应做好质量控制,以保证遮挡的质量。     

放疗射野铅挡块的制作

肿瘤的放射治疗过程当中射野挡块的运用是非常多的。其主要目的是为了保护射野内某些重要组织或器官 ,同时使射野形状与靶区形状的投影一致 ,即适形。三维适形放疗 (3ＤＣＲＴ)是现代放射治疗的发展趋势 ,它要求 :在照射方向上照射野的形状必须与病变 (靶区 )的形状一致。所以说适形放疗的照射野千姿百态 ,非常不规则。如用各治疗机器所配备的常规挡块就难以达到治疗要求 ,而采用多叶准直器虽然好 ,但设备昂贵。我科主要还是用熔铅铸模制作挡块解决 ,在西门子 6ＭＶ -Ｘ直线加速器上很好地开展适形放疗的工作 ,极大地提高了海南的肿瘤放疗水…     

二维自动切割机制作肿瘤适形铅模挡块在肿瘤放射治疗中的应用

随着肿瘤放射治疗（Conformal Radiotheraphy）技术的不断发展,精确定位、精确计划和精确摆位的原则在临床实践工作中得到了广泛应用。适形铅模（Adapive-lead-mould）制作是实现精确计划,达到精确摆位的一个非常重要的环节,尤其对于适形放疗更为重要。使用适形铅模挡块的目的不仅是将规则野变成不规则野,以使射野形状与靶区形状一致,也是为了更好地保护射野内某一重要组织或器官,使之达到一定治疗剂量又不超过其耐受剂量。     

保证射野挡块制作质量的探讨

随着新型加速器在临床的投入使用，多叶准直器(MLC)的应用日益广泛，但其形成的射野适形度不高，且价格昂贵。射野挡块不仅能适应靶区和计划区形状的需要，而且可保护射野内重要脏器和正常组织免受不必要的照射，在临床应用中具有一定的实用价值，因此射野挡块的成模质量尤为重要。目前尚无确切的指标来评价成     

电子线挡铅的制作方法及X射线加电子线照射剂量测试分析

目的:研究电子线挡铅的制作方法及X射线和电子线野衔接照射剂量分布。方法:利用UMAX Astra 2400s型扫描仪扫描图像,利用软件Adobe Photoshop软件翻转、缩放图像,用手动切割机切割泡沫制作电子束挡铅;利用IBA MatriXX二维矩阵探测器、固体水、调强验证软件OmniPro I'mRT测试分析鼻咽癌放疗用小面颈野+后上颈电子线野1、2、3、4、5 cm深度剂量分布;在14×14电子束限光筒第2层Y轴方向放置铅条以形成需要的矩形野,测试3cm深度处电子束射野二维剂量分布,比较X、Y轴方向半影差异。结果:以上方法制作的电子束挡铅,在光野下验证,射野验证,都符合要求;经测试得到不同深度处光子线加电子线野二维剂量分布,在较表浅深度有高剂量条带区;限光筒2层放置铅条形成需要的矩形野,X、Y轴方向半影均值分别为1.725 cm、1.995 cm,相差2.7 mm。结论:准确采集加速器限光筒几何尺寸,按以上方法能制作出准确的电子线挡铅;光子束野和电子线野衔接照射时要注意在光野区内衔接处附近在较表浅范围有高剂量条带区;电子束限光筒第2层放置铅条形成需要的射野相应边缘半影大,应严格按照要求制作个性化电子线挡铅。     

医用电子直线加速器光野十字线的调整

由于医用电子直线加速器的放射野是不可见的，所以放射治疗时用可见光野指示放射野的位置，用光野十字线指示射野中心点。所以十字线是一个重要的指示标志，如果他的误差超标，将导致治疗位置偏移。光野十字线的系统调整是一项复杂、耗时的工作。有的厂家只提供了简单的微调方法，而用户有时需要作大的系统调     

应用电子射野影像装置对直肠癌患者放疗摆位误差分析

@@直肠癌单纯手术治疗5年生存率仅50豫左右,失败的主要原因是局部复发[1]。术前或术后的放射治疗对提高局部控制率、降低复发率有重要意义。三维适形放射治疗（3D-CRT）利用CT图像重建的肿瘤三维立体结构,在不同方向设置一系列不同的照射野,并采用与病灶形状一致的适形挡铅,使得高剂量区的分布形状在三维方向（前后、左右、上下方向）上与靶区形状一致,同时也降低了病灶周围正常组织的受照射剂量。因此,3D-CRT在直肠癌治疗中的应用也比较广泛,但是从临床靶区（CTV）到计划靶区（PTV）需要外放多少距离,目前国内的文献报道中还未达成共识[2-3]。本文通过测量直肠癌3D-CRT的摆位误差,计算出符合本院直肠癌患者3D-CRT的CTV外扩数据,以减少在摆位过程中造成的系统误差和随机误差。     

浅析三维适形放射治疗计划的评价手段

三维适形放射治疗 (Three- dimensional conformalradiation therapy,3DCRT)通过三维空间上拉弧或多野非共面集束照射 ,使照射剂量的分布在三维方向上与靶组织的形状适合。3DCRT使靶区受到较均匀的高剂量的同时 ,周围正常组织的受量明显减少 [1 ] ,提高了放射治疗的增益比 ,进而提高了肿瘤的局部控制率 ,同时降低了正常组织的放射反应或晚期并发症的发生率 ,从而是放射治疗学家长期追求的目标得以实现。三维治疗计划系统 (Three- dimensional treatm entplanning system ,3DTPS)是实现 3DCRT的基础 ,好的治疗计划设计是保证疗效的关键。其原理是病人经面膜或体位固定架或其他定位装置固定体位后 ,在 CT下进行扫描定位 ,图像信息经网络传输到 3DTPS,通过图像重建技术 ,进行人体图像的三维重建。利用影像学、肿瘤病理解剖学、临床经验以及图像融合技术 [2 ] ,确定临床靶区 (Clinical target volume,CTV) ;结合治疗过程中由于器官和病人的移动、射野误差和摆位误差 ,确定计划靶区 (Plannin...     

三维适形放疗铅挡块制作体会

目的:介绍三维适形放疗中低熔点挡铅制作体会.分析误差发生的原因,以提高放射治疗的精度.方法:根据放疗计划系统输出的射野图纸,通过网络系统将计划射野图文件传输给切割机,设置好切割路径和热丝温度切割泡沫,将切割好的泡沫与图纸完全重合,选择合适的铅模模板,浇注低熔点铅,冷却后取出泡沫并修整,装入有机玻璃托盘,验证达到临床要求后用于放射治疗.结果:铅挡块与靶区吻合良好,误差均在允许范围内.结论:三维适形放射治疗使用低熔点铅制作适形挡块,方便,准确,提高了放射治疗的精度.     

自制模体验证三维适形放射治疗计划系统的探讨

目的探讨建立一套适用于三维适形放射治疗计划系统位置和剂量精度验证的装置。方法利用聚苯板制作一个模体,按立体定向定位的要求进行CT扫描,将图像输入TPS,制定放疗计划,在治疗机下测量计划多种条件下等中心点的各射野的实际吸收剂量总和,并与计划结果的预定剂量值总和进行剂量比较,在模拟机条件下将计划结果的靶中心坐标与机器等中心坐标的符合度进行位置比较。结果在输入与治疗机的实测百分深度量（PDD）等数据到TPS后,靶区中心点实测剂量总和与治疗计划预定剂量总和基本相符,误差在0．7％以内,治疗计划靶中心位置与机器等中心点位置误差≤1．5mm。结论本系统可用于放射治疗计划设计,TPS使用前应输入加速器的实测数据,并对其制定的计划进行相关的验证,从而确定该TPS系统能否用于临床。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.