武汉某高校大学生膳食调查

目的了解大学生膳食结构及营养素摄入状况,为大学生营养指导提供科学依据。方法采取随机整群抽样的方法,采用自制大学生食物频率问卷(FFQ)于2009年10月对抽取的武汉工业学院本科生742人进行膳食调查及评价。结果本次FFQ共调查男生341人,女生401人,平均年龄为(21.32±2.15)岁;大学生膳食结构与《膳食宝塔》相比,谷类、畜禽肉类摄入量偏高,而水果类、奶类及奶制品摄入量偏低,男女生谷类食品摄入量差异有统计学意义(t=26.202,P=0.000);男女生平均每日能量摄入分别为2 719和2 453 kcal,男生平均每日摄入蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化物分别为110.8,87.2,393.6 g;女生平均每日摄入蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化物分别为97.3,78.1,361.2 g;大学生维生素A、维生素C、维生素E、磷、铁、锌平均每日摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI)标准,硫胺素、核黄素、钙、膳食纤维平均每日摄入量低于RNI标准(78.6%～91.7%),胆固醇超过限量标准300 mg;不同性别、不同学科大学生各种营养素摄入量差异无统计学意义。结论武汉某高校大学生膳食营养状况较好。     

内蒙古民族大学蒙古族学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解蒙古族大学生的膳食结构和营养状况,为合理营养提供科学依据。方法采用称重记账法和膳食记录法进行5d膳食调查,依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)》中18岁以上中等体力劳动的推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)进行比较评价。结果蒙古族男女学生蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足,男生铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2均达到和超过推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)。蒙古族男女学生膳食中存在的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙不足,脂肪类食物来源比例不合理。蒙古族女生膳食蛋白质质量尚可,但数量不足,膳食中能量、铁、锌、维生素B2摄入不足,维生素A和维生素B1摄入严重不足;蒙古族男生早餐能量摄入不足。结论蒙古族男女大学生膳食结构均不合理,应对学生加强营养知识的教育。     

厦门市两所中学学生膳食营养状况

目的：了解厦门市中学生营养状况并针对问题提出改进措施，以便为中学生提供合理的膳食营养。方法：采用24h膳食记录法和称重法，连续调查3d学生膳食状况，计算每人每日能量和营养素摄入量，与推荐摄入量进行比较。结果：男生能量摄入量占推荐摄入量为73．38％，女生为74．00％；蛋白质摄入量占推荐摄入量男生为87．88％，女生为77．13％；钙摄入量严重不足，男生仅为推荐摄入量的24．70％，女生为27．10％；视黄醇、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C和锌、铁也存在不同程度的摄入不足。结论：应对学生进行营养教育，提高早餐质量，增加副食摄入，补充牛奶。     

石河子大学维吾尔和哈萨克族大学生膳食调查

目的 分析石河子大学维吾尔和哈萨克族大学生在校期间膳食营养状况.方法 采用24 h回顾法与称重法相结合,了解石河子大学维吾尔与哈萨克族大学生在校期间膳食结构、能量及各营养素摄入状况.结果 维吾尔和哈萨克族大学生在校期间膳食构成以谷类为主,蔬菜水果、鱼虾类及奶类摄入量明显偏低.这些食物摄入量偏低也导致了膳食纤维、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、维生素C、叶酸和钙摄入不足.维吾尔族男生粮谷类和部分动物性食物摄入量高于哈萨克族,哈萨克族男生豆类豆制品摄入量高于维吾尔族男生.维吾尔族女生粮谷类、乳类及乳制品和其他食品的摄入量高于哈萨克族.在各营养素方面,维吾尔族女生能量、维生素A、钙摄入量高于哈萨克族女生.结论 石河子大学维吾尔和哈萨克族大学生在校期间膳食构成有很大的相似之处,普遍存在膳食结构不合理以及严重的维生素和钙的摄入不足问题,应充分重视少数民族大学生的食物消费及膳食结构对其健康状况产生的影响,积极倡导合理饮食.     

重庆工商大学学生膳食营养状况分析

目的了解重庆工商大学学生膳食营养状况,为引导学生膳食的合理摄入提供依据。方法采用24h回顾法,对507名学生进行连续5d膳食调查,食物成分用膳食营养软件分析,数据用SPSS11.0统计。结果男生能量、蛋白质摄入量低于推荐摄入量（RNIs）的分别占79.93%,86.02%,女生分别占78.07%,83.77%。男生和女生钙、锌、硒、视黄醇当量、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、钾、镁等摄入量也低于推荐摄入量（RNIs）。结论学生能量来源分布基本合理,但膳食结构不合理,各种食物搭配较差,膳食营养素摄入量及供能不足且不平衡。     

山西医科大学2011年学生膳食营养状况

目的 了解山西医科大学学生膳食营养状况及其存在的问题,为开展大学生营养宣传教育提供科学依据.方法 整群抽取山西医科大学学生429名,采用24h膳食回顾法连续记录3d膳食,计算每人每日食物摄入情况,与中国居民膳食宝塔的食物摄入推荐量进行比较;计算能量及各种营养素的摄入量,与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量进行比较.结果 在学生所有食物摄入中,谷类摄入量偏高,鱼虾类、禽畜肉类、奶类及奶制品、蔬菜水果摄入量偏低;维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2及维生素C摄入不足;钙摄入不足;铁摄入充足,但多来自于植物性食物.学生早餐摄入的能量较低,女生零食摄入较多.结论 山西医科大学学生的膳食营养状况不理想.应指导大学生进行合理膳食.     

北京工艺美术学院学生膳食与营养状况

目的了解高校食堂社会化后在校生的膳食营养状况,为今后进一步改善大学生的膳食结构提供依据.方法对367名在校大学生进行膳食营养状况调查,以计算机自动评价统计处理.结果男生每日能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物摄入量可以满足需要;女生能量和碳水化合物摄入不足.钙摄入量不足,各种维生素摄入状况良好.结论需对学生进行必要的营养指导,使其在自身饮食搭配上更趋于合理化.     

延边大学221名学生膳食营养状况分析

目的　了解大学生膳食营养状况 ,为指导大学生合理膳食提供理论依据。方法　采用 2 4h回顾法对 2 2 1名学生进行连续 3d膳食调查。结果　男生的膳食营养状况比女生好 ,男生能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物摄入量低于中国居民膳食营养素推荐摄入量 (recommendednutrientintake ,RNI)标准的人数分别占总人数的 2 9.9%,2 6 .5 %,1 7.1 %,女生为 72 .1 %,55 .8%,1 7.6 %。男女生的能量、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物盐摄入量差异有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论　大学生膳食营养状况较差 ,膳食结构不合理 ,应全面增加各种营养素摄入量 ,合理搭配食物 ,以提高营养水平。     

粤东某地方高校220名男生膳食营养调查

目的了解男大学生膳食营养状况。方法采用24 h膳食记录法和查帐法对粤东某高校随机抽取的部分在校男生进行连续3 d的膳食调查;通过人发微量元素检查和体格检查进行营养评价。结果共调查220名男生,其总热能摄入不足,男生热能摄入量只占推荐营养素摄入量(RNI)的84.5%;钙、锌、维生素B2和维生素B1则严重不足,分别只占RNI的43.6%、56.0%、64.3%和71.4%。头发中铁的含量为(61.69±13.14)μg/g。体质指数(BM I)小于18.5的男生占14%。结论该校男生膳食结构应适当调整,应增大粮谷类、蔬果类、鱼类的摄入量,提高膳食能量和钙、锌、维生素B2、维生素B1的摄入量。     

石河子大学少数民族医学生膳食和营养状况

目的 通过对石河子大学医学院少数民族学生进行体格检查和膳食营养状况调查,为少数民族大学生膳食营养指导提供依据.方法 采用24 h回顾法与称重法进行膳食调查,了解少数民族大学生膳食结构、能量及各营养素摄入状况;通过测量身高、体重和腰围,了解其生长发育状况.结果 少数民族大学生膳食构成以粮谷类为主,动物性食物摄入量略低于正常,蔬菜、水果摄入量严重不足,维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、叶酸、维生素C和钙严重缺乏.蛋白质、铁平均摄入量能达到推荐摄入量,但优质蛋白质仅占蛋白质总摄入量的22.19％,血红素铁摄入量仅占铁总摄入量的4.69％.能量摄入男女生均不足.男、女生消瘦人数分别占男、女生总人数的10.42％和22.12％,腹型肥胖人数分别占男、女生总人数的20.83％和1.77％.结论 少数民族大学生膳食结构、饮食习惯不合理,能量及大部分营养素摄入不足,男、女生均存在一定程度营养不良,应加强对少数民族大学生的营养知识教育,提高膳食营养质量,改善身体健康状况.     

Blood lipids,fatty acids,diet and lifestyle parameters in adolescents from a region in northern Norway with a high mortality from coronary heart disease

INTRODUCTION: Students aged 13 and 14 y, in a region in northern Norway with high blood cholesterol levels and high mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) in the adult population, were studied with respect to lifestyle, dietary habits, nutritional intake and blood lipids including fatty acids in serum. The students came from a coastal community with seawater fish as an important part of the traditional diet, and an inland community with meat from reindeer as a major constituent of the diet. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the traditional diet was maintained among the adolescents and to evaluate the lifestyle and blood lipids. The study was followed up after 1 y. RESULTS: The adolescents from the coastal region did not maintain the traditional diet. In the inland region the students had a high intake of meat, probably reflecting the traditional food culture. The inland boys had higher mean body mass index (BMI) than the coastal boys, and 12% had BMI>28, as compared to none of the coastal boys. Other findings showed that the students had higher levels of blood cholesterol than in the south of Norway and several other countries (about 25% had total cholesterol >5.2 mmol/l), higher intake of dietary sugar and fat than the national recommendations and little intake of seawater fish with corresponding low levels of n-3 fatty acids. This did not change after 1 y of follow up. Some 10-20% reported daily smoking and 8-13% reported that they rarely or never did physical exercise. About 30% of the students presented no factors negatively related to development of cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate, in the majority of students at the age of 13 and 14 y, the appearance of factors contributing to development of cardiovascular disease (CHD). SPONSORSHIP: This study was supported by the program 'Medisinsk forskning i Finnmark, University of Troms?'.     

High intake of milk, but not meat, decreases bone turnover in prepubertal boys after 7 days

OBJECTIVE: To compare the short-term effect of a high milk and a high meat intake, identical in protein amount, on bone turnover during prepuberty. SETTING: A University department. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: From 28, randomly recruited, 8-year-old boys, first 14 were assigned to the milk group and next 14 to the meat group. In each group, 12 boys finished the dietary intervention. INTERVENTION: Milk (1.5 l/day) and meat (250 g/d), both containing approximately 53 g of protein, were given together with the habitual diet for 7 days. At baseline and day-7, serum osteocalcin (s-OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (s-BAP) and C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (s-CTX) were measured (immunoassay) and dietary intake was estimated (a 3-day weighted food record). RESULTS: Baseline s-OC, s-BAP and s-CTX were not significantly different between the groups. After 7 days, the average protein intake increased in both groups by 47.5 g; the milk group had higher (P<0.0001) calcium intake; s-OC and s-CTX decreased (P< or =0.04) in the milk group (-30.9%; -18.7%, respectively) compared with the meat group (+6.4%; -1.0%, respectively) and s-BAP decreased (P=0.06) both in the milk (-3.9%) and the meat group (-7.5%). CONCLUSIONS: At the equal protein intake, milk, but not meat, decreased bone turnover in prepubertal boys after 7 days. This effect was probably due to some milk-derived compounds, rather than to the total protein intake. Future studies should elucidate the mechanism(s) of milk-related decline of bone turnover and its relevance for peak bone mass during growth. SPONSORSHIP: University PhD scholarships.     

广西250名大学生营养观念与膳食状况

目的 了解广西大学学生的营养观念与膳食状况，为在大学生中开展营养健康教育提供依据。方法 采用自行设计的综合问卷表和5d膳食跟踪调查表对281名学生进行调查。结果 广西大学学生现有营养观念和营养知识不容乐观。膳食结构中，蔬菜、奶、豆制品、蛋、粮谷类摄入不足，而肉、禽类摄入过多；能量、B族维生素、维生素C、钙摄入不足，尤其是钙、维生素C以及男生中维生素B2的摄入严重不足。结论 必须在大学生中开展营养健康教育。以改进学生的营养观念和膳食结构。     

Serum lipids, apoproteins and nutrient intake in rural Cretan boys consuming high-olive-oil diets

A high intake of olive oil has produced high levels of high-density and low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in short-term dietary trials. To investigate long-term effects of olive oil we have studied the diet and serum lipids of boys in Crete, where a high olive oil consumption is the norm. Seventy-six healthy rural Cretan boys aged 7-9 years were studied. The diet was assessed by a 2-day dietary recall. Blood was collected according to a standardized protocol and sera were analyzed in a rigidly standardized laboratory. The mean daily intake of energy was 11.0 MJ (2629 kcal). The intake of fat (45.0% of energy) and oleic acid (27.2% of energy) was high, and that of saturated fat low (10.0% of energy), reflecting a high consumption of olive oil. The high consumption of olive oil was confirmed by a high proportion of oleic-acid (27.1%) in serum cholesteryl fatty acids. Mean concentration of serum total cholesterol was 4.42 mmol l-1 (171 mg dl-1), of HDL-cholesterol 1.40 mmol l-1 (54 mg dl-1), of serum triglycerides 0.59 mmol l-1 (52 mg dl-1), of apo-AI 1210 mg l-1 and of LDL apo-B 798 mg l-1. The body mass index of the Cretan boys (18.2 kg m-2) was on average 2 kg m-2 higher than that of boys from other countries. Contrary to our expectation, the Cretan boys did not show a more favourable serum lipoprotein pattern than boys from more westernized countries studied previously using the same protocol. Our hypothesis that a typical, olive-oil-rich Cretan diet causes a relatively high HDL- to total cholesterol ratio is not supported by the present findings.     

263名武汉市学龄前儿童膳食结构调查分析

目的：了解武汉市学龄前儿童的膳食结构。方法随机整群抽取武汉市263名3~6岁儿童,采用自拟的儿童家庭社会环境与膳食结构及习惯调查问卷,分别对家长及儿童进行问卷调查。结果学龄前儿童的膳食结构不够科学,他们喜欢的前8位食物分别为：酸奶、蛋糕、巧克力、面包、香蕉、冰激凌、苹果、牛奶,喜欢率分别为92.78%、92.02%、91.63%、90.11%、86.69%、86.31%、86.31%、84.41%;最不喜欢的食物分别为苦瓜、洋葱、茄子、猪肝、芹菜、香菇,喜欢率分别为19.01%、38.78%、46.39%、50.19%、57.79%、58.94%。不同年龄组儿童对酸奶、蛋类、胡萝卜、梨子、猪肉、海鲜、烧烤、猪肝、洋葱、泡菜、苦瓜等食物的喜欢率间差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。女童比男童更喜欢苹果、梨子(P 值分别为0.03和0.02),男童比女童更喜欢糖果、泡面、猪肝(P 值分别为0.01,0.01和0.04)。应用 Logistic 回归分析方法进行多因素分析,发现父母接受过膳食培训、家庭饮食习惯、母孕期饮食结构、辅食添加种类、儿童为过敏体质、看电视时间分别是儿童喜欢猪肝、胡萝卜、洋葱、苦瓜、饮料、洋快餐、海鲜、糖果的危险因素。结论目前武汉市学龄前儿童存在膳食结构问题,应引起社会、家庭和儿保工作者的关注。     

Dietary behaviour of an adolescent French male population

The dietary history method was used to determine the total energy and macronutrient intake, the distribution of daily energy from the different meals and the energy contribution of various food groups, in a population of 299 boys, aged between 10 and 15 years. The effects of age, the social status of the father (SPS), the ponderal index, the importance of breakfast or lunch, and the level of energy intake on dietary indicators, were studied. In our population, energy intake increased with increasing age but the energy contribution of macronutrients did not vary. The diet of boys whose fathers were in the upper SPS classes differed from the diet of those boys whose fathers were manual workers: for example they consumed less energy and pastries, but more animal protein (in percentage of energy intake), more dairy products, and more fruit. The ponderal index was negatively related to energy intake but positively related to protein intake, especially from meat and meat products. The energy intake from protein, animal protein and the energy contribution of dairy products, meat and meat products, fish and vegetables was lower among large eaters than among small eaters. The energy contribution of pastries, sugar and sweets was higher among large eaters.
Similarily, the energy intake from morning and evening snacks was also higher among large eaters. It should be noted that boys who had a substantial breakfast took in less energy from all other meals (including snacks and main meals). Such informaton is necessary in order to develop an effective health programme.     

The association between diet and height in the postinfancy period changes with age and socioeconomic status in Filipino youths

Whether the determinants of linear growth can have independent effects beyond the critical infancy period has been questioned. This research uses uniquely suited data from >2000 youths from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Study in the Philippines to examine the association between diet and height in the postinfancy period. Anthropometric, diet, and other data were collected bimonthly from 0 to 2 y, and at the mean ages of 8, 11.5, 15.5, and 18.5 y. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to quantify the mean effects of diet diversity and energy intake on height across increments demarcated by the postinfancy data (2-8.5, 8.5-11.5, 11.5-15.5, and 15.5-18.5 y). We examined whether the effects differed by socioeconomic status (SES) and age. Effects with P < 0.05 were considered significant. Each additional unit of diet variety (range 0-8 U) was associated with a significant 0.33-cm increase in height in boys. Each additional 100 kcal (4186 kJ) was associated with significant increases in height of 0.05 cm in boys, and 0.02 cm in girls. Significant interactions (P < 0.15) with SES showed that each 100 kcal increase in energy intake was associated with a 0.08-cm increase in height at low SES with no difference at high SES. In both boys and girls, the effects of energy intake decreased with age, as shown by a significant age interaction (P < 0.15). The methods used incorporate the longitudinal nature of the data to offer a unique examination of the association between diet and height in the postinfancy period.     

Food and nutrient intakes of a population sample of 7-year-old children in the south-west of England in 1999/2000 - what difference does gender make?

OBJECTIVES: To describe the diet of schoolchildren aged 7 years, and identify gender differences in food and nutrient intakes. SUBJECTS: A cohort of children resident in the south-west of England in 1999/2000. METHODS: Diet was assessed using three 1-day unweighed food diaries. Nutrient intakes were compared with dietary reference values for this age group, and with children aged 7-10 years in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Food and nutrient intakes were contrasted between boys and girls. RESULTS: Median nutrient intakes exceeded the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for most nutrients. Median intakes of iron and zinc were below the RNI. Median sodium intake was greater than the maximum set by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. The mean energy intake for boys and girls, respectively, were 7.3 and 6.8 MJ, this is below the estimated average requirement. The percentage of energy from fat was 35.3% for boys and 36.1% for girls. Boys had higher iron intakes than girls, even after adjustment for energy intake. There were differences in the types of foods eaten between boys and girls; girls ate more fruit and vegetables (P = 0.001) and boys ate more breakfast cereals (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The dietary intakes of these 7-year-old children were adequate for most nutrients. However, a reduction in the sodium content of the diet would be advantageous. Fruit and vegetable consumption should be encouraged particularly among boys.     

Dietary intakes and food habits of adolescents in northern Greece

The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary intakes and food habits of 582 adolescents in Northern Greece. Anthropometric data have been collected for all the participating adolescents. The prevalence of obesity as determined by both body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold thickness (TST) was higher for boys than for girls. Furthermore, boys had higher energy and macronutrient intakes compared to girls. Of total energy intake, 41% for boys and 43% for girls was derived from fat. Energy intake was found adequate whereas fat intake was much higher than recommended. A percentage of adolescents also had lower than recommended iron, vitamin A, folate and zinc intakes, showing an unbalanced diet.     

Food and nutrient intakes of a population sample of 7-year-old children in the south-west of England in 1999/2000 – what difference does gender make?

Objectives To describe the diet of schoolchildren aged 7 years, and identify gender differences in food and nutrient intakes. Subjects A cohort of children resident in the south-west of England in 1999/2000. Methods Diet was assessed using three 1-day unweighed food diaries. Nutrient intakes were compared with dietary reference values for this age group, and with children aged 7–10 years in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Food and nutrient intakes were contrasted between boys and girls. Results Median nutrient intakes exceeded the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for most nutrients. Median intakes of iron and zinc were below the RNI. Median sodium intake was greater than the maximum set by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. The mean energy intake for boys and girls, respectively, were 7.3 and 6.8 MJ, this is below the estimated average requirement. The percentage of energy from fat was 35.3% for boys and 36.1% for girls. Boys had higher iron intakes than girls, even after adjustment for energy intake. There were differences in the types of foods eaten between boys and girls; girls ate more fruit and vegetables (P = 0.001) and boys ate more breakfast cereals (P = 0.016). Conclusions The dietary intakes of these 7-year-old children were adequate for most nutrients. However, a reduction in the sodium content of the diet would be advantageous. Fruit and vegetable consumption should be encouraged particularly among boys.