临床控制的哮喘患者小气道功能和呼出气NO水平测定的临床意义

目的检测临床控制的哮喘患者小气道功能和呼出气一氧化氮(NO)的水平,探讨其临床意义。方法对38例临床控制的哮喘患者做肺功能及呼出气NO浓度测定。选择22例初诊哮喘患者和20例健康者作为对照组。结果 38例临床控制哮喘患者中,小气道功能异常22例(57.9%),正常16例(42.1%),呼出气NO浓度为(30.42±25.35)ppb,显著低于初诊哮喘组[(80.28±45.62)ppb,P0.01],但显著高于健康对照组[(16.15±11.23)ppb,P0.01]。小气道功能异常哮喘患者呼出气NO浓度为(42.29±23.12)ppb,显著高于小气道功能正常患者呼出气NO浓度[(20.54±10.12)ppb,P0.01]。结论临床控制的哮喘患者小气道功能异常可能与气道炎症持续存在有关,测定患者小气道功能和呼出气NO浓度有助于指导哮喘治疗。     

临床控制的哮喘患者小气道功能和呼出气 NO 水平测定的临床意义简

目的 检测临床控制的哮喘患者小气道功能和呼出气一氧化氮（NO）的水平,探讨其临床意义.方法 对38例临床控制的哮喘患者做肺功能及呼出气NO浓度测定.选择22例初诊哮喘患者和20例健康者作为对照组.结果 38例临床控制哮喘患者中,小气道功能异常22例（57.9%）,正常16例（42.1%）,呼出气NO浓度为（30.42±25.35） ppb,显著低于初诊哮喘组[（80.28±45.62） ppb,P〈0.01],但显著高于健康对照组[（16.15±11.23） ppb,P〈0.01].小气道功能异常哮喘患者呼出气NO浓度为（42.29±23.12） ppb,显著高于小气道功能正常患者呼出气NO浓度[（20.54±10.12） ppb,P〈0.01].结论临床控制的哮喘患者小气道功能异常可能与气道炎症持续存在有关,测定患者小气道功能和呼出气NO浓度有助于指导哮喘治疗.     

一氧化氮与哮喘

近年发现哮喘患者及动物模型呼出气中含有高浓度的一氧化氮(NO)。根据免疫组化及原位杂交技术证明哮喘发作时气道上皮及炎症浸润细胞内NO合成酶mRNA增加,NO合成酶活性增强。吸入糖皮质激素治疗可使哮喘患者呼出气中NO降至正常,呼出气NO增多可能是气道炎症的反映,监测呼出气中NO浓度可作为哮喘发作及其严重程度的指际。吸入高浓度NO可降低气道阻力,NO对去上皮的豚鼠气管环具有强烈的舒张作用,但NO扩张气道粘膜血管,增强渗出,诱发气道粘膜水肿,通过非肌性机制加重气道阻塞。NO还通过凋节T淋巴细胞免疫增强气道炎症反应。NO在哮喘发病中的作用尚不清楚,其机制的阐明将有助于哮喘的治疗。     

哮喘智能管理APP在非急性发作期支气管哮喘患者中的临床应用

目的评价哮喘智能管理APP对支气管哮喘控制的效果。方法选取100例非急性发作期支气管哮喘患者,随机分为观察组和对照组各50例。观察组在传统的哮喘管理基础上使用哮喘智能管理APP进行个体化管理,对照组采用传统的哮喘管理模式。结果干预6个月复查时,观察组患者的哮喘控制水平、生活质量、呼出气一氧化氮(Fe NO)、中重度发作次数、住院次数、治疗费用均明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论运用哮喘智能管理APP对支气管哮喘患者进行个体化管理的效果较好,值得临床推广。     

支气管哮喘患者呼出气一氧化氮与外周血嗜酸性粒细胞的相关性

目的观察支气管哮喘患者呼出气一氧化氮(Fe NO)的表达水平,分析其与外周血嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)之间的相关性。方法收集2013年2月-2014年12月期间贵州省人民医院支气管哮喘患者58例,其中支气管哮喘急性发作期40例(急性发作期组),支气管哮喘缓解期18例(缓解期组),健康对照组30例。采用Fe NO分析仪测定Fe NO水平,并检测各组外周血嗜酸粒细胞计数,采用SPSS 11.5统计软件进行统计学处理,组间差异性比较采用单因素方差分析,相关性分析采用Pearson相关性分析。P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果支气管哮喘急性发作期组Fe NO为101.44±32.87ppb,EOS为5.0±2.62×10~9/L;缓解期组Fe NO为32.83±11.42 ppb,EOS为1.32±0.59×10~9/L;健康对照组Fe NO为8.43±3.02ppb,EOS为0.22±0.09×10~9/L。发作期组及缓解期组Fe NO及EOS水平均高于健康对照组(P0.05)。急性发作期组与缓解期组比较,Fe NO及EOS水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。支气管哮喘患者Fe NO水平与EOS呈正相关性(P0.05)。结论 Fe NO能够一定程度上反应气道嗜酸细胞炎症,Fe NO检测可能有助于评估支气管哮喘的控制水平。     

急性支气管哮喘患者血中NO水平及血液流变性特征的研究

测定 46例急性支气管哮喘患者及健康对照组静脉血中一氧化氮 (NO)含量和血液流变性、红细胞流变性。发现哮喘患者急性发作期 NO水平较对照组明显升高 ;哮喘组全血粘度、血浆粘度、纤维蛋白原以及红细胞聚集指数均较对照组高 ,认为哮喘患者体内淋巴细胞激活与内源性 NO水平有关 ;NO可能是 CD 4 T细胞激活的必要因子 ,在哮喘气道炎症和调节 Th1 / Th2 平衡中起关键性的作用。哮喘急性发作时患者血液呈不同程度的高凝状态。     

吸入皮质激素剂量变化对哮喘患者呼出气NO的影响

本文旨在阐明哮喘患者呼出气体中NO的浓度和气道炎症的关系,寻求一种能准确敏感反映哮喘病情变化的监测方法。 选择14例哮喘患者为研究对象,其中男7例,女7例,均有典型临床症状,且在4周内无上呼吸道感染,2周内PEF变化<15％。首先,维持治疗2周,然后在两周内逐渐减少糖皮质激素用量。继之恢复维持治疗2周,再逐渐增加激素用量治疗2周。其8周4个阶段完成。每个阶段都要测定呼出气NO的浓度,肺功能(FEV_1、FVC、PC_(20))、症状积分、PEF。将各阶段测定值     

舒利迭对支气管哮喘患者呼出气一氧化氮浓度及超敏C-反应蛋白的影响

目的探讨支气管哮喘患者使用舒利迭前后呼出气一氧化氮浓度及超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的变化。方法选择59例支气管哮喘患者,随机分组,30例使用舒利迭,29例使用万托林,治疗前后测定患者呼出气一氧化氮浓度及血中hs-CRP数值的变化。结果舒利迭组(试验组)与万托林组(对照组)比较,在治疗前后,呼出气一氧化氮浓度及血中hs-CRP有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论舒利迭较万托林可显著降低气道炎症及复发,可显著降低患者呼出气一氧化氮浓度及血中hs-CRP浓度。     

呼出气冷凝液一氧化氮检测在评价气道炎症中的作用

NO是一种由内皮细胞、上皮细胞及炎症细胞等生成的一种小分子物质。参与体内多种生理以及病理作用。现在传统的对于NO的检测主要通过化学发光法对呼出气NO的检测。尚未有对呼出冷凝液中N9检测的相关文献。本文通过对8例支气管哮喘以及8例慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)的检测。发现哮喘组与COPD组有显著差异．且该方法简便。现总结如下：     

哮喘急性发作FeNO与外周血嗜酸粒细胞及肺功能的相关性研究

目的探讨支气管哮喘急性发作期患者呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)水平与疾病急性发作严重程度的相关性。方法选取我院86例门诊或住院哮喘急性发作期患者作为研究对象,并分为轻度组、中度组及重度组,采用瑞典奈尔斯(NIOX)一氧化氮测定仪检测FeNO数值,并选取同期34例健康体检者为对照组,所有研究对象均行外周血Eos计数、肺功能检测及呼出气一氧化氮水平检测,统计并分析相关数据。结果哮喘组(轻度组、中度组、重度组)与对照组FeNO测量值、外周血Eos计数、肺功能各项指标均存在明显差异,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),随哮喘急性发作的严重程度增加,FeNO值明显增加,轻度组、中度组与重度组间差异具有显著性(P0.05);FeNO水平与外周血Eos均呈正相关(r=0.612,P0.05),但与肺功能各指标均无明显相关性。结论 FeNO可作为哮喘急性发作的评测指标,根据FeNO值的高低,可以一定程度评价哮喘发作的严重度。     

Exhaled carbon monoxide levels in school-age children with episodic asthma

Carbon monoxide (CO) can be detected in exhaled air and is increased in adult and childhood persistent asthmatic patients. However, little is known about the exhaled CO concentration in episodic childhood asthma. This study aimed to clarify whether measurement of exhaled CO is useful in monitoring disease activity in children with episodic asthma. We measured exhaled CO concentration by modified Micro-Smokerlyzer in 217 elementary school children (132 boys; mean age, 10 +/- 1 (SE) years; range, 9-12 years), in whom 29 had infrequent episodic asthma without current exacerbations. We also measured exhaled CO concentrations in 22 children with episodic asthma (13 boys; mean age, 10 +/- 3 years; range, 8-12 years), who had acute mild asthmatic attacks during examination. In these patients with mild asthmatic attacks, exhaled CO was measured both before and after combination therapy with salbutamol and sodium cromoglycate (SCG) by powered nebulizer. Among 217 schoolchildren, exhaled CO levels in infrequent episodic asthmatic children (1.1 +/- 0.1 parts per million (ppm), n = 29) were not significantly different from those in healthy schoolchildren (1.0 +/- 0.1 ppm, n = 188, P > 0.68). The exhaled CO concentrations during asthma attacks in children with episodic asthma were significantly higher (5.1 +/- 0.4 ppm, n = 22) compared with those in healthy children (P < 0.001) or those in asymptomatic asthmatic children (P < 0.001). The elevated exhaled CO levels were significantly decreased after inhalation therapy of a combination of salbutamol and SCG (3.2 +/- 0.5 ppm, n = 22, P < 0.02). In conclusion, exhaled CO levels were significantly elevated during acute asthma exacerbations, and partially recovered after treatment with beta(2)-agonist and SCG in children with mild episodic asthma. These findings indicate that measurement of exhaled CO might provide another noninvasive measurement of asthma exacerbations that would be suitable for use in children with acute mild episodic asthma.     

Exhaled nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in asthmatic smokers

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is associated with decreased nitric oxide (NO) production and increased oxidative stress in the airways. Exhaled NO levels are not higher in asthmatic smokers than in healthy non-smokers, and the value of exhaled NO for diagnosing asthma in smokers has been questioned. OBJECTIVES: To compare exhaled NO concentrations between healthy and steroid-naive and steroid-treated asthmatic smokers and non-smokers. To also assess the acute effect of cigarette smoking on exhaled NO and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) levels in asthmatic smokers. METHODS: Exhaled NO was measured by chemiluminescence and exhaled H(2)O(2) spectrophotometrically. In 7 steroid-naive asthmatic smokers exhaled NO and H(2)O(2) was measured both before and 15 min after smoking one cigarette. Data are given as median (range). RESULTS: Exhaled NO level was significantly higher in steroid-naive asthmatic smokers than in healthy smokers [7.7 (3.4-32.5) ppb vs. 3.2 (2.0-7.2) ppb, p < 0.001]. Exhaled NO values were lower in smokers than in non-smokers both in healthy subjects and in steroid-naive asthmatic patients. Steroid-treated asthmatic smokers had a tendency for lower exhaled NO values [5.4 (1.7-12.0) ppb] compared to steroid-naive asthmatic smokers. Cigarette smoking caused an acute increase in exhaled H(2)O(2) concentrations together with a decrease in exhaled NO concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that an elevation in exhaled NO concentration is associated with asthma in smokers. This difference may be useful for diagnosing the disease in smokers, but its clinical value needs further evaluation. Acute increase in exhaled H(2)O(2) concentrations suggests that smoking increases the oxidative stress in the asthmatic airways.     

Exhaled breath condensate cytokines and pH in pediatric asthma and atopic dermatitis

Some studies have proposed exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as a noninvasive tool for monitoring airway inflammation in children. Moreover, atopic dermatitis (AD) has been considered a risk factor for the development of asthma. This study was designed to assess the EBC pH and the exhaled concentration of cytokines produced by T-helper (Th) 1, Th2, and T regulatory cells in asthmatic children and AD and to verify if their concentrations are affected by a short course of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). We assessed the mean levels of pH, interferon (IFN) gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 in EBC of children with asthma (n=20) and AD (n=12) and healthy controls (n=20) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Variations of pH and cytokine concentration in response to ICS (flunisolide, 500 microg/day, for 2 weeks), were also investigated in asthmatic patients. We found that the mean condensate pH value in patients with asthma and AD was significantly lower when compared with that of controls (6.9+/-0.2 and 7.0+/-0.2 versus 7.4+/-0.4; p<0.0001) and it significantly increased in asthmatic patients after treatment (7.2+/-0.2 versus 6.9+/-0.2; p=0.003). In addition, the IL-4/IFN-gamma ratio was significantly higher in children with asthma and in those with AD when compared with controls (9.72+/-2.00 and 9.70+/-2.0 versus 8.04+/-2.6; p<0.001) and that it decreased in asthmatic patients after ICS (6.4+/-5.4 versus 9.72+/-2.00; p<0.01). We observed that exhaled IL-10 levels were significantly higher in children with asthma compared with those of controls (18.8+/-8.9 versus 4.2+/-1.0; p<0.002). IL-10 did not significantly increase after treatment with steroids. No such finding was documented in children with AD. Our data suggest that EBC IL-10 levels are different in asthmatic patients compared with healthy children, but they are insensitive markers in monitoring therapy with ICS. Moreover, children with AD show an EBC pH and an exhaled pattern of Th2/Th1 cytokines similar to that of asthmatic patients.     

Exhaled carbon monoxide levels during treatment of acute asthma.

Carbon monoxide is known to be present in measurable quantities in the exhaled air of normal subjects and at higher concentrations in asthmatic patients not treated with glucocorticoids. To examine whether exhaled CO is useful in monitoring asthma control, time course changes in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and exhaled CO concentration before and after treatment of acute asthma exacerbations were measured in 20 asthmatic patients. Exhaled CO was measured in triplicate by a portable CO analyser. Exhaled CO was reproducible at all time points. Asthma exacerbations caused a fall in PEFR and a rise in exhaled CO (towards an average of 3.3 parts per million (ppm)) in all patients, and treatment with oral glucocorticoids reversed these changes in both parameters. An improvement of PEFR was closely associated with a reduction of exhaled CO (to an average of 1.5 ppm) after treatment. The maximal exhaled CO concentration significantly correlated with recovery time of PEFR after treatment with oral glucocorticoids (p<0.01). The present study suggests that exhaled CO may be a useful noninvasive means of monitoring the control of asthma.     

Exhaled breath temperature in children: reproducibility and influencing factors

Objective: This study will investigate the reproducibility and influencing factors of exhaled breath temperature measured with the tidal breathing technique in asthmatic patients and healthy children. Methods: Exhaled breath temperature, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and spirometry were assessed in 124 children (63 healthy and 61 asthmatic), aged 11.2?±?2.5 year, M/F 73/51. A modified version of the American Thoracic Society questionnaire on the child’s present and past respiratory history was obtained from parents. Parents were also asked to provide detailed information on their child’s medication use during the previous 4 weeks. Ear temperature, ambient temperature, and relative-ambient humidity were also recorded. Results: Exhaled breath temperature measurements were highly reproducible; the second measurement was higher than the first measurement, consistent with a test–retest situation. In 13 subjects, between-session within-day reproducibility of exhaled breath temperature was still high. Exhaled breath temperature increased with age and relative-ambient humidity. Exhaled breath temperature was comparable in healthy and asthmatic children; when adjusted for potential confounders (i.e. ambient conditions and subject characteristics), thermal values of asthmatic patients exceeded those of the healthy children by 1.1?°C. Normalized exhaled breath temperature, by subtracting ambient temperature, was lower in asthmatic patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids than in those who were corticosteroid-naive. Conclusion: Measurements of exhaled breath temperature are highly reproducible, yet influenced by several factors. Corrected values, i.e. normalized exhaled breath temperature, could help us to assess the effect of therapy with inhaled corticosteroids. More studies are needed to improve the usefulness of the exhaled breath temperature measured with the tidal breathing technique in children.     

Effect of montelukast added to inhaled corticosteroids on fractional exhaled nitric oxide in asthmatic children.

The aim of this prospective, self-controlled, single-blind study was to assess the effect of montelukast added to maintenance therapy with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) on fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in asthmatic children. Thirty-five children (age 11.2+/-0.4 yrs (mean+/-SEM)) with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma treated with low to medium doses of ICS and FENO > 20 parts per billion (ppb) were included. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: 17 patients continued ICS (group C) and 18 had montelukast added to ICS for 3 weeks (group M). FENO measurements were performed in both groups at baseline (T1) and after 3 weeks (T2), and in group M also after 2 weeks of washout. FENO was measured by a chemiluminescence analyser using an on-line method (50 mL x s(-1)) with nitric oxide-free air. The overall mean daily dose of ICS was equivalent to 530+/-58 microg x day(-1) of beclomethasone in group M and to 564+/-55 microg x day(-1) of beclomethasone in group C. There were no significant differences in baseline FENO and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) between the two groups. After 3 weeks there was a significant reduction of FENO values in patients of group M (T1 52.2+/-7.8 ppb, T2 36.1+/-4.6 ppb) but no significant changes in group C (T1 43.5+/-6.0 ppb, T2 47.8+/-9.4 ppb). In group M after 2 weeks of montelukast withdrawal, FENO rose to baseline values (55.6+/-8.7 ppb). In conclusion, after montelukast treatment there is a fractional exhaled nitric oxide reduction in asthmatic children receiving maintenance therapy with inhaled corticosteroids. This suggests an anti-inflammatory effect of montelukast additive to that of inhaled corticosteroids.     

呼出气一氧化氮检测对咳嗽变异性哮喘的诊断价值

目的 探讨呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric oxide,FeNO)检测在咳嗽变异性哮喘(cough variant asthma,CVA)诊断中的应用价值.方法 回顾性研究分析2015年1月至2015年12月我院呼吸科门诊及住院,因慢性咳嗽同时行支气管激发试验(bronchial provocation test,BPT)检查及FeNO检测的患者共989例.以BPT阳性作为诊断CVA的金标准,记录患者病史及FeNO水平;绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,探讨诊断CVA的FeNO阈值.结果 989例被纳入研究的患者中,120例BPT阳性者诊断为哮喘组,869例BPT阴性者诊断为非哮喘组.哮喘组患者FeNO水平[(61.28±41.24) ppb]明显高于非哮喘组[(25.43±24.87) ppb],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).诊断CVA的FeNO阈值为30.00 ppb,ROC曲线下面积为0.804,其约登指数为0.505 2,灵敏度为72.50％,特异度为78.02％,阳性预测值为31.29％,阴性预测值为95.36％,准确度为77.35％.结论 FeNO检测诊断CVA具有较高的特异度和阴性预测值,且安全性好,在临床上有较高的诊断价值.     

Prostaglandins mediate bradykinin-induced reduction of exhaled nitric oxide in asthma.

Bradykinin (BK) is a mediator of inflammation in asthma with potent bronchoconstrictor actions. Endogenous release of nitric oxide may inhibit BK-induced bronchoconstriction. This study investigated whether bradykinin inhalation could modulate exhaled NO levels in normal and asthmatic subjects, and whether the bradykinin-induced effects were mediated through the production of cyclo-oxygenase products in patients with asthma, by studying the effect of the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, L-acetylsalicylic acid (L-ASA). Exhaled NO concentration and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were measured by chemiluminescence following inhalation of increasing concentrations of BK. In asthmatics (n=11), BK induced a dose-dependent decrease in exhaled NO concentration from 21.3+/-1.6 to 6.+/-0.5 parts per billion (ppb) (p<0.01) at the highest concentration, associated with a significant fall in FEV1. In normal subjects (n=10), the exhaled NO concentration fell from 7.2+/-0.13 to 4.3+/-0.51 ppb (p<0.001) 15 min, after a single inhalation of BK, but without a significant change in FEV1. In asthmatic subjects, pretreatment with inhaled L-ASA (90 x mg x mL(-1), 4 mL) did not alter exhaled NO levels, but prevented a BK-induced fall in exhaled NO concentration, as indicated by a significant increase in exhaled NO levels at the provocative concentration of BK causing a 20% fall in FEV1, (5.7 +/- 0.94 ppb after placebo and 12.0 +/- 1.8 ppb after L-ASA; p<0.05). L-ASA significantly reduced bronchial responsiveness to BK 3.9-fold (p<0.01). Inhaled bradykinin induced bronchoconstriction and a reduction in exhaled nitric oxide levels in asthmatic subjects, an effect that is partly mediated by cyclo-oxygenase products.     

Detection of exhaled CO as a simple non-invasive tool for monitoring acute exacerbations of asthma in the elderly

Exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were measured on a CO monitor by vital capacity maneuvers in asthmatic patients either receiving or not receiving inhaled corticosteroids, and in nonsmoking healthy control subjects. CO was detectable and measured reproducibly in the exhaled air of all subjects. The exhaled CO concentrations were higher in asthmatic patients not receiving inhaled corticosteroids and similar in asthmatic patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids and nonsmoking healthy control subjects (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997: 156: 1140-1143). All patients with inhaled corticosteroid treatment had reductions in exhaled CO concentration and eosinophil cell counts in sputum that were accompanied by an amelioration of airway obstruction. These results showed that detection of exhaled CO could be a simple non-invasive tool for monitoring airway inflammation and acute exacerbation of asthma.     

Exhaled nitric oxide in specific challenge tests to assess occupational asthma.

Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is a marker of eosinophilic inflammation of the airway mucosa accompanying changes in the clinical condition of asthma. Allergen exposure has been associated with delayed elevation of exhaled NO. The aim of this study was to assess the asthmatic airway inflammation with exhaled NO measurements during specific bronchial challenge tests with occupational agents. Forty patients with suspected occupational asthma were investigated. Specific bronchial challenge tests were performed with forced expiratory volume in one second or peak expiratory flow follow-up, supplemented by exhaled NO measurements before and 24 h after challenge tests. In active challenges, which induced bronchoconstriction, a significant mean increase of exhaled NO concentration was noted. In patients with a normal or slightly increased (<14.5 parts per billion (ppb)) basal NO level and a late bronchoconstriction, a significant increase in exhaled NO was seen. Patients with a high basal NO level (>14.5 ppb) and a significant bronchoconstriction did not show a significant NO elevation. Challenge tests without bronchoconstriction were not associated with a significant elevation of exhaled NO. Exhaled nitric oxide measurements can be used to indicate the development of airway inflammation accompanying late asthmatic reaction after bronchial challenge tests in patients with a normal or slightly increased basal nitric oxide concentration.