Budd-Chiari综合征的磁共振诊断

目的：探讨柏一查氏综合征（Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ）的磁共振（ＭＲ）表现,分析比较各种检查方法。方法：８例本病患者的磁共振成像检查,采用ＳＥ、ＦＳＥ和ＧＲ序列,轴位,冠状位和矢状位扫描,其中２例做了磁共振血管造影（ＭＲＡ）。结果：ＭＲ表现为肝静脉和／或下腔静脉（ＩＶＣ）狭窄、阻塞和栓塞及“逗点样”肝内侧支循环;肝脏充血肿大或尾叶代偿性增大;脾大;门脉增粗;腹水和肝外侧支循环。结论：Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征在ＭＲ上有较为典型的表现,ＭＲ是目前诊断该病的最佳选择     

经皮肝穿刺肝静脉造影在肝静脉型Budd-Chiari综合征介入治疗中的应用

目的：探讨经皮肝穿刺肝静脉造影（ＰＴＨＶ）在肝静脉型Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征（ＨＶＢＣＳ）介入治疗中的临床应用。材料与方法：Ｃ地１０例ＨＶＢＣＳ实施２ＰＴＨＶ，并采用经皮肝静脉－颈静脉轨迹或Ｒｕｐｓ－１００肝穿装置行肝静脉开通术（ＰＴＡ和ＥＭＳ置入），结果：１０例ＨＶＢＣＳ患者皆行ＰＴＨＶ，Ｂ超导向４例，Ｘ线监视６例。介入开通成功９例，失败１例，其中轨迹法开通肝静脉３例，Ｒｕｐｓ－１００装置开     

经皮肝穿刺肝静脉造影与下腔静脉造影、B超对Budd-Chiari综合征的诊断

目的：研究经皮肝穿刺肝静脉（ＰＴＨＶ）造影在Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征（ＢＣＳ）诊断和治疗中的价值。方法：采用经皮肝穿刺肝静脉造影对５３例Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征患者进行了检查，并与下腔静脉造影及Ｂ超检查结果进行回顾性对比。结果：依据造影可分为以下类型，１．主肝静脉出口部阻塞，下腔静脉通畅１９例。２．主肝静脉扩张而开放，下腔静脉膜性阻塞２２例。３．肝静脉及下腔静脉均闭塞１２例。结论：作者认为与下腔静脉造影和Ｂ超检查相比，ＰＴＨＶ对肝静脉及侧枝循环的显示有显著的优越性，对ＢＣＳ诊断，治疗及预后的判断均有重要的临床意义     

节段性狭窄闭塞Budd—Chiari综合征的介入治疗

研究了下腔静脉节段性狭窄闭塞及合并肝静脉阻塞和血栓形成Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征的介入治疗。本组１２例，男１１例，女１例；年龄１９－５０岁，平均２８．８岁。１２例中１０例为下腔静脉肝段闭塞，２例为狭窄，狭窄闭塞长度为２．０－１５．５ｃｍ，平均５．６ｃｍ；并有１－３支不等肝静脉阻塞１０例。     

门静脉高压症脾脏循环影像学检查的意义

常规及前列腺素Ｅ_１（ＰＧＥ_１）间接门静脉数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）与彩色多普勒血流显像（ＣＤＦＩ）是检查脾脏循环影像学改变较理想的检查手段。前者对胃左静脉（ＬＧＶ）、胃短静脉（ＳＧＶ）侧支的显示率分别为７８．３％及３９．１％，脾静脉栓塞率为４．３％，脾静脉逆肝血流率为１７．４％。后者对ＬＧＶ侧支及自发脾肾静脉分流侧支的显示率分别为８７％及８３％。脾静脉的血流时间平均速度（ＴＡＶ）为１０．９１±２．９９ｃｍ／ｓ，当ＬＧＶ及ＳＧＶ侧支曲张严重时，贲门周围血管离断术及胃左腔静脉分流术是较合理的治疗方法；当行涉及脾静脉的分流术时，应首先了解脾静脉内有否栓塞；门静脉系统出现逆肝血流时，应有分流术指征。     

三维对比剂增强MR血管成像诊断布加综合征的价值

目的观察三维对比剂增强MR血管成像（3DCEMRA）上布加综合征（BCS）的各种表现,并初步评价该项新技术的价值。方法33例BCS患者行3DCEMRA检查。23例为继发性BCS,分别继发于肝细胞癌（21例）、右肾上腺癌（1例）或血栓性静脉炎（1例）。10例为原发性BCS。观察肝静脉、下腔静脉（IVC）和门静脉的开放性,观察有无肝内外侧支、肝实质病变和门静脉一体静脉间曲张静脉。10例患者行下腔静脉造影术,2例行肝右静脉穿刺造影术,把3DCEMRA所获的诊断结果与造影相对照。结果3DCEMRA可显示BCS的各种表现。肝静脉表现包括：癌栓形成（19例）、肿瘤压迫（2例）、肝静脉未显示（4例）和局限性狭窄（4例）。IVC表现为严重狭窄或闭塞（10例）、肿瘤直接侵犯（2例）、癌栓形成（3例）、血栓性静脉炎（1例）和隔膜形成（3例）。9例显示肝内侧支形成,其中2例显示“蜘蛛网”征象。所见的肝外侧支包括扩张的奇静脉和半奇静脉（13例）,以及左肾一膈下一心包膈静脉侧支（2例）形成。2例患者发现门静脉左支闭塞,10例患者发生门静脉．体静脉间静脉曲张。3DCEMRA发现的肝实质病变有：尾叶增大（7例）、不均匀强化（18例）和并发肿瘤（18例）。12例3DCEMRA诊断结果均与造影结果一致。结论3DCEMRA能显示BCS的各种征象,并能帮助提供正确诊断。     

不同类型Budd-Chiari综合征介入治疗研究

目的 探讨介入治疗方法在不同类型Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征（ＢＣＳ）治疗中的作用和地位。方法 ２８９例ＢＣＳ患者进行介入放射学治疗,根据不同类型采用的介入治疗方法有下腔静脉经皮球囊扩张成形术（ＰＴＡ）和支架植入术;经皮肝穿刺肝静脉开通和扩张术,经颈静脉或下腔静脉的肝静脉扩张和支架植处术,结果 按照下腔静脉造影和经皮肝穿刺肝静脉造影表现,在下腔静脉３种基本病变类型的基础上,依据肝静脉阻塞和回流状况     

节段性狭窄闭塞Budd-Chiari综合征介入治疗的临床评价

目的：评价应用穿通术、ＰＴＡ、内支架（ｓｔｅｎｔ）置入及溶栓术治疗节段性狭窄闭塞Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征（ＢＣＳ）的临床效果。方法：本组２４例，其中节段性狭窄１４例，闭塞１０例，大部分并有肝静脉不同程度阻塞，下腔静脉血栓形成２例。应用Ｂｒｏｃｋｅｎｂｒｏｕｇｈ穿刺针行下腔静脉闭塞段穿通术，ＰＴＡ和内支架置入；应用Ｒｕｐｓ－１００开通阻塞的肝静脉。结果：２４例下腔静脉均开通成功，同时开通１１支肝静脉，下腔静脉压力平均由术前的３．１４ｋＰａ降至１．１５ｋＰａ，肝静脉压力由术前的２．７５ｋＰａ降至１．９１ｋＰａ。平均随访１３．５个月，２例发生轻度下腔静脉狭窄，但临床症状也有明显改善。结论：在ＢＣＳ介入治疗中，ＰＴＡ应视为首选方法，但对治疗效果不好，尤其是节段性病变应置入内支架，对合并肝静脉阻塞和血栓的要做相应的介入治疗，可明显提高临床效果。术后抗凝治疗是维持开通血管长期通畅的重要手段。     

36例烟雾病血管造影的影像分析

目的：探讨烟雾病ＤＳＡ表现特征。方法：３６例中，男２１例，女１５例，年龄４～３２岁。均经股动脉插管行全脑血管造影。结果：３６例脑血管ＤＳＡ均为烟雾病表现。结论：１．先天性因素在烟雾病发病病因中不可忽视。２．烟雾病脑血管造影有以下主要特征：（１）双侧颈内动脉末端和／或基底动脉末端狭窄、闭塞；（２）颅底异常血管网形成；（３）颅内与颅内、颅内与颅外广泛侧支循环建立；（４）脑循环时间的改变。３．脑血管改变与临床表现关系密切。４．本病需与脑动脉硬化、动脉炎及动－静脉畸形鉴别     

肝硬化肝内外门-体循环交通的CT表现

目的探讨肝硬化门静脉高压肝内外门-体循环交通的发生率及CT表现特点。方法回顾性分析80例肝硬化门脉高压患者的肝内外门-体交通的螺旋CT三期扫描表现。结果肝外型门-体循环交通见于79例（98．75％），其中，食管下段黏膜下及食管周围静脉曲张48例（60％），奇静脉和半奇静脉扩张28例（35％），小网膜静脉曲张46例（57．5％），副脐静脉肝外型再通20例（25％），脾肾静脉和胃肾静脉分流10例（12．5％），腹膜后椎旁静脉曲张14例（17．5％）；肝内型门-体循环交通6例（7．5％），其中，5例为门静脉左支与副脐静脉交通型（6．25％），1例为门静脉右后支与下腔静脉交通型（1．13％）。结论螺旋CT三期扫描对肝硬化门静脉高压侧支循环的显示有独特的价值，不仅能显示侧支循环的部位、范围和曲张的程度，而且可以追踪血流异常途径。认识侧支循环的CT表现特点，有助于肝内外疾病的鉴别诊断。     

Symptomatic interrupted inferior vena cava: report of a case presenting with haematochezia

Interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC) is a rare developmental defect. IVC interruption is usually accompanied with azygos and hemiazygos continuation, and is asymptomatic. Here, we report the imaging findings of a patient with an interrupted IVC with diffuse collaterals between the infrarenal IVC and large renal veins, left gonadal, and perirectal haemorrhoidal-portal collateral veins with associated haematochezia. Depending on the haemodynamic changes, interrupted IVC may cause possible different clinical findings as presented here.     

Interruption or congenital stenosis of the inferior vena cava: prevalence, imaging, and clinical findings

OBJECTIVE: To present the prevalence, clinical, and imaging findings of interruption or congenital stenotic lesions of the inferior vena cava (IVC), associated malformations, and their clinical relevance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2004 and March 2006, 7972 patients who had undergone consecutive routine abdominal multidetector row computed tomography were analyzed for interruption or stenotic lesion of the IVC. RESULTS: Prevalence of interruption (n=8) or congenital stenosis (n=4) of the IVC occurred in 12 (0.15%) of 7972 patients. Four patients with interruption and four patients with congenital stenosis of the IVC were symptomatic with DVT (n=4), leg swelling (n=4), leg pain (n=2), lower extremity varices (n=2), hepatic vein thrombosis (n=1), and hematochezia (n=1). All four of the asymptomatic patients were from the interruption group, and these patients had interrupted IVC with well-developed azygos/hemiazygos continuation. Eight symptomatic patients did not have a well-developed azygos/hemiazygos continuation, and drainage of lower extremity was mainly from collateral veins. Additional findings in eight symptomatic patients were abdominal venous collaterals (n=8), venous aneurysm (n=2), lower extremity varices (n=2), varicocele (n=2), and pelvic varices (n=1). CONCLUSION: Interruption or stenosis of the IVC are rare on routine abdominal CT examinations and may cause different clinical findings depending on the variant drainage patterns or collaterals. Interrupted IVC is commonly asymptomatic if associated with well-developed azygos/hemiazygos continuation, whereas commonly symptomatic if well-developed azygos/hemiazygos continuation is not present.     

Budd-Chiari综合征介入术前MRI检查的价值

目的：评价Budd-Chiari综合征介入术前MRI检查的价值。方法：有MRI资料的Budd-Chiari综合征病例14例（其中12例行介入诊疗），观察下腔静脉、肝静脉、副肝静脉和侧支循环的表现，结合DSA表现和介入治疗方法讨论MRI的临床应用价值。结果：MRI正确地诊断了下腔静脉膜性和节段性病变，但未能进一步区分重度膜性狭窄和闭塞。MRI较好地判断了肝静脉和副肝静脉的通畅情况。MRI对肝内、外侧支血管的显示较为全面。结论：术前MRI能正确评估Budd-Chiari综合征指导介入治疗。     

Budd—Chiari综合征的MRI

目的：探讨Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征的ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ表现及其诊断价值。材料和方法：回顾性分析５例经腔静脉造影证实的Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征的ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ表现,并与腔静脉造影进行比较。结果：ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ表现如下：１、肝肿大,３例慢性者尾叶增大;２、肝静脉未显示,肝内血管呈逗点状;３、下腔静脉狭窄、阻塞和狭窄阻塞后扩张及血流信号异常,与腔静脉造影比较,ＭＲＩ和ＭＲＡ显示狭窄和阻塞的形态不够确切;４、肝外侧枝血管形成。结论：ＭＲＩ对Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征具有特征性的诊断价值,但不能取代腔静脉造影。     

门静脉高压侧支循环的螺旋CT表现

探讨肝硬化门脉高压侧支循环的螺旋ＣＴ表现。材料与方法,搜索肝硬化门脉高压患者５２例,其中２３例采用３ｍｍ薄层容积扫描,重建层厚１．５ｍｍ,并进行ＭＩＰ管重建。结果螺旋ＣＴ显示脐周静脉曲张１２例,胆囊周围静脉曲张８例,脾肾静脉侧支开放９例,腹膜后静脉曲线１０例,食管静脉曲张２４例,     

Collateral pathways in patients with celiac axis stenosis: angiographic-spiral CT correlation.

Although celiac axis stenosis is a frequently encountered occlusive vascular disease, clinically significant ischemic bowel disease caused by celiac axis stenosis is rarely reported due to rich collateral circulation from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The most important and frequently encountered collateral vessels from the SMA in patients with celiac axis stenosis are the pancreaticoduodenal arcades and the dorsal pancreatic artery. Subtypes of collateral pathways via the dorsal pancreatic artery include a longitudinal pathway between the celiac branches and the SMA or its branches and a transverse pathway to either the splenic or gastroduodenal artery. A communicating channel between the right hepatic artery and the SMA can be a route for collateral circulation. Hepatic artery variants cause the development of unique collateral pathways that have different characteristics depending on the type of variant. These collateral pathways include intrahepatic interlobar collateral vessels, right gastric to left gastric arterial anastomoses, left hepatic to left gastric arterial anastomoses, and peribiliary arterial plexuses. Major collateral pathways in patients with celiac axis stenosis can be identified with spiral CT, and knowledge concerning this collateral circulation may be important for certain medical procedures such as interventional procedures for the management of hepatic tumors, pancreaticobiliary surgery, and liver transplantation.     

The superior vena cava syndrome caused by malignant disease. Imaging with multi-detector row CT

OBJECTIVE: The superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction by malignant diseases is either by direct invasion and compression or by tumour thrombus of the SVC. Whatever is its cause, obstruction of the SVC causes elevated pressure in the veins draining into the SVC and increased or reversed blood flow through collateral vessels. Severity of the syndrome depends on the collateral vascular system development. Therefore, imaging of the collateral veins with variable location and connection is important in determining the extension and management of the disease. Our aims are to describe collateral vessels of the superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) related with the malignant diseases and to assess the ability of multi-detector row CT with multiplanar and 3D volume rendering techniques in determining and describing collateral circulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present CT angiography findings of seven patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung (n = 2), squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (n = 3), Hodgkin disease of the thorax (n = 1), and squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus (n = 1). The patients received contrast-enhanced CT scans of the chest and abdomen on a multi-detector row CT during breath holding at suspended inspiration. RESULTS: CT images revealed the cause and level of the SVC obstruction in all patients with axial and multiplanar reconstructed images. The SVC showed total obstruction in five patients and partial obstruction in two patients. The most common experienced collateral vessels were azygos vein (6), intercostal veins (6), mediastinal veins (6), paravertebral veins (5), hemiazygos vein (5), thoracoepigastric vein (5), internal mammary vein (5), thoracoacromioclavicular venous plexus (5), and anterior chest wall veins (5). While one case showed the portal-systemic shunt, V. cordis media and sinus coronarius with phrenic veins were enlarged in two cases, and the left adrenal vein was enlarged in a patient. In one case, the azygos vein with reversed blood flow was drained into both inferior vena cava and hemiazygos vein with the left renal vein. CONCLUSION: Multi-detector row CT with multiplanar and 3D imaging is an effective tool in evaluation of the SVCS and has a greater advantage than the other imaging techniques. 3D volume rendering is a useful technique in determining and describing collateral circulations in addition to the primary disease process.     

Extrahepatic Blood Supply to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Angiographic Demonstration and Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization

Purpose To evaluate the incidence of each extrahepatic collateral pathway to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to assess technical success rates and complications of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) through each collateral. Methods We retrospective evaluated extrahepatic collateral pathways to HCC on angiography in 386 procedures on 181 consecutive patients. One hundred and seventy patients had previously undergone TACE. TACE through extrahepatic collaterals using iodized oil and gelatin sponge particles was performed when a catheter was advanced into the tumor-feeding branch to avoid nontarget embolization. Results A single collateral was revealed in 275 TACE procedures, two were revealed in 74, and three or more were revealed in 34. Incidences of collateral source to HCC were 83% from the right inferior phrenic artery (IPA), 24% from the cystic artery, 13% from the omental artery, 12% from the right renal capsular artery (RCA) and left IPA, 8% from the right internal mammary artery (IMA) and right intercostal artery (ICA), and 7% from the right inferior adrenal artery (IAA). Technical success rates of TACE were 53% in the right ICA, 70% in the cystic artery, 74% in the omental artery, 93% in the left IPA, 96% in the right IPA, and 100% in the right RCA, right IMA, and right IAA. Complications included skin necrosis after TACE through the right IMA (n = 1), cholecystitis after TACE through the cystic artery (n = 1), and ulcer formation after TACE through the right gastric artery (n = 1), in addition to pleural effusion and basal atelectasis after TACE through the IPA and IMA. Conclusion Our study suggests that TACE through extrahepatic collaterals is possible with high success rates, and is also relatively safe.     

MRI和超声诊断Budd-chiari综合征的对比研究

目的 :比较 MRI和超声在 Budd- chiari综合征 ( BCS)诊断中的应用价值。方法 :分析 1 2例 BCS病人 MRI和超声表现 ,比较这两种方法显示肝静脉 ( HV)、下腔静脉 ( IVC)和肝内、肝外侧支血管的情况。结果 :( 1 ) HV:1 2例 BCS中 ,MRI均显示出HV阻塞 ,其中三支阻塞 3例 ,两支 6例 ,单支 3例。超声显示 1 0例阻塞 ,其中三支、两支和单支阻塞分别为 3例、4例和 3例。 ( 2 )IVC:MRI显示 9例肝段 IVC狭窄和阻塞 ,其中先天性膜或分隔形成 2例 ,先天性狭窄或畸形 2例 ,血栓形成 1例 ,瘤栓形成 2例 ,外压性狭窄 2例。超声 IVC检查结果与 MR相同。 ( 3)侧支血管 :MR显示 1 1例病人有肝内侧支血管 ,肝外侧支循环形成 8例。超声显示 9例肝内侧支血管存在 ,而肝外的侧支血管仅见 2例。结论 :MR较超声能更清楚地显示 HV和 IVC的解剖结构和病变情况 ,在判定栓子性质、显示肝内外侧支血管和显示邻近器官病变上均优于超声