甲状腺癌的CT诊断及误诊分析

目的分析甲状腺癌的CT表现，探讨CT在甲状腺癌的诊断价值及误诊原因。方法回顾性分析32例甲状腺癌患者术前CT资料及术后病理检查结果。结果32例中24例癌性病灶边缘不规则，10例为囊性伴高密度乳头状结节，9例出现钙化，13例侵犯周围组织器官，14例颈部淋巴结转移。术前误诊8例，误诊为腺瘤4例，结节性甲状腺肿3例，弥漫性甲状腺肿1例。结论肿瘤突破被膜向周围浸润，转移淋巴结内颗粒状钙化，肿物囊性变伴高密度乳头状结节是甲状腺癌的特征性表现；而肿瘤较小，边缘清晰或合并其他甲状腺疾病是误诊的主要原因。     

甲状腺癌淋巴结转移的CT表现

目的：评价甲状腺癌淋巴结转移的CT特点。方法：回顾性分析经手术及病理诊断的108例甲状腺癌淋巴结转移的CT表现。结果：108例中，颈上中深组淋巴结转移76例，颈下深组及锁骨上窝86例，气管食管沟52例，纵隔17例。84例乳头状癌中，16例淋巴结密度与正常甲状腺相似，24例有囊性变，其中18例淋巴结囊内有明显强化的乳头状结节，11例有细颗粒状钙化，24例滤泡癌，髓样癌，透明细胞癌中，17例淋巴结明显强化，17例与甲状腺原发或复发肿瘤密度一致，密度均匀或不均匀。结论：甲状腺癌转移淋巴结好发部位为颈静脉链周围，气管食管沟及纵隔；淋巴结明显强化，与正常甲状腺密度一致，囊性变，囊壁内明显强化的乳头状结节及细颗粒状钙化为甲状腺乳头状癌的特征性改变，淋巴结明显强化，与甲状腺肿瘤密度一致为滤泡癌，髓样癌，透明细胞癌转移淋巴结的特点。     

甲状腺癌的CT和MRI诊断

评价ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ对甲状腺癌的诊断价值。材料和方法：回顾分析临床、病理证实的５０例甲状腺癌：３８例进行ＣＴ扫描,２８例作ＭＲＩ检查,其中１６例兼作ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ检查。结果：肿瘤内出血６例（１２％）、相邻结构受侵１１例（２２％）、颈部淋巴结转移１５例（３０％）、甲状腺内囊变２６例（５２％）和钙化２４例（４８％）,对甲状腺的定性诊断有重要价值。ＣＴ对甲状腺癌内钙化的发现明显优于ＭＲＩ,对肿瘤侵犯相邻结构的显示与ＭＲＩ相仿。ＭＲＩ对肿瘤内囊变,出血和颈部淋巴结转移的发现优于ＣＴ。结论：在甲状腺癌的定性诊断上,ＭＲＩ优于ＣＴ,但若能将两者相结合,能更准确地作出甲状腺癌的诊断。     

甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的CT特征及临床意义

目的：探讨甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的CT特征性表现,提高甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的诊断正确率,为外科手术方案和手术范围选择提供可靠依据。方法回顾分析经手术病理证实的共334例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的CT影像资料,对其中141例发生颈部淋巴结转移的病例进行统计学分析。结果141例患者中包括仅有中央区（Ⅵ区）淋巴结转移79例,CT诊断符合为60例;中央区及侧颈区（Ⅱ～Ⅴ区）均转移者62例, CT诊断符合51例。结果采用χ2检验。102例淋巴结密度、强化程度与甲状腺癌相似,其中23例伴有囊变坏死,14例伴有颗粒状钙化灶,7例并发喉返神经侵犯或气管、血管侵犯。结论甲状腺癌转移淋巴结好发部位为中央区;但侧颈区亦同样常常有转移,应高度重视。转移淋巴结的CT扫描特征：淋巴结明显强化,强化程度与甲状腺乳头状癌保持一致,可发生囊性变或坏死,以及出现颗粒状钙化灶,CT检查对临床手术方案制定具有重要指导意义。     

颈部转移淋巴结的CT、B超检查与病理对照研究(Ⅱ.包膜外侵犯的诊断)

目的：评价ＣＴ、Ｂ超检查颈部转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的价值和诊断标准，以及颈动脉受侵的影像学诊断。材料与方法：对６０例颈淋巴结清扫术的患者做术前前瞻性ＣＴ、Ｂ超检查，术后与病理对照，并进行双盲法分析。结果：以淋巴结边缘不规则强化、脂肪间隙部分或全部消失为转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的ＣＴ诊断指标，敏感性８１．０３％，特异性９３．０２％；以淋巴结边缘不规则，强回声包膜呈锯齿状中断为转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的Ｂ超诊断指标，敏感性９５．３５％，特异性６３．６４％。１１例转移淋巴结粘连侵犯颈动脉者，ＣＴ准确评价９例，Ｂ超准确诊断１０例。结论：淋巴结边缘不规则强化，周围脂肪间隙部分或全部消失为ＣＴ评价颈部转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的准确指标。ＣＴ结合Ｂ超能准确评价颈部转移淋巴结与颈动脉的关系。     

甲状腺乳头状癌及淋巴结转移的CT表现

目的:评价甲状腺乳头状癌及淋巴结转移的CT特点。方法:回顾性分析我院手术病理证实的53例甲状腺乳头状癌伴淋巴结转移的CT表现。结果:44例为单发病灶,9例呈多发病灶;25例单发病灶和9例多发病灶表现为边缘模糊;25例肿块内见有钙化,14例颗粒状钙化,5例乳头状钙化,6例不规则钙化。49例转移淋巴结边缘规则,另4例边缘模糊或呈融合趋势;转移淋巴结有明显钙化的25例(颗粒状钙化19例,乳头状钙化4例,不规则钙化2例);22例淋巴结有囊性变,13例囊壁内见有乳头状强化。结论:甲状腺体积增大,肿块呈浸润性生长,边界不清的伴有颗粒状钙化的,是诊断甲状腺乳头状癌的重要指征;若同时伴有颈部淋巴结囊性变、囊壁内乳头状结节及颗粒状钙化,是诊断甲状腺乳头状癌的最可靠征象。     

MSCT在甲状腺乳头状癌诊断中的应用

目的:探讨128层CT对甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析48例经手术病理证实的甲状腺乳头状癌的CT资料,主要对原发病灶及颈部转移淋巴结的CT表现进行分析。结果:大部分甲状腺乳头状癌境界不清楚,瘤周"半岛状"瘤结节强化15例,瘤周残圈征17例,晕环征10例。合并钙化者21例,其中细颗粒状钙化11例,粗颗粒状钙化5例,混合性钙化5例。48例中33例发生颈部淋巴结转移,增强扫描后淋巴结明显强化,囊性变7例,合并壁结节6例,11例病灶内见钙化,其中细颗粒状钙化6例。结论:甲状腺乳头状癌的CT表现有一定特点,128层CT薄层重建及增强扫描能够更好地评价原发病灶及淋巴结转移。     

颈部转移淋巴结的CT,B超检查与病理对照研究：II.包膜外侵…

目的：评价ＣＴ、Ｂ超检查颈部转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的价值和诊断标准，以及颈动脉受侵的影像学诊断。材料与方法：对６０例颈淋巴结清扫术的患者做术前前瞻性ＣＴ、Ｂ超检查，术后与病理对照，并进行双盲法分析。结果：以淋巴结边缘不规则强化、脂肪间隙部分或全部消失为转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的ＣＴ诊断指标，敏感性８１．０３％，特异性９３．０２％；以淋巴结边缘不规则，强回声包膜呈锯齿状中断为转移淋巴结包膜外侵犯的Ｂ超诊断     

甲状腺乳头状癌的64层螺旋CT诊断

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT在甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析36例经手术病理证实的甲状腺乳头状癌的64层螺旋CT资料,主要对原发病灶及颈部转移淋巴结的CT表现进行分析。结果:36例均为单发病灶,左叶17例,右叶19例,大部分病灶境界不清楚增强后表现为囊性伴壁结节灶5例,其余表现为不均匀强化,有5例周围可见晕环征,合并钙化者17例,其中细颗粒状钙化4例,粗颗粒状钙化8例,混合性钙化5例。36例患者中30例发生颈部淋巴结转移,增强后淋巴结强化明显,囊性变7例,合并壁结节4例,11例病灶内见钙化,其中细颗粒状钙化4例。结论:甲状腺乳头状癌CT表现有一定的特点,64层螺旋CT多维重建能够更好地评价原发病灶及淋巴结转移。     

增强CT扫描在甲状腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨增强CT扫描在甲状腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值及重要性.方法回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的27例甲状腺肿瘤的术前CT增强前后表现,其中甲状腺腺瘤18例,甲状腺乳头状癌9例.结果增强扫描18例腺瘤中,12例囊性腺瘤有完整性强化环,6例实体腺瘤瘤内岛形强化结节.9例乳头状癌中均无完整强化环,其中4例瘤壁强化结节.9例乳头状癌中7例瘤内有钙化(呈斑点状、细颗粒状或二者混合状),4例甲状腺周围器官侵犯.结论甲状腺肿瘤必须强调增强扫描才能显示甲状腺肿瘤的病理特征,对鉴别诊断具有重要价值.甲状腺周围器官侵犯是诊断甲状腺癌的肯定征象.瘤壁乳头状强化结节和瘤内斑点状、颗粒状钙化是甲状腺乳头状癌的可靠诊断征象.瘤周完整性强化环、瘤壁光滑锐利是良性腺瘤的征象.     

16层螺旋CT在甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值

目的：总结甲状腺乳头状癌16层螺旋CT表现,提高其诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析52例经手术病理证实的甲状腺乳头状癌的16层螺旋CT表现。结果大部分甲状腺乳头状癌境界不清楚,瘤周“半岛状”瘤结节强化13例,瘤周“残圈征”14例。合并钙化者28例,其中细颗粒状钙化15例,粗颗粒状钙化8例,混合性钙化5例。52例患者中31例发生颈部淋巴结转移,增强后淋巴结明显强化,囊性变5例,合并壁结节4例。结论甲状腺乳头状癌16层螺旋CT表现有一定的特点,16层螺旋CT对甲状腺乳头状癌的定性、显示肿瘤与周围重要器官的关系方面非常有价值。     

The thyroid and parathyroid glands. CT and MR imaging and correlation with pathology and clinical findings

Thyroid imaging approach is based on the preliminary clinical evaluation. Lesions that are smaller than 2 cm should be assessed with US, which is capable of discriminating masses as small as 2 mm and distinguishing solid from cystic nodules. US-guided FNAB provides tissue for cytologic examination of thyroid nodules. CT and MR imaging are indicated for larger tumors (greater than 3 cm diameter) that extend outside the gland to adjoining structures, including the mediastinum, and retropharyngeal region. Metastatic lymph nodes in the neck and invasion of the aerodigestive tract are also in the realm of CT and MR imaging. Thyroid nodules are categorized on scintigraphy as hot or cold nodules. Hot nodules are rarely malignant, whereas cold nodules have an incidence of 10% to 20% of malignancy. Calcifications (amorphous, globular, nodular, and linear) occur in adenomas and carcinomas and have no differential diagnostic features except for psammomatous calcifications, which are a pathognomonic finding in papillary carcinomas and a small percentage of medullary carcinomas. Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor (80%) followed by follicular (20% to 25%); medullary (5%); undifferentiated; anaplastic carcinomas (< 5%); lymphoma (5%); and metastases. Lymph node metastases are common in papillary carcinoma, 50% at presentation, and less common in follicular carcinomas. The metastatic nodes in papillary carcinoma may enhance markedly (hypervascular); show increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images (increased thyroglobulin content or hemorrhage); and reveal punctate calcifications. Localized invasion of the larynx, trachea, and esophagus occurs predominantly in papillary and follicular carcinomas; the incidence is less than 5%. Ectopic thyroid tissue may be encountered in the tongue (foramen cecum); along the midline between posterior tongue and isthmus of thyroid gland; lateral neck; mediastinum; and oral cavity. Goiter and malignant tumors, notably papillary carcinoma, may develop in ectopic thyroid tissue. Carcinomas may also arise in thyroglossal duct cysts, which develop from duct remnants between the foramen cecum and thyroid isthmus. Infectious disease of the thyroid gland is not common and the CT and MR imaging findings are similar as described under neck infection. Other types of inflammatory disorders including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis, and Riedel's struma display no specific imaging features. Imaging studies may, however, be indicated to confirm a suspected clinical diagnosis and assess compromise of the airway (Riedel's struma). HPT is a clinical diagnosis in which hypercalcemia is the most important finding. Parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma, and carcinoma represent underlying lesions. To relieve the patient's symptoms surgical extirpation is indicated. The surgical success rate without imaging is 95%. The indications for imaging studies vary but it is generally agreed that reoperation after a previous failed surgical attempt and suspicion of an ectopic parathyroid adenoma should be investigated by imaging. These consist of US, nuclear medicine studies, CT and MR imaging. US and technetium sestamibi scanning have the highest accuracy rate for localizing an adenomatous gland at and near the thyroid gland. Ectopic adenomas, particularly if they are located in the mediastinum, are preferrably investigated with CT and MR imaging with gadolinium and fat suppression. Carcinomas and parathyroid cysts are optimally evaluated by CT and MR imaging. On MR imaging adenomas are low in signal intensity on T1-weighted images, high in signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and enhance post introduction of gadolinium.     

256层螺旋CT对甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值

目的：探讨256层螺旋CT增强扫描及多平面重建（multiple planar reconstruction ,MPR）对甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析50例经手术病理证实的甲状腺乳头状癌256层螺旋C T表现,并与病理结果对比分析。所有病例均行平扫、双期增强扫描,各期均采用自动管电流选择（ACS ）扫描模式。将图像传至在工作站后各期均行M PR ,并应用多窗宽、窗位技术观察分析图像。结果单发40例,多发10例,病灶大部分位于甲状腺表浅部位,呈类圆形或类椭圆形低密度灶,密度均匀,边界不清楚;合并钙化26例,其中细颗粒钙化14例,粗大结节状钙化7例,混合性钙化1例,不完整蛋壳样钙化4例,桑椹状钙化1例,4例周围有晕环征,10例显示破边征;绝大部分强化幅度未超过正常甲状腺组织,岛样强化6枚,渐进性填充36枚;27例发现淋巴结转移,其中25例Ⅵ区有淋巴结转移,增强后淋巴结强化明显,囊性变6例,合并壁结节4例,5例内见细颗粒状钙化。结论采用256层螺旋CT ACS扫描模式能有效降低受检者的辐射质量;甲状腺乳头状癌的原发灶及转移淋巴结有一定的特点,多方位、多窗宽、多窗位观察图像能更好地发现、评价原发病灶、淋巴结转移及其对周围结构的侵犯、粘连。     

MSCT对甲状腺癌的诊断价值分析

目的:探讨MSCT对甲状腺癌的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析22例经手术病理证实的甲状腺癌的MSCT资料,主要对原发病灶和颈部转移淋巴结情况进行分析,并与手术及病理结果对照。结果:所有病例MSCT均见肿块,平扫为等或混杂密度,边界不清,呈浸润性生长,增强扫描不均匀强化,并向邻近组织侵犯,颈部常可见肿大淋巴结。结论:甲状腺癌的MSCT表现具有一定特征性,MSCT能准确判断甲状腺癌是否侵犯周围组织器官,为临床制定治疗方案提供重要依据。     

甲状腺癌术后复发的CT表现

目的 分析甲状腺癌术后复发的ＣＴ表现,了解甲状腺术后复发的特点。方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的甲状腺癌主后复发患者４２例,包括乳头状癌２５例,滤泡癌９例,髓样癌６例,透明细胞癌２例。结果 甲状腺床局部复发２３例,其中侵犯颈动脉１０例,气管、食管１７例,喉及下咽２例,９例滤泡癌中８例局部复发,７例肿特明显强化。对侧甲状腺复发１２例,病理类型与原发甲状腺癌一致。颈部淋巴结转移３１例,乳头状癌颈剖淋