杀菌／通透性增加蛋白对休克大鼠组织细胞因子mRNA表达的影响

作者在大鼠失血性休克模型上,观察了重组杀菌／通透性增加蛋白（ＢＰＩ）对肺组织肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）、白人素－６（ＩＬ－６）ｍＲＮＡ表达及急性肺损伤的影响,并对肠源性内毒素血症与炎症细胞因子诱发的关系进行了探讨。结果显示：失血性休克可导致血浆内毒素含量显著升高,肺组织ＴＮＦ,ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ表达分别在复苏后２、８小时明显增多（Ｐ〈０．０５－０．０１）;给予ＢＰＩ治疗则完全中和休克所致内毒素血症,并不     

杀菌/通透性增加蛋白对休克大鼠肺组织细胞因子mRNA表达的影响

作者在大鼠失血性休克（４ｋＰａ，１８０分钟）模型上，观察了重组杀菌／通透性增加蛋白（ＢＰＩ）对肺组织肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）、白介素－６（ＩＬ－６）ｍＲＮＡ表达及急性肺损伤的影响，并对肠源性内毒素血症与炎症细胞因子诱发的关系进行了探讨。结果显示：失血性休克可导致血浆内毒素含量显著升高，肺组织ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ表达分别在复苏后２、８小时明显增多（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）；给予ＢＰＩ治疗则完全中和休克所致内毒素血症，并不同程度地抑制肺组织ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６ｍＲＮＡ的表达（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）；肺毛细血管通透性与髓过氧化物酶活性均明显降低。作者认为，ＢＰＩ可有效防止失血性休克诱发的急性肺损伤，其作用机制可能与抑制肠源性内毒素血症所介导的局部组织炎症细胞因子基因表达有关。     

1,6—二磷酸果糖对内毒素休克犬TNF,MDA,SOD的影响

目的：观察１，６－二磷酸果糖对内毒素休克犬血浆ＴＮＦ，ＭＤＡ水平和ＲＢＣ－ＳＯＤ活性的影响，为ＦＤＰ治疗ＥＴ休克提供实验依据。方法：１２只犬随机分成两组，内毒素休克组和内毒素休克１，６－二磷酸果糖治疗组，每组６例，外周静脉注射灭活大肠杆菌３０分钟、９０分钟后、ＦＤＰ组输入７．５％ＦＤＰ３７５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ＥＴ组输入等容量平衡盐液。注ＥＴ前及注后２、４、６、８小时测ＣＯ及血浆ＴＮＦ、ＭＤＡ水平和ＲＢＣ     

脾切除及大肠杆菌内毒素攻击对大鼠血浆内毒素、TNF和NO水平的影响

本实验动态观察了大鼠脾切除及粗制大肠杆菌内毒素攻击后血浆内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）和ＮＯ－２／ＮＯ－３水平的变化。结果发现：脾切除组较假手术组血浆上述因子均明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１），且和单纯腹腔注射大肠杆菌内毒素后所引起的改变非常类似。注射内毒素后，切脾前后血浆上述因子无明显差异，但均处在较高水平上，秩相关分析表明：血浆ＮＯ－２／ＮＯ－３与内毒素及ＴＮＦ水平有一定相关性（ｒｓ分别为０４２２及０７２１，Ｐ均＜００１），其中与ＴＮＦ高度相关。作者认为：脾切除后机体免疫力下降，可能导致肠道细菌或毒素移位，诱导产生ＴＮＦ等细胞因子，并协同激活体内Ｌａｒｇ：ＮＯ通路。这也可能是脾切除后凶险性感染（ＯＰＳＩ）发生机制之一。     

诱导性一氧化氮合酶抑制药对感染性休克治疗作用的观察

目的：评价诱导性一氧化氮合酶（ｉＮＯＳ）抑制药氨基胍（ＡＧ）的抗感染性休克作用。方法：杂种犬（８￣１２ｋｇ）２小时内静滴内毒素（ＬＰＳ，１ｍｇ／ｋｇ）后随机分为对照（ｎ＝６）和治疗疗组。治疗组在ＭＡＰ下降后２小时分别静注Ｌ－Ｎ位硝基精氨甲酯（Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ，ｎ＝６．３０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）和ＡＧ（ｎ＝Y６。２０ｍｇ／ｋｇl）。结果：静注后的ＬＰＳ后１小时在ＮＯ升高同时ＭＡＰ明显下降。ＳＶＲ和尿量明显减少。给予     

严重烧伤后休克期切痂对肠道细菌和内毒素移位的影响

为探讨严重烧伤休克期切痂与肠源性细菌感染的关系，作者采用ＳＰＦ大鼠１５０只，随机分成三组：休克期切痂组（Ｂ组）与常规切痂组（Ｃ组）均致３０％ＴＢＳＡⅢ度烫伤，伤后１小时开始补液治疗，分别于伤后２４小时、５天切痂植皮。另设单纯植皮组（Ａ组），不烫伤，仅植皮对照。结果显示，Ｂ组切痂前、后血浆ＬＰＳ及ＴＮＦ含量均明显低于Ｃ组，但高于Ａ组（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．００１），痂下菌量（１．５×１０３±０．３×１０ｃｆｕ／ｇ组织）也明显低于Ｃ组（４．３×１０６±１．７×１０ｃｆｕ／ｇ组织）（Ｐ＜０．００１）。Ｂ组内脏细菌检出率显著低于Ｃ组（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）。结果表明，休克期切痂可以减轻肠源性内毒素血症，及其细菌和毒素移位。内毒素在肠道内细菌和毒素移位中起重要作用。     

小剂量氯胺酮吗啡及氯胺酮-吗啡配伍用于硬膜外腔术后镇痛作用的比较小剂量氯胺酮吗啡及氯胺酮-吗啡配伍用于硬膜外腔术后镇痛作用的比较

目的：探讨氯胺酮、吗啡硬膜外腔术后镇痛效应和伍用后是否可提高镇痛效果并减少副作用。方法：５０例硬膜外腔麻醉下行骨科手术的患者，随机分为５组，每组１０例。Ａ组：吗啡０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ；Ｂ组：氯胺酮０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ；Ｃ组氯胺酮０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ；Ｄ组：Ａ＋Ｂ；Ｅ组：Ａ＋Ｃ。于术后４、８、１２、２４、４８、７２ｈ记录疼痛评分（ＶＡＰＳ）及副作用的发生情况。结果：Ａ组ＶＡＰＳ评分平均为２．９５，有效镇痛７例，平均持续时间为５２．０ｈ；Ｂ组镇痛效果差，ＶＡＰＳ评分平均为７．２６，有效镇痛３例，与Ａ组比较有统计学显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｃ组ＶＡＰＳ评分平均为３．６０，与Ａ组比较无统计学差异，有效镇痛７例，平均持续时间为４４．４ｈ；Ｄ组ＶＡＰＳ平均评分为２．７３，与Ａ组比较无统计学差异，平均持续时间为５０．８ｈ；Ｅ组平均ＶＡＰＳ评分为１．５８，与Ａ组比较有统计学显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），持续时间为５８．１ｈ。结论：１．氯胺酮０．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ硬膜外腔术后镇痛效果差，剂量增至０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ镇痛效果与吗啡０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ相近，恶心、呕吐发生较少，无精神方面的副作用；２．氯胺酮与吗啡配伍，随着氯胺酮剂量增加到０．６ｍｇ／ｋｇ     

血浆内毒素和细胞因子在腹腔感染致多系统器官功能障碍早期的变化

为观察腹腔感染（ＩＡＩ）致多系统器官功能障碍（ＭＳＯＤ）早期血浆内毒素和细胞因子的变化,在制作ＩＡＩ致ＭＳＯＤ动物模型的基础上,对感染组（行盲肠结扎加穿孔手术）及对照组（行盲肠探查术）兔在实验０、１、２、３、４、５、６及２４小时不同时相的血浆内毒素和细胞因子包括肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）、白细胞介素１和６（ＩＬ１,ＩＬ６）进行了检测,并记录动物死亡情况和生存时间。结果显示：感染组血浆内毒素和ＴＮＦ水平在实验后１小时、ＩＬ６在实验后２小时开始显著升高,ＩＬ１无显著变化。感染组兔于１周内均死亡,平均生存时间为８４．１±３９．０小时,对照组兔１周时均存活,两组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。本实验所观测到的ＩＡＩ时血浆内毒素及细胞因子的早期变化特点为临床防治研究提供了实验基础。     

通下法抗急性坏死性胰腺炎肺损害的实验研究

为研究肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）在急性坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＮＰ）所致肺损害中的作用，１４只家犬随机分成三组。中药组（ｎ＝５）：ＡＮＰ模型＋大承气汤治疗；盐水组（ｎ＝５）：ＡＮＰ模型＋生理盐水治疗；假手术组（ｎ＝４）。术后测定血清、支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）的ＴＮＦ活性及血清内毒素水平等指标。结果：１．ＢＡＬＦ中ＴＮＦ活性升高较血清中升高更明显。２．中药组术后６、１２小时血清及ＢＡＬＦ中ＴＮＦ活性低于盐水组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。３．术后１２小时中药组肺损害程度明显轻于盐水组。４．盐水组血清ＴＮＦ活性与内毒素水平呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：ＴＮＦ的过度分泌是ＡＮＰ致肺损害的重要因素；通里攻下法治疗能够减轻ＴＮＦ介导的肺损害程度。     

尼卡地平伍用芬太尼减轻气管插管时心血管副反应的研究

３６例ＡＳＡＩ级择期手术患者，随机分为三组，每组１２例。全麻诱导均静脉注射硫喷妥钠８ｍｇ／ｋｇ和琥珀胆碱２ｍｇ／ｋｇ．诱导前５分钟组Ｉ静注生理盐水４ｍｌ，组Ⅱ静注尼卡地平０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，组Ⅲ静注尼卡地平０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ和芬太尼３μｇ／ｋｇ。结果显示组Ⅲ在插管后ＳＢＰ、ＨＲ和ＲＰＰ变化最小。表明静注尼卡地平０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇ和芬太尼３μｇ／ｋｇ是减轻气管插管时心血管副反应的有效方法。     

Horseshoe lung with left lung hypoplasia.

Horseshoe lung is an uncommon congenital malformation in which the bases of the right and the left lungs are fused to each other by a narrow isthmus posterior to the cardiac apex. So far 22 cases have been described: most of these were associated with right lung hypoplasia and the scimitar syndrome. A horseshoe lung anomaly with left lung hypoplasia is described.     

Technetium-fibrinogen lung scanning in canine lung contusion

To detect experimentally induced acute lung contusion in anesthetized dogs, serial radionuclide images of the lung were recorded following intravenous infusion of 99mTc-labelled human fibrinogen (Tc-HF). The accumulation of Tc-HF in canine lungs was serially quantitated for up to 20 hours after lung contusion. A contusion (#1) was produced in one lung, Tc-HF was injected IV after 15 minutes, and 75 minutes later a contralateral lung contusion (#2) was produced in a series of 14 dogs. At autopsy the excised lungs were scanned, sectioned, and counted for radioactivity. Radiolabelled fibrinogen accumulated within 2-4 minutes of contusion #2 and remained stable over the next 20 hours in 14 dogs; contusion #1 was barely visible in four dogs. Lung Tc-HF activity in the central region of contusion #2 remained sixfold higher than in normal lung tissue. These data suggest that following lung contusion, fibrinogen deposition occurs rapidly and remains stable over a 20-hour interval of observation.     

Septic lung and shock lung in man.

Two series of patients were studied by serial measurements of blood gas exchange and pulmonarmonary dysfunction and to evaluate the dangers of respiratory failure in post traumatic patients. There were 27 patients who had sustained profound hemorrhagic shock and massive blood replacement averaging 9.7 liters and 38 patients who suffered general peritonitis or other forms of fulminating nonthoracic sepsis. All were supported by endotrachael intubation and volume controlled ventilators. The overall mortality for the post shock patients without sepsis was 12% while in the septic patients it was 35%. The maximal pulmonary arteriovenous shunt encountered in the post hemorrhagic shock patients at 36 hours averaged 20 plus or minus 8% and was accompanied by high cardiac indices (average 5.1 plus or minus 1.3 L/M-2/min) but no significant rise of pulmonary arterial pressure or peak inspiratory pressure (PIP). Severe pulmonary dysfunction subsequently occurred only in those patients who later became septic. The studies on the septic patients were divided according to the magnitude of the cardiac indices (the high indices averaged 4.8 plus or minus 1.6L/M-2/min) and thelow indices averaged 1.9 plus or minus 1.0 L/M-2/min. In the former, the average maximal shunt of 30 plus or minus 6% was sustained for 4 or more days, accompanied by an elevation of PIP to 36 plus or minus 6 cm H2O and by Pa pressure of 28 plus or minus 5 mm Hg. The patients in low output septic shock usually had an associated bronchopneumonia and had an average venous admixture of 34 plus or minus 8% and PIP values of 41 plus or minus 8 cm H2O. The mean Pa pressure in this group was 29 plus or minus 6 mm Hg.     

Living-donor lobar lung transplantation for infectious lung diseases

The rate of infection among lung transplant recipients is several times higher than that among recipients of other organs and is most likely related to the exposure of the allograft to the external environment. Meticulous peri-operative management is mandatory in performing living-donor lobar lung transplantation for patients with infectious lung diseases. All 5 patients with end-stage infectious lung diseases are currently alive for 17-104 months after receiving living-donor lobar lung transplantation at Okayama University Hospital.     

Videothoracoscopy-assisted surgical lung biopsy for interstitial lung diseases

Objectives

Surgical lung biopsy (SLB) by videothoracoscopy for diffuse interstitial lung diseases is recommended for detailed diagnosis. Because substantial mortality and morbidity are associated with this procedure, its safety and diagnostic yield should be validated.

Methods

Sixty-four patients with diffuse interstitial lung disease who received SLB by videothoracoscopy between 2007 and 2013 were retrospectively analyzed for mortality, surgical complication, and diagnosis. Criteria for the procedure included patients <70-year old, who had at least 60 % vital capacity and at least 40 % diffusion capacity. Patients with radiologically definite usual interstitial pneumonia were not eligible.

Results

One conversion from the 3-port approach to thoracotomy due to bleeding occurred. Mean operation and anesthesia times were 63 and 133 min, respectively. The mean hospital stay was 6 days. Only 10 patients (16 %) received prophylactic steroid and/or elastase inhibitor administration. Neither deaths nor acute exacerbations of interstitial pneumonia occurred within 60 days after surgery. Pneumothorax occurred in four cases (6 %) after discharge, which was associated with lower % vital capacity and intraoperative steroid administration. Prolonged air leak and postoperative pneumonia were observed in 2 and 1 patients, respectively. Postoperative diagnosis was obtained in all patients. A group of connective tissue disease-related interstitial pneumonia (n = 15) and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (n = 18) were the major diagnoses. Discordance between pre- and postoperative diagnoses was observed among usual interstitial pneumonia, non-specific interstitial pneumonia, and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia.

Conclusions

Surgical lung biopsy for diffuse interstitial lung diseases is safe under appropriate inclusion criteria and provides definite diagnosis.