氯胺酮抑制瑞芬太尼致患者术后痛觉过敏的量效关系

目的 确定氯胺酮抑制瑞芬太尼致患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术后痛觉过敏的量效关系.方法 择期全麻下腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者15例,年龄40～60岁,体重45～80 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,静脉注射咪达唑仑、芬太尼、阿曲库铵和异丙酚麻醉诱导后,气管插管行机械通气.术中静脉输注瑞芬太尼和异丙酚,间断静脉注射阿曲库铵维持麻醉.麻醉诱导后,采用序贯法静脉注射氯胺酮,初始剂量为0.8 mg/kg,相邻剂量比为2,采用概率单位法计算患者术后痛觉过敏抑制时(气管拔管后10 min时VAS评分<4分)氯胺酮的半数有效剂量(ED_(50))、95%有效剂量(ED_(95))及其95%可信区间.结果 氯胺酮抑制瑞芬太尼术后痛觉过敏的ED_(50)(95%可信区间)为0.23(0.12～0.35)mg/kg,ED_(95)(95%可信区间)为0.62(0.51～0.68)mg/kg.结论 氯胺酮抑制瑞芬太尼致患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术后痛觉过敏的ED_(50)和ED_(95)分别为0.23、0.62 mg/kg.     

等辐射分析法研究全麻诱导时异丙酚与氯胺酮的相互作用

目的 以等辐射分析法研究全身麻醉诱导时异丙酚、氯胺酮之间的相互作用。方法75例择期上腹部手术病人随机分成三组:异丙酚(P)组、氯胺酮(K)组、异丙酚复合氯胺酮(C)组,每组25例再各分成5个亚组(P1～P5,K1～K5,C1～C5)。麻醉诱导前各亚组给予不同剂量的异丙酚及氯胺酮。监测给药前、给药后1、2、3、5min的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO_2)、脑电双频指数(BIS)等指标。病人对口令失去反应即进入催眠状态;已催眠的病人被给予一定强度电刺激,失去反应者即进入麻醉状态。给药2min后,开始评估。以等辐射分析法分析二者之间的相互作用。结果 在催眠、麻醉末点:P组ED_(50)值分别为1.15mg/kg(95％可信限0.95～1.40)、1.89mg/kg(95％可信限1.60～2.22);K组ED_(50)值分别为0.40mg/kg(95％可信限0.34 ～0.47)、0.72mg/kg(95％可信限0.61～0.86);C组ED_(50)值分别为0.65/0.22mg/kg(95％可信限0.55/0.18～0.78/0.26)、1.19/0.40mg/kg(95％可信限0.95/0.32～1.48/0.49)。在催眠和麻醉末点,C组ED_(50)偏离相加线无统计学意义(P>0.05)。C组的SBP、DBP在给药前后无显著变化(P>0.05)。结论 经等辐射分析法分析后判定异丙酚、氯胺酮(剂量比3/1)在麻醉和催眠作用上呈现相加,复合用药血液动力学稳定     

昼夜节律对艾司氯胺酮镇静效果的影响

目的比较日间与夜间使用艾司氯胺酮镇静达到意识消失时的用量,探讨昼夜节律对艾司氯胺酮镇静效果的影响,并计算日间与夜间镇静的半数有效剂量(ED_(50))。方法选择择期全身麻醉下行泌尿外科手术的男性患者100例,年龄18～65岁,BMI 18.5～30.0 kg/m~2 ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,根据全身麻醉诱导开始时间分为两组:日间组(08:00至18:00)和夜间组(20:00至次日06:00),每组50例。每组按随机数字表法分为0.30、0.35、0.41、0.48、0.57 mg/kg五个等比剂量亚组,每亚组10例。以达到Ramsay评分6级为意识消失标准;采用Probit回归法计算日间组和夜间组的ED_(50)和ED_(95)及其95%CI。结果日间组意识消失时艾司氯胺酮使用剂量为(0.422±0.070)mg/kg,明显高于夜间组(0.361±0.092)mg/kg(P0.05);日间组ED_(50)为(0.402 mg/kg, 95%CI 0.370～0.442 mg/kg),ED_(95)为(0.519 mg/kg, 95%CI 0.470～0.649 mg/kg);夜间组ED_(50)为(0.360 mg/kg, 95%CI 0.316～0.394 mg/kg)、ED_(95)为(0.479 mg/kg, 95%CI 0.432～0.618 mg/kg)。结论昼夜节律性变化影响艾司氯胺酮的镇静效应,夜间使用艾司氯胺酮的镇静效果更强。     

丙泊酚靶控输注时羟考酮抑制气管插管反应的半数有效剂量

目的测定丙泊酚靶控输注时羟考酮抑制气管插管反应的半数有效剂量(ED_(50))。方法择期全麻下手术的患者,性别不限,年龄18~65岁,BMI 18.5~24.9kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,MallampatiⅠ或Ⅱ级。静脉顺序注射羟考酮、靶控输注丙泊酚血浆浓度4μg/ml,BIS60时,静注罗库溴铵0.9mg/kg后行气管插管机械通气。采用改良Dixon序贯法进行试验,羟考酮起始剂量0.2mg/kg。若气管插管反应阳性,则下一例增加剂量;反之,则降低剂量,相邻剂量比值为1∶1.1。气管插管反应阳性的标准:插管后2min内MAPmax或HRmax较基础值≥20%。采用加权概率法计算羟考酮抑制气管插管反应的ED_(50)、ED_(95)及其相应的95%可信区间(CI)。结果共有27例患者完成正式研究。羟考酮抑制气管插管反应的ED_(50)为0.204 mg/kg,(95%CI 0.175~0.249 mg/kg),ED_(95)为0.342mg/kg(95%CI 0.287~0.409mg/kg)。结论血浆靶控输注丙泊酚4μg/ml时,羟考酮抑制气管插管反应的ED_(50)为0.204mg/kg,ED_(95)为0.342mg/kg。     

无痛胃镜检查时丙泊酚对羟考酮有效剂量的影响

目的采用保守回归法评价无痛胃镜检查时不同丙泊酚浓度对羟考酮半数有效剂量(ED_(50))的影响。方法无痛胃镜检查患者65例,男35例,女30例,年龄18～60岁,BMI 20～24 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法将患者随机分为两组。A组和B组丙泊酚TCI血浆浓度分别为5μg/ml和3μg/ml,首例患者羟考酮初始剂量分别为0.07 mg/kg和0.1 mg/kg。根据前一例患者无痛胃镜置入结果决定次例患者羟考酮剂量。前一例患者体动或呛咳反应阳性,则下一例患者羟考酮剂量增加0.01 mg/kg,反之减少0.01 mg/kg。采用保守回归法计算羟考酮的ED_(50)及其95%可信区间(95%CI),重复样本法计算ED_(95)及其95%CI。记录入镜时吞咽、呛咳、体动发生情况;记录麻醉后低血压和低血氧情况;记录术后恶心、呕吐等不良反应情况。结果 A组羟考酮ED_(50)为0.074 mg/kg(95%CI 0.063～0.086 mg/kg),ED_(95)为0.100 mg/kg(95%CI 0.087～0.194 mg/kg)。B组羟考酮ED_(50)为0.086 mg/kg(95%CI 0.061～0.098 mg/kg),ED_(95)为0.118 mg/kg(95%CI 0.103～0.308 mg/kg)。A组低血压发生率明显高于B组(P0.05)。两组恶心和呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义。结论丙泊酚TCI血浆浓度5.0μg/ml和3.0μg/ml时,羟考酮的ED_(95)分别为0.100 mg/kg和0.118 mg/kg。     

瑞马唑仑复合瑞芬太尼用于无痛胃镜检查的半数有效剂量

目的测定瑞马唑仑复合瑞芬太尼用于无痛胃镜检查时的半数有效剂量(ED_(50))及95%有效剂量(ED_(95))。方法本研究共纳入患者73例,分为三组:第一组纳入患者性别不限(n=22),第二组仅纳入男性患者(n=29),第三组仅纳入女性患者(n=22)。根据Dixon改良序贯法,所有患者缓慢静注瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg,随后注射瑞马唑仑0.2 mg/kg,待睫毛反射消失后行胃镜检查。若在进镜时及检查过程中出现呛咳、吞咽、皱眉、体动影响检查操作等反应为阳性反应,下一例患者增加0.05 mg/kg,否则降低0.05 mg/kg,以阳性反应转为阴性反应为交叉点,当出现七个交叉点时终止研究。采用概率单位Probit回归分析法计算第一组瑞马唑仑的ED_(50)和ED_(95)及其95%CI,并分别测定第二组、第三组瑞马唑仑的ED_(50)及其95%CI。结果第一组瑞马唑仑ED_(50)为0.19 mg/kg(95%CI 0.155～0.229 mg/kg),ED_(95)为0.31 mg/kg(95%CI 0.248～0.492 mg/kg)。第二组瑞马唑仑ED_(50)为0.161 mg/kg (95%CI0.135～0.192 mg/kg),第三组瑞马唑仑ED_(50)为0.194 mg/kg (95%CI0.159～0.235 mg/kg)。结论瑞马唑仑复合瑞芬太尼用于无痛胃镜检查的ED_(50)、ED_(95)分别为0.19 mg/kg和0.31 mg/kg,且男性患者瑞马唑仑ED_(50)低于女性患者。     

丙泊酚复合小剂量艾司氯胺酮抑制胃镜置入反应的有效剂量

目的探讨丙泊酚复合小剂量艾司氯胺酮抑制胃镜置入反应的有效剂量。方法选择2020年10—11月自愿接受无痛胃镜检查的患者26例,男14例,女12例,年龄18～64岁,BMI 18～25 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。所有患者静脉注射艾司氯胺酮0.3 mg/kg,注射后30 s给予丙泊酚,初始剂量为3.5 mg/kg。采用序贯法进行试验,相邻患者丙泊酚剂量公比为0.9,如置入胃镜出现阳性反应(呛咳、体动等)则下一例患者升高一个梯度,反之则降低一个梯度,待出现7个交叉拐点则终止该研究。采用Probit概率法计算丙泊酚的半数有效剂量(ED_(50))、95%有效剂量(ED_(95))及相应95%可信区间(CI)。记录苏醒时间、苏醒后10 min的VAS疼痛评分。记录低血压、呼吸抑制(SpO_290%)、恶心呕吐、复苏期躁动、苏醒延迟等不良反应发生情况。结果丙泊酚复合艾司氯胺酮0.3 mg/kg时抑制患者胃镜置入反应的ED_(50)为1.691 mg/kg(95%CI 1.498～1.851 mg/kg),ED_(95)为2.032 mg/kg(95%CI 1.864～3.123 mg/kg),苏醒时间为(11.7±3.2)min,苏醒后10 min的VAS疼痛评分为(1.6±0.4)分。所有患者未发生低血压、苏醒期躁动及苏醒延迟,1例出现呼吸抑制,1例出现呕吐。结论丙泊酚复合小剂量艾司氯胺酮时抑制患者胃镜置入反应的半数有效剂量及95%的有效剂量分别为1.691 mg/kg和2.032 mg/kg,苏醒质量高,无明显不良反应。     

不同剂量咪达唑仑与异丙酚催眠效应的相互作用

目的 评价不同剂量咪达唑仑与异丙酚催眠效应的相互作用.方法 择期全麻病人120例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～60岁,体重40～80 kg,随机分为4组(n=30),各组分别随机分为6个亚组,M组和P组各亚组分别静脉注射咪达唑仑0.04、0.06、0.08、0.10、0.12、0.15 mg/kg、异丙酚0.8、1.0、1.2、1.5、1.8、2.2 mg/kg;MP1组和MP2组各亚组分别按咪达唑仑与异丙酚ED50等效比1:13(咪达唑仑剂量分别为0.022、0.028、0.033、0.039、0.044、0.055 mg/kg)和临床常用比例1:10(咪达唑仑剂量分别为0.03、0.04、0.045、0.05、0.055、0.06 mg/kg)行麻醉诱导.M组、P组、MP1组和MP1组分别于注药后3、1,1、1 min时行警觉,镇静(OAA/S)评分,催眠有效标准:OAA/S评分≤2分.采用加权概率单位法计算半数有效剂量(ED50)及其95%可信区间(95%CI);采用等辐射分析法判断两药催眠效应的相互作用.结果 M组、MP1.2组咪达唑仑催眠效应的ED50及其95%CI分别为0.088(0.066～0.110)、0.031(0.026～0.036)、0.045(0.040～0.049)mg/kg;P组、MP1.2组异丙酚催眠效应的ED50及其95%CI为1.142(0.933～1.350)、0.421(0.343～0.480)、0.450(0.399～0.491)mg/kg.结论 麻醉诱导时咪达唑仑与异丙酚按ED50等效剂量比1:13给药,两药催眠效应为协同作用;按临床常用剂量比1:10给药时两药催眠效应为相加作用.     

不同剂量瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚用于结肠镜诊疗术麻醉效果的比较

目的 比较不同剂量瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚用于结肠镜诊疗术的麻醉效果.方法 择期行结肠镜诊疗术患者90例,年龄35～63岁,体重45～ 72 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者分为3组(n=30):瑞芬太尼0.2 μg/kg组(Ⅰ组)、瑞芬太尼0.5 μg/kg组(Ⅱ组)和瑞芬太尼1.0μg/kg组(Ⅲ组).Ⅰ组-Ⅲ组分别经60s静脉注射瑞芬太尼0.2、0.5和1.0 μg/kg后,静脉注射异丙酚1mg/kg,待患者睫毛反射消失后开始置入结肠镜,检查过程中出现体动反应时,追加瑞芬太尼和异丙酚首剂量的半量.记录手术时间、诱导时间、苏醒时间、离室时间和术中体动反应、心血管事件、低氧血症、呼吸抑制的发生情况.结果 3组手术时间、诱导时间、苏醒时间和离室时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组体动反应发生率降低,低血压和呼吸抑制发生率升高,Ⅲ组体动反应发生率降低,低血压、心动过缓、低氧血症和呼吸抑制发生率升高(P＜0.05);与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组心动过缓、低氧血症和呼吸抑制发生率升高(P＜0.05).结论 对于结肠镜诊疗术患者,复合异丙酚1mg/kg时瑞芬太尼的适宜剂量是0.5μg/kg.     

右美托咪定与丙泊酚麻醉诱导时的协同作用

目的评价右美托咪定和丙泊酚麻醉诱导时镇静作用的相互影响。方法择期全麻手术患者75例,男36例,女39例,年龄18～65岁,BMI 20～25kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法均分为三组,每组25例:丙泊酚组(A组)、右美托咪定组(B组)、丙泊酚复合右美托咪定组(C组),每组再根据不同药物剂量分为5个亚组,相邻两组剂量等比为1.25,采用点斜法计算ED_(50)及其95%可信区间(CI)。结果A组丙泊酚诱导剂量ED_(50)为1.25 mg/kg(95%CI 0.90～1.45mg/kg),B组右美托咪定麻醉诱导剂量ED_(50)为1.35μg/kg(95%CI 0.95～1.50μg/kg),C组丙泊酚和右美托咪定诱导剂量ED_(50)分别为0.65mg/kg(95%CI 0.50～0.90mg/kg)和0.40μg/kg(95%CI 0.34～0.65μg/kg)。等辐射分析法判定丙泊酚和右美托咪定之间在镇静效应上呈现协同作用。结论右美托咪定复合丙泊酚可以产生明显的镇静效应协同作用。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.