生脉注射液对青春前期大鼠睾丸扭转/复位缺血再灌注的保护作用

目的观察青春前期大鼠睾丸单侧扭转复位后对双侧睾丸氧自由基的远期影响,探讨生脉注射液对其的保护作用。方法 5周龄健康SD雄性大鼠24只,随机分为实验组(生脉注射液组)、对照组(9 g.L-1盐水组)和假手术组,每组8只。实验组和对照组建立左侧睾丸扭转复位模型,假手术组游离睾丸,不予扭转。于术后7周取各组大鼠双侧睾丸,分别测定大鼠睾丸组织内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性和丙二醛(MDA)水平。结果与对照组比较,实验组和假手术组大鼠双侧睾丸中SOD活性升高,NOS活性和MDA水平下降(Pa<0.05)。与假手术组比较,实验组大鼠双侧睾丸组织中SOD活性下降,NOS活性和MDA水平升高(Pa<0.05)。结论生脉注射液可提高大鼠睾丸组织中的SOD活性,提高机体抗氧化能力,清除氧自由基,抑制脂质过氧化反应,减轻MDA对细胞膜的损伤,对睾丸缺血再灌注损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

硫氧还蛋白对大鼠睾丸缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的研究

目的 探讨硫氧还蛋白对大鼠睾丸缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用.方法 选取雄性SD大鼠60只,随机分为4组:假手术对照组(A组);睾丸扭转/复位组(B组);睾丸扭转/复位+腹腔内注射生理盐水组(C组);睾丸扭转/复位+腹腔内注射硫氧还蛋白组(D组).无菌条件下制作左侧睾丸扭转模型,扭转持续4h,复位4h后取睾丸标本(D组在复位前15 min腹腔内注射硫氧还蛋白).对标本进行病理组织学检查;检测睾丸组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量.结果 睾丸扭转/复位后可见生精小管退变,间质出现水肿及出血,腹腔注射硫氧还蛋白使睾丸扭转/复位诱发的组织学改变明显改善.B组及C组睾丸损伤评分(8.3±0.96;8±0.87)明显高于A组(0.78±0.36)(P＜0.01),而腹腔注射硫氧还蛋白可以使睾丸损伤分值(3.1±0.42)显著降低(P＜0.05).B组及C组MDA含量(4.39±0.21;4.42±0.17)升高,SOD活性(269±27.1;271±21.3)降低,与对照组(MDA:1.61±0.18;SOD:317±22.3)相比,差别具有显著性意义(P＜0.01).而腹腔注射硫氧还蛋白能有效降低MDA含量(2.03±0.03)并升高SOD活性(315±24.2)(P＜0.01).结论 本实验为硫氧还蛋白作为治疗睾丸扭转继发损害的有效物质提供了组织学及生化依据.为临床预防和治疗睾丸缺血再灌注损伤提供了理论依据.     

大鼠睾丸扭转复位及减压治疗对睾丸的影响

目的 研究睾丸扭转复位及减压治疗对睾丸的影响,为睾丸扭转的预后判断、治疗方法的选择等提供新的理论依据.方法 将30只SD雄性大鼠随机分成5组,制成睾丸扭转复位及复位+减压治疗的模型.分别设立空白对照组及实验A～D组,睾丸扭转/复位组(A组)、睾丸扭转/复位+减压治疗组(B组)喂养至术后1 d处死;睾丸扭转/复化组(C组)、睾丸扭转/复位+减压治疗组(D组)喂养至术后1个月处死.应用化学检测和组织学分析方法,观察睾丸大体标本的变化、睾丸组织内丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化及睾丸组织Johnsen's评分.结果 五组睾丸MDA分别为3.18±0.22(空白对照组)、9.54±2.05(A组)、7.92±1.38(B组)、6.67±0.61(C组)、4.30±1.81(D组),实验组术侧睾丸的MDA含量显著高于自身对侧(P<0.05).D组MDA含量比C组明显下降(P<0.05).单纯复位组的术后睾丸标本比自身对侧和减压治疗组有明显萎缩;五组Johnsen's评分分别为10±0、7.2±0.18、8.2±0.19、2.2±0.19、9.2±0.18.D组比C组明显提高(P<0.05).结论 睾丸扭转复位+减压治疗能明显减少扭转侧睾丸生殖细胞凋亡,减轻脂质过氧化程度,可能有利于睾丸组织结构与功能的恢复.     

褪黑激素对大鼠睾丸扭转缺血和再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨褪黑激素对大鼠睾丸扭转的治疗作用.方法 选取青春期雄性SD大鼠48只,随机分为3组:空白对照组(A组);扭转复位组(B组);扭转复位+褪黑激素组(C组).B组和C组大鼠建立睾丸扭转复位模型,对照组不扭转.扭转4h后复位睾丸,复位前15 min B组腹腔注射生理盐水1 ml:C组腹腔注射褪黑激素1ml(17 mg/kg).复位后4h处死所有动物取睾丸待测.以原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测生精细胞凋亡指数;化学比色法测定睾丸组织内总抗氧化能力(T-AOC).结果 B组T-A0C( 20.31±2.55)U/mg比A组(33.62±3.29) U/mg明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).而C组T-AOC(30.05±2.08)U/mg较B组明显升高(P＜0.05).B组凋亡指数(42.2±3.21)％明显高于A组(5 7±0.67)％(P＜0.01),而C组凋亡指数(12.2±1.34)％较B组显著下降(P＜0.05).结论 褪黑激素具有明显对抗睾丸扭转复位后的氧化损伤,对因睾丸扭转导致的缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用.     

冷诱导RNA结合蛋白在小鼠隐睾中的表达及与生精细胞损害的关系

目的 探讨冷诱导RNA结合蛋白(cold inducible RNA-binding protein,CIRP)在小鼠隐睾睾丸中的表达,及其与隐睾生精细胞损害的关系.方法 雄性BALB/c小鼠20只用手术的方法建立左侧隐睾模型,分别于术后第7天和第10天取双侧睾丸称重,光镜下观察睾丸组织学变化,RTPCR法检测睾丸CIRP mRNA的表达水平,Western-blot检测睾丸CIRP蛋白的表达水平,并用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞仪检测生精细胞凋亡.结果 CIRP强表达于正常小鼠睾丸中,隐睾模型建立后,隐睾睾丸CIRP mRNA和蛋白的表达水平均明显降低(P<0.05),术后第10天隐睾睾丸CIRP表达水平明显低于第7天(P<0.05).同时隐睾侧睾丸重量较对侧睾丸明显减轻(P<0.05),术后第10天对侧睾丸重量明显重于第7天(0.102±0.006)g比(0.080±0.005)g(P<0.05);而术后第7天和第10天隐睾睾丸重量相比,(0.072±0.007)g比(0.062±0.004)g(P>0.05),差异无统计学意义.另外生精细胞的凋亡明显增加(P<0.05),术后第10天隐睾侧睾丸的生精细胞凋亡率明显高于第7天(29.2%±1.3%)比(20.2%±1.6%)(P<0.05);而对侧睾丸生精细胞凋亡率无明显差异(5.8%±1.5%)比(5.6%±1.8%)(P>0.05).组织切片显示隐睾侧睾丸生精上皮变薄,生精细胞排列紊乱.结论 小鼠隐睾中CIRP的表达明显降低,CIRP表达的降低可能在隐睾生精细胞损害中起着重要的作用.     

兔睾丸扭转复位后睾丸细胞凋亡的观察

目的　观察兔睾丸扭转复位后睾丸细胞凋亡情况及药物减轻睾丸凋亡的效果。方法　选用青春期雄性日本大耳白兔 2 0只 ,体重 90 0～ 110 0g ,月龄 2～ 3个月 ,随机分为 4组 ,每组 5只。手术制作幼兔睾丸扭转模型 (72 0° ,2h) ,对部分扭转组应用抗氧化剂 (抗坏血酸 )或钙离子通道拮抗剂 (维拉帕米 )。 2d后取出睾丸 ,TUNEL法观查各组动物睾丸组织细胞凋亡情况 ,HE染色检查睾丸病理组织学改变。结果　幼兔睾丸扭转复位后 ,精原细胞发生凋亡 ,而睾丸支持细胞及间质细胞未见凋亡现象。单纯扭转组精原细胞平均凋亡指数 (AI) (7.92± 1.2 9)‰ ,较对照组 (2 .6 0± 1.0 1)‰显著升高 ;睾丸扭转前后应用抗坏血酸及维拉帕米组的睾丸细胞平均AI ,分别为 (4.12± 0 .73)‰ ,(4.0 8± 0 .88)‰ ,较单纯扭转组 (7.92± 1.2 9)‰显著下降。HE染色的组织学改变与TUNEL法类似。结论　睾丸扭转损伤后可致使生精细胞凋亡。应用抗氧化剂及钙离子通道拮抗剂可以减轻扭转睾丸的精原细胞凋亡     

不同日龄隐睾复位大鼠睾丸组织结构观察

目的 观察不同13龄隐睾复位大鼠睾丸组织结构的变化.方法 72只21 d雄性SD大鼠随机分为单侧隐睾组、双侧隐睾组、假手术对照组各24只.建立单、双侧隐睾动物模型.2周后行隐睾大鼠睾丸下降固定术,于日龄40、60 d处死取睾丸,采用苏木素.伊红染色光镜下观察各组大鼠精曲小管生育力指数(TFI)和平均精曲小管直径(MTD);生物素-dUTP/酶标亲和素法(TUNEL法)检测睾丸生殖细胞凋亡情况.结果 隐睾侧睾丸MTD、TFI显著低于阴囊内睾丸,而隐睾生殖细胞凋亡指数(AI)明显增高于阴囊内睾丸(P＜0.05);单侧隐睾组阴囊内睾丸TFI低于相应日龄的假手术对照组,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05).40 d时单侧隐睾组隐睾侧睾丸生殖细胞AI较双侧隐睾组低(P＜0.05),日龄60 d,各组隐睾侧睾丸AI较40 d时明显降低(P＜0.05),但单侧隐睾和双侧隐睾AI比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 实验隐睾复位大鼠睾丸AI升高,同时单侧隐睾鼠对侧睾丸组织存在不同程度的损害.随着复位时间的延长,隐睾组织的病理损害有恢复的趋势.     

睾丸扭转术后随访分析

目的探讨睾丸扭转术后转归及相关因素。方法对45例病例行病史回顾及随访。内容包括年龄、病程、扭转程度,睾丸体积,精液常规等。用χ2及确切概率法统计。结果全组睾丸获救率为42.2%,它与病程长短(P<0.005)扭转度数(P<0.025)有关。获访21例,时间8个月～12年。获救睾丸萎缩率66.7%,它也与病程长短(P=0.047)、扭转度数(P=0.017)有关。病程大于24h患儿睾丸全部萎缩。11例获精液常规检查,7例异常。结论扭转睾丸坏死和萎缩的相关因素病程和扭转程度。病程大于24h或扭转大于540°的睾丸几乎无存活可能。同时影响生精功能。     

单侧隐睾大鼠对侧睾丸组织中SCF/c-kit基因表达变化及意义

目的 研究单侧隐睾大鼠对侧睾丸病理变化及SCF/c-kit基因表达,探讨单侧隐睾致对侧睾丸损害的机制.方法 30只SD大鼠随机分为对照组和实验组,实验组复制单侧(左侧)腹腔隐睾模型.3个月后分别取两组右侧睾丸组织进行real-time RT-PCR、Western blot及免疫组化检测干细胞生长因子(SCF)和其受体c-kit基因及其蛋白表达变化,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡.结果 所有动物均存活,与对照组相比实验组对侧睾丸明显缩小,光镜下观察其曲细精管发生退化,生精上皮变薄,管腔较空,生殖细胞明显减少,细胞凋亡增加.两组凋亡指数分别为14.4±0.63和4.45±0.37,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).荧光实时定量PT-PCR检测SCF、c-kit基因mRNA含量,实验组对侧睾丸明显降低,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Western blot检测SCF及c-kit蛋白表达含量,实验组对侧睾丸同样明显降低,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).免疫组化染色显示各级生精细胞膜均有c-kit表达,SCF主要表达于支持细胞膜表面,但实验组两者的表达均较对照组减弱.相关性检验SCF与AI相关系数r=-0.941,P＜0.01;c-kit与AI相关系数r=-0.908,P＜0.01;SCF与c-kit相关系数r=0.956,P＜0.01,均有统计学意义.结论 单侧隐睾可致对侧睾丸SCF/c-kit基因表达减弱,生精细胞凋亡增加引起不育.     

单侧睾丸扭转对大鼠两侧睾丸生精功能的损害

目的 研究单侧睾丸扭转对大鼠两侧睾丸精子发生的影响。方法 制作单侧睾丸扭转不同时间的大鼠模型，以乳酸脱氢酶X(LDH—X)为观测指标，分析附睾内的精子数量和活力，从而反映睾丸生成精子的能力。部分组别的动物在扭转复位前注射别嘌呤醇，观察药物对组织的保护作用。结果 单侧睾丸扭转后，患侧附睾管腔内的精子数量及活力明显降低；对侧改变出现于扭转6h以后；应用别嘌呤醇能改善扭转2h以内患侧的精子发生。结论 单侧睾丸扭转造成两侧睾丸生精功能下降，下降程度与先前扭转时间有关；早期手术复位加以别嘌呤醇的应用能对受损组织提供有限保护。     

The protective effect of selenium on ipsilateral and contralateral testes in testicular reperfusion injury

This study was designed to investigate the effect of selenium on ipsilateral and contralateral testicular damage after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D). Thirty-two male rats were divided into four groups, each containing eight rats. Torsion was created by rotating the right testis 720° in a clockwise direction. Group 1 underwent sham operation to determine basal values for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Sham operation was performed in group 2, and sodium selenate (0.2 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally. Group 3 served as a T/D group, receiving 4-h torsion and 4-h detorsion. Similarly, in group 4 sodium selenate (0.2 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 20 min before detorsion. Bilateral orchiectomies were performed for measurement of tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and histopathologic examination. The results were compared statistically. The highest MDA and the lowest SOD values were determined in both testes in group 3. There were statistically significant differences in MDA levels and SOD activities in group 3 compared with group 4. Specimens from group 3 had a significantly greater histologic injury than other groups. These results suggest that ischemia-reperfusion injury occurred in both testes after unilateral testicular T/D and that selenium administration before detorsion prevents reperfusion injury in testicular torsion.     

The testes after unilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia in prepubertal rats

The ipsilateral and contralateral testes after unilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia were evaluated, and compared to the contralateral testis after unilateral testicular torsion in 30 prepubertal rats. Control, torsion and detorsion at 24 hours, and incarcerated inguinal hernia and reduction in the 24 hour groups, each consisting of ten rats were established. The testes were harvested after 15 days. Mean seminiferous tubular diameters (MSTD) and mean testicular biopsy scores (MTBS) were determined and compared. A decrease in MSTD and depression in MTBS, which was more prominent in the ipsilateral testes, were found in both ipsilateral and contralateral testes following unilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia. The testicular damage encountered after unilateral incarcerated inguinal hernia was similar to the contralateral testicular damage following unilateral testicular torsion with the utilized parameters.     

Dexpanthenol attenuates lipid peroxidation and testicular damage at experimental ischemia and reperfusion injury

Prevention of tissue damage after testicular torsion caused by I/R injury is still a clinical and experimental problem. There are many experimental studies made with several chemicals in the literature for decreasing the effect of reactive oxygen species after ischemia and reperfusion. Dexpanthenol (Dxp) is the biologically active alcohol of pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid increases the content of reduced glutathione, Coenzyme A and ATP in cell. We studied the effect of Dxp on lipid peroxidation and testicular damage. Forty adult rats were separated randomly into five groups: group Sh, Sham-operation; group TD, torsion–detorsion; group NS, torsion–normal saline-detorsion; group D, torsion–Dxp 250 mg/kg detorsion; group D2, torsion–Dxp 500 mg/kg detorsion group. Serum MDA levels were taken before detorsion, after torsion at the first and fifth minute and at the first hour. Tissue sample was taken at the first hour. The alterations of I/R injury on testis were histological graded. Serum MDA levels were significantly lower in group D2 compared to all groups. The histopathology score of group D2 was significantly lower than groups TD, NS and D. Histopathological score and serum MDA levels are strikingly compatible. Dxp attenuated lipid peroxidation and tissue damage at I/R injury. This effect depends on its antioxidant effect with increasingly reduced glutathione, Coenzyme A and ATP. The effect of Dxp on I/R injury has been shown for the first time in the experimental testicular torsion.     

西地那非对大鼠单侧睾丸扭转后对侧睾丸的影响及作用研究

目的 探讨大鼠单侧睾丸扭转后对侧睾丸的损伤以及西地那非（万艾可）的保护机理.方法 将72只健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组、安慰剂组、西地那非组.3组分别在假手术/左侧睾丸扭转复位术后4 h、24 h、2周时,各组各处死8只大鼠.分别观察右侧睾丸组织病理学变化、测定右侧睾丸组织中MDA、NO/NOS含量.结果 术后4 h,各组间组织病理学变化、MDA、NOS含量无明显差异,睾丸组织未见损伤,但NO在两地那非组较假手术组、安慰剂组明显增加（P〈0.05）.术后24 h,假手术组右侧睾丸组织损伤最小,西地那非组较严重,安慰剂组最为严重;与假手术组比,其余两组MDA、NO/NOS含量明显升高（P〈0.05）;西地那非组NO/NOS含量与安慰剂组相比明显下降（P〈0.05）;术后2周时,睾丸组织损伤有不同程度恢复,但仍以安慰剂组最为严重;与假手术组比,其余两组MDA、NO/NOS含量仍然升高（P〈0.05）;西地那非组NO/NOS含量与安慰剂组相比明显下降（P〈0.05）.结论 大鼠单侧睾丸扭转复位后,对侧睾丸组织术后4 h时.睾丸组织未见损伤.12 h后睾丸组织明显损伤,并且持续至2周后.早期应用适量西地那非（万艾可）可促局部NO增加,扩血管作用加强,拮抗交感神经缩血管作用,进而保护对侧睾丸.     

The effect of ATP-MgCl(2) on prevention of reperfusion injury after unilateral testicular torsion.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of ATP-MgCl(2) administered before and after detorsion on the prevention of reperfusion injury after unilateral testicular torsion. The rats were divided into six groups, each containing six rats. Torsion was created by rotating the left testes 720 degrees in a clockwise direction. Group 1 functioned as a control group. Torsion only was carried out in Group 2. Detorsion was carried out in Group 3. ATP-MgCl(2) (100 micromol/kg) was injected intravenously immediately before detorsion in Group 4. ATP-MgCl(2) (100 micromol/kg) was injected intravenously immediately after detorsion in Group 5. Saline was injected intravenously immediately after detorsion in Group 6. The effect of ATP-MgCl(2) on reperfusion injury was investigated by determining the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBAR) and resulting lipid peroxidation in the bilateral testicular tissue. Testicular torsion and detorsion caused a significant increase in the TBAR levels in the bilateral testicular tissue. TBAR levels decreased to approximately normal levels in Groups 4 and 5. It is concluded that if reperfusion injury has occurred in both testes after unilateral testicular torsion, ATP-MgCl(2) administered before or after detorsion may prevent reperfusion injury in testicular torsion.     

Resveratrol reduces ischemia reperfusion injury after experimental testicular torsion.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on testicular ischemia reperfusion injury. Forty Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups. Torsions (ischemia) were created by rotating the right testis 720 degrees in a clockwise direction for 4 hours in all groups except the control group. In the torsion group after 4 hours' ischemia bilateral orchiectomy was performed. In the detorsion group, saline was injected by an intraperitoneal route, 30 min before detorsion (reperfusion). In the resveratrol group, 30 mg/kg resveratrol was injected by an intraperitoneal route, 30 min before detorsion. In the detorsion and resveratrol groups, the bilateral testes were removed after 20 hours of detorsion. In all groups, the tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) and histological changes were determined. In rats treated with resveratrol, MDA levels (138 +/- 25 nmol/mg protein) were significantly decreased compared with torsion (426 +/- 178 nmol/mg protein) and detorsion (370 +/- 76 nmol/mg protein) groups (p < 0.05). GSH levels (6.54 +/- 0.8 micromol/g wet tissue) were significantly increased compared with torsion (4.61 +/- 0.4 micromol/g wet tissue) and detorsion groups (5.24 +/- 0.9 micromol/g wet tissue) (p < 0.05). The mean testicular tissue injury score in the resveratrol group was significantly lower than in torsion and detorsion groups (p < 0.05). The present study demonstrates that intraperitoneal administration of resveratrol in rats may protect testis against injury associated with reperfusion.     

Effect of Lomodex–MgSO4 in the prevention of reperfusion injury following unilateral testicular torsion: an experimental study in rats

Fertility in patients treated for unilateral testicular torsion has been shown to be significantly reduced in all the reported series to date, implying that the present-day treatment requires further refinement in the form of adjunct pharmacotherapeutic intervention (Lomodex and MgSO₄) in addition to scrotal exploration. Prepubertal Holtzman strain rats (35 days old) were used for our study. Two sets were formed with six groups of rats in each set. Rats were treated as follows: group 1, sham-operated group; group 2, torsion (4 h); group 3, torsion + detorsion (1 h); group 4, torsion + ATP–MgCl₂ + detorsion; group 5, torsion + Lomodex–MgSO₄ + detorsion; group 6, torsion + normal saline + detorsion. Whereas the first set of animals was sacrificed immediately at the end of experiment, animals in set 2 were sacrificed 8 weeks after the end of the experiment to look for the development of antisperm antibodies. Parameters studied were thiobarbituric acid reductase (TBAR) assay, histology of testicular tissue, and sperm agglutination test. Students t-test was used for significance. With detorsion (149.95±30.68) there was a significant rise in the TBAR values (P<0.05) compared with torsion (57.39±14.47). Treatment with both Lomodex–MgSO₄ (40.74±6.39) and ATP–MgCl₂ (48.30±18.35) yielded TBAR levels comparable to those in the sham group (31.35±11.96). Similar injury was also seen on the contralateral testis, with detorsion (114.28±10.68) much more detrimental than torsion (40.59±15.02) and rescue seen following treatment with Lomodex–MgSO₄ (27.55±8.64) as well as ATP–MgCl₂ (38.61±12.23). Regarding th histology, with detorsion there was evidence of severe distortion of tubules, with almost all the tubules showing maturation arrest and a few tubules completely devoid of any germinal cells. Treatment with Lomodex–MgSO₄ as well as ATP–MgCl₂ showed preservation of tubular morphology. Our study failed to document the presence of agglutinating antibodies (antisperm antibodies) in any of the groups. Unilateral testicular torsion has bilateral effects and is a form of ischemia–reperfusion injury. Treatment of torsion by detorsion alone does not prevent testicular damage. The results of the present study show that administration of Lomodex + MgSO₄ prior to detorsion results in prolonged testicular salvage with a potential of subsequent improvement in semen quality and fertility and reduction in long-term morbidity. The presence of agglutinating antibodies could not be detected in the present study.     

Administration of N-Acetylcysteine Reduces Germ Cell-Specific Apoptosis and Oxidative Injury Following Testicular Torsion in Rats

PurposeTesticular torsion/detorsion (T/D) RESULTS in enhanced formation of free radical species, which contribute to the pathophysiology of tissue damage. Numerous studies in recent years have shown protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on cardiac and renal tissue damage following ischemia/reperfusion. We assessed the effectiveness of systemic administration of NAC – at therapeutic doses – in a rat model one-hour 720° testicular T/D. We chose the dose of NAC that reduced general ischemia/reperfusion syndrome in patients who had undergone abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy.Materials and MethodsSprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups, 14 animals in each. Group 1 underwent sham operation as the control group. In group 2, rats underwent T/D and received vehicle injections. Animals in groups 3, 4 and 5 received intraperitoneal injections of 150 mg/kg NAC, 30 minutes before torsion, after torsion and after detorsion, respectively. Markers of oxidative stress as well as germ cell apoptosis indices were determined 4 and 24 hours after detorsion, respectively.ResultsApoptosis indices were significantly higher in group 2 compared to control group. Four hours after detorsion, testicular level of lipid peroxidation was significantly increased and antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly decreased in group 2 in comparison with controls. Administration of NAC either 30 minutes before or after torsion (group 3 and 4), significantly improved the germ cell apoptosis indices and oxidant/antioxidant balance. Administration of NAC after detorsion had no significant effects on oxidant/antioxidant balance or germ cell apoptosis.ConclusionsAdministration of NAC prior to torsion or detorsion, but not after detorsion, is protective against ischemia/reperfusion tissue damage in the rat model of testicular torsion. Since NAC has an established safety after almost 40 years of clinical use as mucolytic agent and antidote of acetaminophen toxicity, one can suggest this agent as an adjunct therapy for “testicular torsion rescue”. Supplying intracellular glutathione as well as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of NAC could be the possible mechanisms of this protective effect.     

Desferrioxamine effectively attenuates testicular tissue at the end of 3 h of ischemia but not in an equal period of reperfusion

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of desferrioxamine (DFX) on ipsilateral and contralateral testis damage caused by experimental testis torsion and detorsion.Materials and methodsForty rats were divided into five groups (n = 8): control, torsion (T), torsion + desferrioxamine (T + DFX), torsion/detorsion (T/D), and torsion/detorsion + desferrioxamine (T/D + DFX). The right testes of the rats were subjected to torsion and detorsion for 3 h each. Thirty minutes before the application of torsion and detorsion, DFX (100 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly. Blood samples and testicular tissues were examined using specific biochemical and histopathological methods.ResultsIpsilateral and contralateral testis tissue glutathione levels in the T group decreased compared with the control and T + DFX groups. Plasma glutathione peroxidase activity in the T, T/D, and T/D + DFX groups was lower than in the control group. Plasma catalase activity in the T and T/D groups decreased compared with the control group. Ipsilateral mean seminiferous tubule diameter of the T group was lower than that of the T + DFX group. The ipsilateral mean testis biopsy scores in the T and T/D groups were lower than in the control group.ConclusionThe administration of DFX prior to torsion may be useful only for preventing ischemic damage in ipsilateral and contralateral testes.