肘关节镜前外侧入路的解剖学研究

目的初步探讨肘关节镜前外侧入路向前方的变化范围。方法选用10具新鲜上肢标本,在肘关节屈曲90°下,测量近端前外侧入路、前外侧入路、外侧入路与桡神经的距离;测量改良后3个入路前方5mm与桡神经的距离。结果标准入路的近端前外侧入路、前外侧入路、外侧入路与桡神经的距离平均值分别为:12.8mm、8.5 mm、3.8 mm,改良后的近端前外侧入路、前外侧入路、外侧入路与桡神经的距离平均值分别为4.1mm、2.2mm、-0.5mm。结论肘关节近端前外侧入路与前外侧入路之间的连线区可向前方5mm进行操作,越靠远端距离桡神经越近;前外侧入路与外侧入路距离桡神经较近,不建议向前方改变入路。     

肘关节镜前外侧入路安全性初探

目的探讨3种肘关节镜前外侧入路定位点与桡神经(深支)的解剖关系。方法选用福尔马林浸泡的成人肘关节标本10个,对3个不同的肘关节镜前外侧入路点(入路A:肱骨外上髁远端3 cm,前方1 cm;入路B:肱骨外上髁远端2cm,前方2 cm;入路C:肱骨外上髁远端1 cm,前方1 cm)定位、解剖,测量伸直位和屈曲90°位与桡神经(深支)的最近距离。结果前外侧入路A、B、C伸直位与桡神经(深支)的最近距离分别为(2.30±0.95)、(3.00±1.56)、(3.60±1.65)mm,有统计学差异(F=11.097,P=0.001),前外侧入路C距离桡神经(深支)最远,前外侧入路A与C与桡神经(深支)的最近距离有统计学差异(P=0.006),入路A与B、B与C无统计学差异(P_(A-B)=0.134,P_(B-C)=0.072)。前外侧入路A、B、C屈曲90°位与桡神经(深支)的最近距离分别为(4.40±2.01)、(6.10±1.79)、(7.90±1.85)mm,有统计学差异(F=54.775,P=0.000),前外侧入路C距离桡神经(深支)最远,3种入路两两比较均有统计学差异(P_(A-B)=0.000,P_(A-C)=0.000,P_(B-C)=0.002)。体位由伸直位变屈曲90°位时,前外侧入路A点与桡神经距离明显增加(t=-5.161,P=0.001),B点与桡神经距离明显增加(t=-8.188,P=0.000),C点桡神经距离明显增加(t=-10.167,P=0.000)。结论肘关节镜前外侧入路点在肱骨外上髁远端1 cm,前方1 cm最安全。     

桡骨交锁髓内钉近端锁钉安全性的基础与临床研究

目的研究桡骨交锁髓内钉近端锁钉在3种不同入路的情况下与桡神经深支(posterior interosseous nerve,PIN)的解剖关系,确定锁钉安全人路及位置,探讨桡骨交锁髓内钉临床应用的疗效。方法将9具成人上肢尸体标本随机分成三组,按照标准桡骨交锁髓内钉锁钉手术方法,在不暴露桡神经深支的情况下分别从3种不同入路(前侧入路、外侧入路、后侧入路)进行锁钉,然后解剖出桡神经深支,测量和观察锁钉与桡神经深支的关系。在此基础上临床应用22例(单纯桡骨骨折8例,盖氏骨折3例,尺、桡骨双骨折11例),全部采用外侧手术入路锁钉。结果在前臂中立位时,外侧入路锁钉与桡神经深支的最短距离平均为5．8mm(前侧入路平均为1．7mm,后侧人路平均为1．2mm)。前臂过度旋前位时桡神经深支的安全区域为[(50．8±6．2)mm,(?)±s,下同],前臂过度旋后位时桡神经深支的安全区域为(30．4±5．8)mm。术后22例均未发生桡神经深支损伤的症状。术后随访2～16个月,平均9个月,桡骨愈合时间为8～24周,平均12周。按照Anderson评分标准评定：优13例,良6例,可2例,失败1例。结论桡骨交锁髓内钉近段锁钉采用前臂过度旋前位,于桡骨小头外侧微创小切口入路进行锁钉对桡神经损伤的机率最小。     

骨间背侧神经在桡骨近端后外侧入路的解剖学考虑

肘的侧方,"J"形侧方(Kocher J入路),和后外侧入路在处理骨折、肘关节成型、重建手术时经常被用来显露桡骨近端.虽然手术入路解剖已详尽描述,已知前臂旋前运动可使骨间背侧神经沿桡骨近段侧后方向远端移位.但专门的桡骨近端安全暴露的指导方法尚无文献述及.骨间背侧神经,自近端前侧斜行越过手术区至远端后侧,已知在上述操作过程中有被损伤危险.建议外科医师将前臂旋前使骨间背侧神经处于相对前内侧位置.以使暴露操作更安全.     

肘关节镜下清理术治疗肘关节骨关节炎的早期疗效

目的探讨肘关节镜下清理术治疗肘关节骨关节炎的早期疗效以及术中第一入路的选择。方法2010年5月至2013年5月,我院收治16例肘关节骨关节炎患者,男14例,女2例;年龄22-58岁,平均45岁。右肘15例、左肘1例,均单侧发病。采用侧卧位,以后正中入路作为第一入路,辅以后外侧和近端内、外侧入路行肘关节镜下清理术。分别测量术前、术后肘关节伸直角度、屈曲角度、活动度,应用Mayo肘关节功能评分（Mayo elbow performance score,MEPS）评价疗效。结果所有患者均获随访,切口均甲级愈合,无神经及血管损伤并发症。肘关节伸直角度、屈曲角度、活动度及MEPS值较术前明显改善（P〈0.05）。术后MEPS值结果：优9例,良4例,中3例,优良率达81.25%。结论肘关节镜下清理术治疗肘关节骨关节炎,可以明显增加关节活动度,改善关节功能,早期疗效较好。采用侧卧位,以后正中入路作为第一入路,辅以后外侧和近端内、外侧入路,术中操作方便,安全。     

肱骨远端关节外锁定加压接骨板治疗肱骨干AO-B、C型骨折

目的探讨经上臂后外侧入路肱骨远端关节外锁定加压接骨板(LCP-EDHP)内固定治疗肱骨干远端关节外粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法自2011-12—2014-02经肱三头肌桡侧入路,向尺侧牵开肱三头肌,不损伤伸肘装置,并采用LCP-EDHP内固定治疗肱骨干远端关节外粉碎性骨折13例。结果所有患者获得随访12~24个月,平均15.2个月。骨折全部愈合,骨折愈合时间为10~15周,平均12.3周。末次随访时肘关节伸直(5.6±5.5)°,屈曲(135.4±11.2)°,前臂旋前(85.6±7.4)°,旋后(86.6±5.9)°。根据Mayo肘关节评分标准:优12例,良1例。1例桡神经麻痹患者为桡神经被骨折端卡压,术后2个月后完全恢复。结论经后外侧入路LCP-EDHP内固定治疗肱骨干远端关节外粉碎性骨折具有不损伤伸肘装置、固定牢固、骨折愈合率高、神经血管结构相对安全、关节功能恢复良好的优点。     

前内侧入路结合外侧入路内固定治疗肘关节三联征

目的：探讨前内侧入路结合外侧入路治疗肘关节三联征的临床疗效。方法：2009年11月至2013年3月,采用前内侧入路结合外侧入路治疗肘关节三联征17例,男11例,女6例;年龄22~68岁,平均36.6岁;左侧10例,右侧7例。术中前内侧入路采用肘关节前内侧切口桡侧腕屈肌和掌长肌之间劈开指浅屈肌入路对冠状突骨折进行复位内固定,外侧入路采用肘关节外侧Kocher入路,沿肱骨外上髁在肱三头肌和肱桡肌间隙切开,向下在后侧的肘肌和尺侧腕伸肌间隙切开,显露外侧副韧带、关节囊和桡骨小头,采用微型钢板及螺钉固定桡骨小头,用带线锚钉修复外侧副韧带复合体。术后根据Mayo肘关节功能评分评价肘关节功能。结果：所有患者获得随访,时间13~24个月,平均12.4个月。所有患者术后末次随访时肘关节平均屈曲（134.0±8.8）°,平均伸直受限（6.4±2.3）°。末次随访时Mayo肘关节功能评分：疼痛42.4±5.9,屈伸活动17.6±2.6,关节稳定性9.7±1.2,日常生活功能22.1±2.5,总分91.8±7.9;优13例,良4例。术后2例出现一过性尺神经麻痹症状,异位骨化1例,无感染、骨折不愈合、肘关节不稳、脱位及僵硬等并发症发生。结论：前内侧入路结合外侧入路治疗肘关节三联征疗效可靠,术中能充分显露骨折部位,利于内固定植入,带线锚钉修复韧带可使关节获得充分稳定性,利于早期功能锻炼。     

骨间背侧神经在桡骨近端外侧入路的解剖学考虑

肘的侧方 ,“Ｊ”形侧方 (ＫｏｃｈｅｒＪ入路 ) ,和后外侧入路在处理骨折、肘关节成型、重建手术时经常被用来显露桡骨近端。虽然手术入路解剖已详尽描述 ,已知前臂旋前运动可使骨间背侧神经沿桡骨近段侧后方向远端移位。但专门的桡骨近端安全暴露的指导方法尚无文献述及。骨间背侧神经 ,自近端前侧斜行越过手术区至远端后侧 ,已知在上述操作过程中有被损伤危险。建议外科医师将前臂旋前使骨间背侧神经处于相对前内侧位置。以使暴露操作更安全。本研究的目的就是定量研究骨间背侧神经与桡骨头和桡骨干近端的关系进而探讨建立一个肘后外侧入…     

关节外科人体解剖学系列讲解（三） 肘关节前侧手术入路及应用解剖

肘关节前侧入路在临床上很少采用,主要用于显露肘窝部的血管神经结构,特别用于肱动脉及正中神经前入路探查。肘前区皮肤较薄,存在一三角形凹陷,为肘窝。肘窝的上界为内、外上髁的连线,下外侧界为肱桡肌,下内侧界为旋前圆肌,窝顶为肘前筋膜及肱二头肌腱膜,窝底由肱肌与旋后骨组成,再后方即为肘关节囊。     

关节镜下手术治疗肘关节僵硬

目的 探讨关节镜下手术治疗肘关节僵硬的临床效果.方法 2003年12月-2006年12月,采用关节镜下手术治疗肘关节僵硬15例.发病到手术时间为6个月至20年,平均39.6个月.采用前外侧、前内侧、后外侧正中、后外侧上方四个入路进行镜下清理和松解术,3例附加后正中人路施行镜下鹰嘴窝开窗扩大成形术,最后行手法松解.结果 术后随访时间为18～36个月(平均26.3个月).术前肘关节屈曲活动度为[(100.0±13.1)°,-/x±s,下同],伸直活动度为(47.9±11.9)°,活动范围为(52.1±11.6)°.术后肘关节屈曲活动度提高到(133.0±19.4)°,伸直活动度提高到(8.7±8.8)°,活动范围提高到(124.3±27.3)°.肘关节功能评分:优2例,良8例,一般4例,差1例;优良率为67%.结论 肘关节镜下手术具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快及视野清晰的优点,但治疗效果并不一致.对于关节软骨损伤严重者,手术可能不能完全阻止疾病的发展,临床上应慎重开展.     

Anatomic relationship between elbow arthroscopy portals and neurovascular structures in different elbow and forearm positions

Twenty fresh cadaveric elbows were used to evaluate the proximity of neurovascular structures to the six arthroscopic portals of the elbow at different positions. After distention of the joint, 4-mm Steinmann pins were introduced into the elbow from the portal's entry points. After surgical dissection, the proximity of the neurovascular structures to the pins was measured in 5 different positions. The radial nerve showed significant proximity to the anterolateral portal in full elbow flexion, full elbow extension, and forearm supination with 10%, 20%, and 10% nerve-pin contacts, respectively. The distance between the median nerve and medial portals was significantly decreased with full extension. This study demonstrated that the distance between the route of the scope and neurovascular structures might diminish significantly during elbow motion. Most of these movements are unavoidable in elbow arthroscopy, but maintaining certain positions for a considerable period of time or angulating the scope forcefully in these positions can cause nerve injury.     

Arthroscopy of the elbow: Anatomy,portal sites,and a description of the proximal lateral portal

Cadaveric studies were carried out to evaluate the safety and value of the standard portals used in elbow arthroscopy. The dissections were performed in 12 fresh cadaveric specimens. Each portal was assessed in terms of its safety with respect to nearby important structures. A proximal lateral portal was evaluated and has subsequently been used in 62 patients. A straight posterior (transhumeral) portal was also studied. We have found that in arthroscopy of the elbow joint, the proximal approaches (proximal medial and proximal lateral), are safer than the anteromedial and anterolateral approaches. All areas of the anterior compartment can be visualized using these two portals, and we recommend that they be the standard anterior portals used in elbow arthroscopy. All of the posterior approaches are safe.     

Arthroscopic anatomy of the lateral elbow: A comparison of three portals

Ten fresh cadaveric elbows were used to evaluate the proximity of the radial nerve and its branches to three anterolateral portals. A proximal anterolateral portal used routinely at our institution and located 2 cm proximal and 1 cm anterior to the lateral epicondyle was compared with the distal anterolateral portal described by Andrews and with a mid-anterolateral portal. The three portals were initially established without joint distention while the elbows were flexed 90°. Measurements were then obtained with and without joint distention at flexion angles of 0° and 90°. The radial nerve was found to be an average distance of 3.8 mm at extension and 7.2 mm at 90° of flexion from the distal anterolateral portal, located 3 cm distal and 1 cm anterior to the lateral epicondyle. Conversely, the distance between the proximal anterolateral portal cannula and the nerve was statistically greater (p < 0.05), averaging 7.9 mm in extension and 13.7 mm in flexion. The remaining anterolateral portal, located 1 cm directly anterior to the lateral epicondyle, was found to be at a statistically greater average distance from the nerve than was the distal anterolateral portal but statistically closer than was the more proximal portal. The ability to visualize the joint arthroscopically was assessed using the three portals, and although the ulnohumeral joint could be adequately seen using all portals, radiohumeral joint visualization was most complete and technically easiest using the most proximal portal. The proximal anterolateral portal, used in >100 elbow anthroscopies without evidence of radial nerve injury, is recommended for use as the standard lateral access site, allowing excellent visualization while maximizing the distance from the radial nerve throughout the elbow's range of motion.     

Arthroscopy of the elbow joint: A cadaveric study of portal placement

Sixteen fresh cadaver elbows were examined by arthroscopy and dissection to evaluate the usefulness and the anatomic relationships of seven previously described portals for elbow arthroscopy. Most of the examined portals were found to be relatively close to neurovascular structures. The nerves that were found to be located closest to the portals were the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve at the direct lateral and antero-lateral portals, the radial nerve at the antero-lateral portal, and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve at the high and low antero-medial portals. The degree of flexion and fluid distension of the joint were found to influence the position of nerves and vessels in relation to the arthroscopy portals. At least three different portals were found to be required for thorough examination of the elbow joint. The combination of the low postero-lateral, the direct lateral, and the high antero-medial portals provided the largest visualized area.     

Passive motion of the elbow joint.

A previously unreported method of measuring three-dimensional motion of joints, applied to two elbows obtained post mortem, showed that during flexion there is a continuous and linear change in the carrying angle, the forearm going into varus angulation as elbow flexion progresses. In addition, internal axial rotation of the forearm occurs near the beginning and external axial rotation, toward the end of flexion. With the elbow extended, the ulna shows little tendency to deviate laterally or to rotate axially during pronation and supination. The axis of rotation during elbow flexion lies approximately at the center of the trochlea.     

The effect of elbow position on the range of supination and pronation of the forearm

A kinematic study was performed to examine the influence of elbow position on the range of supination and pronation of the forearm. The ranges of supination and pronation were measured in 50 volunteers (25 men and 25 women) using a custom-designed jig which constrained unwanted and confounding movements of the limb. Measurements were taken with the elbow in full extension, 45 degrees flexion, 90 degrees flexion and full flexion. The data showed a reciprocal relationship between the range of supination and the range of pronation of the forearm which depended on the degree of elbow flexion. As the elbow is flexed, the maximum angle of supination increases while the maximum angle of pronation decreases (p<0.001). The converse is true as the elbow is extended (p<0.001).     

陈旧性肱骨远端冠状面骨折及其治疗

目的 探讨陈旧性肱骨远端冠状面骨折的诊断与治疗.方法 自2005年以来,对6例陈旧性肱骨远端骨折进行诊断与治疗.其中肱骨小头冠状面骨折4例,肱骨滑车冠状面骨折2例;受伤至就诊时间为8～16周,平均10.5周;肘关节平均活动度伸[(35±5)°,x/-±s,下同]、屈(50±10)°,前臂旋前(15±10)°、旋后(10±5)°.采用前外侧切口空心螺钉内固定,术后在带关节的外固定支架帮助下进行早期功能锻炼.结果 术后随访时间为4～18个月,平均11个月;骨折愈合时间为2～2.5个月,平均2.2个月.肘关节平均活动度为伸(15±9)°、屈(115±10)°,前臂旋前(65±5)°、旋后(70±5)°.1例并发尺神经麻痹症状者,经服用神经营养药物治疗,术后3个月恢复.按照Nayo肘关节评分标准评定:优3例,良2例,可1例;优良率为83.3%.结论 陈旧性肱骨小头与滑车的冠状面骨折易引起误诊,三维CT可明确诊断.术后在带关节的外固定支架帮助下进行早期功能锻炼,可获得较满意的关节功能.     

Medial and Lateral Malleolar Arteries in Ankle Arthroscopy: A Cadaver Study

Neurovascular injury may occur during ankle arthroscopy. The majority of complications are neurological injuries; however, vascular injuries do exist. Neurovascular structures are especially vulnerable during portal placement and debridement of anterior structures. Routine anteromedial and anterolateral portals are generally accepted to be safe; this is different from the anterocentral portal, which is associated with a higher risk of injury. However, injuries may occur in these relatively safe portals. The purpose of this cadaver study was to examine other relatively minor neurovascular structures such as medial and lateral malleolar arteries and to determine how these portals can be more safely placed. The distance between standard anteromedial, anterolateral portals and the medial and lateral malleolar arteries was measured in 18 ankles from 9 cadavers. These distances varied with the position of the ankle during portals placement, and measurements were obtained in both flexion and extension. The average distance in flexion and extension was 6.41 to 2.47 mm on the lateral side and 4.73 to 1.58 mm on the medial side. The distances significantly increased with ankle flexion and decreased with extension (P < .005). The current study demonstrated that there were other minor vascular structures at risk other than tibialis anterior artery and proper positioning of the ankle during portal placement, and that injury risk may be associated with ankle position. Ankle flexion may decrease the risk of damage to malleolar arteries and decrease minor vascular complications such as postoperative bleeding and hematoma.     

A safe technique for distal biceps repair using a suture anchor and a limited anterior approach.

We describe a safe and simple method of repairing an acute rupture of the distal biceps tendon using a single limited (3 cm) anterior approach, a suture anchor, and the use of a plastic sheath (arthroscopy cannula or barrel of a 2 ml syringe) to protect the adjacent neural structures and to remove the need for extensive dissection and retraction in order to protect these structures. We have used this technique on three patients to date and all have regained a full range of flexion and extension at the elbow and pronation and supination of the forearm at a minimum of 6 months follow-up. There have been no neurovascular complications.