重型颅脑损伤24例临床分析

目的 总结重型颅脑损伤患者的救治方法及经验.方法 对2006-01～2010-12收治的24例GCS评分3～8 分的重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 24例患者中标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗17例,不需手术2例,呼吸循环衰竭无法耐受手术治疗5例;按格拉斯哥预后评分法(GOS)评定:存活13例(54.16%),...     

170例重型颅脑损伤的临床分析

目的 总结重型颅脑损伤患者的救治方法及经验.方法 对我科收治的170例GCS评分3～8分的重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 170例患者中标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗135例,不需开颅手术17例,呼吸循环衰竭无法耐受手术治疗18例;按格拉斯哥预后评分法（GOS）评定：存活120例,随访6个月,恢复良好40例,中残20例,重残10例;死亡50例,其中术后死亡17例.结论 重型颅脑损伤患者病情危重、并发症多、病死率高,标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术可有效降低颅内压,解除脑疝,综合治疗可提高存活率.     

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗脑疝形成的重型颅脑外伤(附30例报告)

目的 介绍我院标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术在治疗重型颅脑外伤中的应用.方法 采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗30例脑疝形成的重型颅脑外伤,经过6个月～1年的随访.结果 30例中恢复良好10例,中残10例,重残2例,植物生存2例,死亡6例,病死率25%.结论 采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术是治疗重型颅脑外伤的有效方法.     

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型颅脑损伤分析

目的 观察标准外伤大骨瓣开颅治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效,探讨改善重型颅脑损伤患者预后的有效措施.方法 对我院2002-01～2006-12 86例重型颅脑损伤患者作为治疗组实施标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术,对照组选择1997-01～2001-12按常规额颞骨瓣开颅术治疗的124例重型颅脑损伤患者,治疗结果按GOS评分进行评定,并进行统计学分析比较.结果 治疗组总有效率56.98%,显著高于对照组的33.06%,其病死率为26.74%,显著低于对照组的45.97%(P＜0.05).结论 标准外伤大骨瓣开颅手术治疗重型颅脑损伤,术后减压充分,从而减轻继发性颅脑损伤,能有效改善其预后并降低病死率.     

标准大骨瓣开颅减压术在治疗重型颅脑损伤并发脑疝中的应用

目的讨标准大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤并发脑疝的疗效。方法将33例符合手术治疗的重型颅脑损伤并发脑疝的患者行标准大骨瓣开颅减压术,术后随访6~10个月。采用GOS评判预后。结果 33例重型颅脑损伤并发脑疝病人,行标准大骨瓣开颅减压术后,经随访恢复良好15例(45.5%),中残6例(18.2%),重残3例(9.1%),植物生存2例(6.1%),死亡7例(21.2%)。结论标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术,具有暴露广泛,颅骨减压窗大,压力容易分散,最大限度地增加有效容积,减压充分,脑疝易复位,能明显降低脑疝病人的死亡率和病残率。     

经耳后超大骨瓣开颅手术治疗重型颅脑损伤

重型颅脑损伤并发脑疝是颅脑损伤患者死亡的主要原因,病死率可高达40％[1],因此如何快速有效地降低重型颅脑损伤患者的颅内高压是其治疗的关键[2].标准大骨瓣开颅手术的应用,较好的处理了一侧额颞顶部的颅内病变,充分减压,治疗重型颅脑损伤取得了较多的经验.但在实际应用中仍会遇到一些特殊情况,本科自2010年1月至2011年11月常规标准大骨瓣开颅手术救治重型颅脑损伤的同时采用经耳后枕顶额部超大骨瓣开颅手术治疗颅脑损伤患者13例,收到一定的效果,体会如下. 一、对象与方法 1.一般资料:本组13例,男11例、女2例,年龄20～78岁,平均47.7岁,受伤至入院时间1～7 h,平均3h,致伤原因:车祸伤4例、坠落伤9例. 2.临床表现:全部患者均为重型颅脑损伤,入院时GCS≤8分,3～4分4例,5～6分4例,7～8分5例,单侧瞳孔散大6例,双侧瞳孔散大3例.     

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗额颞部重型颅脑损伤对照研究

目的对比标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术与常规骨瓣开颅术治疗额颞部重型颅脑损伤的效果。方法 2014-01—2016-01在我院治疗的102例额颞部重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为实验组和对照组各51例,实验组患者应用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗,对照组患者给予常规骨瓣开颅术治疗,观察2组治疗效果和并发症发生率。结果实验组治疗效果良好率41.18%(21/51),病死率7.84%(4/51),并发症发生率15.69%(8/51),显著优于对照组的21.57%、23.53%和50.98%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论针对额颞部重型颅脑损伤患者采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术可提高治疗效果,降低并发症发生率和病死率,从而显著改善了患者的预后,值得临床推广。     

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型颅脑损伤48例临床分析

目的介绍采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术救治重型颅脑损伤患者的经验与治疗体会。方法回顾性分析采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术救治48例重型颅脑损伤的疗效。结果48例重型颅脑损伤患者中，根据GOS评分，恢复良好19例（39．6％），中残8例（16．7％），重残6例（12．5％），植物状态3例（6．2％），死亡12例（25．0％）。直接死亡原因：原发脑干损伤并发脑内血肿6例，慢性全身衰竭4例，多器官功能衰竭2例。结论对重型颅脑损伤患者采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术，尽早清除颅内血肿，大骨瓣减压，直视下脑疝复位可显著改善病人的预后。     

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术在重型颅脑损伤中的应用

目的探讨标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤的效果。方法63例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为2组:标准外伤大骨瓣组(治疗组)32例,常规骨瓣组(对照组)31例。全部病例术前均扫描证实颅内损伤情况,术后治疗方案基本相同。术后6个月临床随访进行格拉斯哥预后标准(GOS)评定。结果治疗组32例中,恢复良好15例,中残6例,重残2例,植物生存1例,死亡8例。对照组31例中,恢复良好7例,中残5例,重残2例,植物生存2例,死亡15例(P<0.05)。结论标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗急性单侧幕上血肿、脑挫裂伤及单侧大脑半球肿胀有较确切疗效。     

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型颅脑损伤45例临床分析

目的介绍采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术救治重型颅脑损伤患者的经验与治疗体会。方法回顾性分析采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术救治45例重型颅脑损伤的疗效。结果45例重型颅脑损伤患者中,根据GOS评分,恢复良好20例（44.4%）,中残7例（15.5%）,重残4例（8.9%）,植物状态2例（4.4%）,死亡12例（26.7%）。直接死亡原因：原发脑干损伤并发脑内血肿8例,慢性全身衰竭2例,多器官功能衰竭2例。结论对重型颅脑损伤患者采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术,尽早清除颅内血肿,大骨瓣减压,直视下脑疝复位可显著改善患者的预后。标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术是治疗重型颅脑损伤合并严重脑挫裂伤、大面积脑水肿颅内高压患者的一种有效的手术方式。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.