根据语音分形维和基音周期的说话人性别识别研究

根据语音特征实现说话人性别的自动识别,在音频处理与分析中具有重要的应用意义.为了克服语音常规线性参数在刻画说话人性别特征上的不足,本文使用了分形维等非线性参数作为特征空间的有效补偿.首先利用提升算法实现基音周期的提取;然后提取语音的分形维数;最后根据Takens定理,对分形维进行了重构,采用求近似熵的方法得到分形维复杂度.将基音周期、分形维数以及分形维复杂度构成三维向量,进行说话人的性别识别.实验证明,通过非线性参数的介入,与仅使用基音周期等传统线性特征的识别方法相比,识别系统的准确率和稳定性得到有效提高,因此为说话人性别识别提供了一个新的思路.     

基于蚁群算法的表面肌电信号特征选择

目的为提高假肢系统对动作信号的识别速度,设计了基于优化蚁群算法（ant colonyoptimization,ACO）的特征选择法,对表面肌电信号（surface electromyography,sEMG）高维特征向量降维以减少计算负担。方法以特征与目标类型之间互信息关系作为启发函数,通过蚁群算法选出最佳特征子集,最后用已训练好的人工神经网络检验其分类性能。结果对10名健康受试者进行了手腕部动作的肌电信号模式分类实验。与传统主成分分析法（principle component analysis,PCA）相比,该算法选出的特征子集提高了识别准确率,并显著降低了原始特征集的特征维数,进而简化分类器的结构,减少计算开销。结论本方法在实时性要求高的肌电控制假肢等系统中具有良好的应用前景。     

Feature selection for surface electromyography signal based on ant colony optimization

目的为提高假肢系统对动作信号的识别速度,设计了基于优化蚁群算法(ant colony optimization,ACO)的特征选择法,对表面肌电信号(surface electromyography,sEMG)高维特征向量降维以减少计算负担.方法 以特征与目标类型之间互信息关系作为启发函数,通过蚁群算法选出最佳特征子集,最后用已训练好的人工神经网络检验其分类性能.结果 对10名健康受试者进行了手腕部动作的肌电信号模式分类实验.与传统主成分分析法(principle component analysis,PCA)相比,该算法选出的特征子集提高了识别准确率,并显著降低了原始特征集的特征维数,进而简化分类器的结构,减少计算开销.结论 本方法在实时性要求高的肌电控制假肢等系统中具有良好的应用前景.     

基于PCA多导联的癫痫脑电信号分类及致痫灶定位研究

为了更好的对致痫灶进行准确定位,提出了一种基于PCA(主成分分析)的定位方法.针对非线性动力学方法从不同角度提取癫痫脑电信号特征,首先采用主成分分析对高维特征向量进行降维处理,用随机森林进行分类;随后利用医学参考值范围找出各导联的差异变化,进而实现对致痫灶的初步定位.     

基于RoughSet的特征集融合PET/CT肺部肿瘤CAD模型

针对肺部肿瘤PET/CT感兴趣区域(ROI)在高维特征表示下存在着特征相关和维数灾难问题,提出了一种基于粗糙集特征集融合的PET/CT肺部肿瘤CAD模型。首先提取肺部肿瘤ROI的8维形状特征、7维灰度特征、3维Tamura纹理特征、56维GLCM特征和24维频域特征,得到98维特征矢量;然后基于遗传算法的知识约简方法和基于属性重要度的启发式算法对提取的特征集合分别进行特征级融合得到特征子集G1、G2、G3,A1、A2、A3,降低特征矢量的维数;再次利用网格寻优算法优化核函数的SVM作为分类器分别进行融合前和融合后的分类识别比较,基于遗传算法的特征集融合和基于属性重要度的特征集融合的分类识别比较2组实验;最后以2 000幅肺部肿瘤的PET/CT图像为原始数据,采用基于粗糙集特征集融合的肺部肿瘤PET/CT计算机辅助诊断模型对肺部肿瘤进行辅助诊断。实验结果表明,经过粗糙集特征集融合的肺部肿瘤诊断识别方法能有效提高肺部肿瘤的诊断正确率,一定程度上降低了特征之间的相关性。     

一种改进距离的局部线性嵌入算法的基因表达谱数据分类

针对基因表达谱样本数据少、维度高、噪声大的特点,维数约减十分必要。由于基因表达谱数据是以一种高维非线性的向量存在,传统的降维方法使得一些本质维数较低的高维数据无法投影到低维空间中,为此本文引入一种改进距离的局部线性嵌入(LLE)算法对其进行降维。由于原始的LLE方法对近邻个数参数非常敏感,为了增强算法对近邻参数的鲁棒性,文中提出了一种改进距离来度量样本点之间的距离,从而降低了样本点分布不均匀对算法的影响。实验结果表明,改进距离的LLE方法能够有效地提取分类特征信息,并能够在保持较高的分类正确率的前提下大幅度地降低基因数据的维数。     

主成分分析和线性判别分析应用于心电信号特征提取和诊断算法研究

针对心脏疾病发病率高且不易自主检测的问题,提出了一种心电信号特征提取和分类诊断算法。首先对心电信号进行提升小波变换和改进半软阈值相结合的预处理变换,在去除心电信号的噪声后,利用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)对心电信号进行降维,并利用核独立成分提取心电信号的非线性特征;同时离散小波变换提取去噪后心电信号的频域特征,基于线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)对频域统计特征进行降维处理。将两种不同的特征向量组成多域特征空间,最后利用支持向量机对多域特征空间分类,遗传算法对其参数进行寻优,从而实现心电信号特征的分类。实验结果表明,所提出的算法能够对5类心电节拍进行准确分类,分类效率达99.11%。     

基于非线性动力学和高斯混合模型/支持向量机的病态嗓音识别与研究

传统的病态嗓音的识别研究中,通常采用线性分析技术分析嗓音的特性,将嗓音产生过程用一个经典的线性模型来近似,然而,这样却忽略了嗓音产生过程中的非线性特性。本文基于非线性动力学的分析方法,定量分析并提取了嗓音的7维非线性特征——Hurst参数、时间延迟、第二阶Rényi熵、香农熵、关联维、Kolmogorov熵(K熵)、最大Lyapunov指数。实验结果表明,非线性动力学的方法能够弥补传统分析方法的不足,较好分析正常与病态嗓音;应用高斯混合模型(GMM)和支持向量机(SVM)的模式识别方法,分别对测试集39例正常嗓音和36例病态嗓音进行识别,均得到较好的识别率,分别为97.22%和97.30%。     

基于双谱分析表面肌电信号特征的提取与模式识别

背景:肌电信号在本质上是一种具有非平稳、非高斯特性的生理信号。目前基于高阶累积量的高阶谱技术广泛应用于非高斯、非平稳、非线性等问题。目的:基于非高斯AR参数模型,将双谱分析和fisher线性判别分析方法相结合进行表面肌电信号特征提取。方法:针对表面肌电信号特点,从信号高阶统计处理角度,基于"非高斯AR参数模型"进行双谱分析,提取有效特征,用fisher线性判别分析降维方法构造特征向量,然后利用支持向量机实现不同动作模式的准确分类。并与多种常用表面肌电信号特征的识别准确率进行对比研究。结果与结论:利用多类支持向量机分类器对8种前臂动作进行分类,8种动作的平均识别率达到97.6%以上。通过比较发现,基于短数据的双谱特征在分类性能上优于AR模型系数、小波包系数等构造的特征,能够提高肌电假肢的实时控制的性能。     

基于PCA及SVM的运动想象脑电信号识别研究

为了解决脑机接口(BCI)中不同意识任务下运动想象脑电信号的分类问题,提出了一种基于PCA及SVM的识别方法。针对Hilbert-Huang变换和AR模型提取的脑电信号特征,首先采用主成分分析PCA对高维特征向量进行降维处理,然后用支持向量机进行分类。最后将本方法分类结果和Fisher线性分类、概率神经网络分类结果进行比较。实验结果表明,该方法分类正确率较高,复杂度低,具有一定的有效性,可用于脑机接口中。     

CARSVM: a class association rule-based classification framework and its application to gene expression data

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aim at building a classification framework, namely the CARSVM model, which integrates association rule mining and support vector machine (SVM). The goal is to benefit from advantages of both, the discriminative knowledge represented by class association rules and the classification power of the SVM algorithm, to construct an efficient and accurate classifier model that improves the interpretability problem of SVM as a traditional machine learning technique and overcomes the efficiency issues of associative classification algorithms. METHOD: In our proposed framework: instead of using the original training set, a set of rule-based feature vectors, which are generated based on the discriminative ability of class association rules over the training samples, are presented to the learning component of the SVM algorithm. We show that rule-based feature vectors present a high-qualified source of discrimination knowledge that can impact substantially the prediction power of SVM and associative classification techniques. They provide users with more conveniences in terms of understandability and interpretability as well. RESULTS: We have used four datasets from UCI ML repository to evaluate the performance of the developed system in comparison with five well-known existing classification methods. Because of the importance and popularity of gene expression analysis as real world application of the classification model, we present an extension of CARSVM combined with feature selection to be applied to gene expression data. Then, we describe how this combination will provide biologists with an efficient and understandable classifier model. The reported test results and their biological interpretation demonstrate the applicability, efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed model. CONCLUSION: From the results, it can be concluded that a considerable increase in classification accuracy can be obtained when the rule-based feature vectors are integrated in the learning process of the SVM algorithm. In the context of applicability, according to the results obtained from gene expression analysis, we can conclude that the CARSVM system can be utilized in a variety of real world applications with some adjustments.     

基于ABC-SVM的运动想象脑电信号模式分类

为了提高运动想象脑电信号分类的准确率,针对传统支持向量机（SVM）分类方法在脑电信号处理中存在寻优繁 琐、工作量大和分类正确率低等问题,本研究提出一种基于人工蜂群（ABC）算法优化SVM的分类识别方法。首先利用正 则化共空间模式对脑电信号进行特征提取,然后利用ABC算法优化SVM的惩罚因子和核参数,最后利用提取的右手和 右脚两类脑电信号样本特征对优化后的SVM进行训练和分类测试。实验结果表明ABC-SVM分类器提高了脑电信号分 类的准确率,比传统的SVM分类器准确率高出2.5%,证明该算法的可行性和较高准确性。     

基于人体血液常/微量元素含量的SVM癌症辅助诊断

支持向量机（Support vector machine,SVM）分类方法在实际二类分类问题的应用中显示出良好的学习和泛化能力,已被广泛地应用于许多研究领域。我们以癌症病人血液中6种元素（Ba,Ca,Cu,Mg,Se,Zn）的含量为研究对象,将SVM、最近邻法、决策树C4.5及人工神经网络等方法用于癌症病人和正常人的分类研究。研究表明：除C4.5的分类准确率保持不变之外,对数据的归一化处理能够提高SVM、KNN、ANN的分类效果。当使用线性核函数时,SVM通过5次交叉验证的最优平均分类准确率达到了95.95%,优于KNN（93.24%）、C4.5（79.93%）及ANN（94.59%）等分类器,表明该方法有望成为一种实用的癌症临床辅助诊断手段。     

A multiple kernel support vector machine scheme for feature selection and rule extraction from gene expression data of cancer tissue

OBJECTIVE: Recently, gene expression profiling using microarray techniques has been shown as a promising tool to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Gene expression data contain high level of noise and the overwhelming number of genes relative to the number of available samples. It brings out a great challenge for machine learning and statistic techniques. Support vector machine (SVM) has been successfully used to classify gene expression data of cancer tissue. In the medical field, it is crucial to deliver the user a transparent decision process. How to explain the computed solutions and present the extracted knowledge becomes a main obstacle for SVM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multiple kernel support vector machine (MK-SVM) scheme, consisting of feature selection, rule extraction and prediction modeling is proposed to improve the explanation capacity of SVM. In this scheme, we show that the feature selection problem can be translated into an ordinary multiple parameters learning problem. And a shrinkage approach: 1-norm based linear programming is proposed to obtain the sparse parameters and the corresponding selected features. We propose a novel rule extraction approach using the information provided by the separating hyperplane and support vectors to improve the generalization capacity and comprehensibility of rules and reduce the computational complexity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Two public gene expression datasets: leukemia dataset and colon tumor dataset are used to demonstrate the performance of this approach. Using the small number of selected genes, MK-SVM achieves encouraging classification accuracy: more than 90% for both two datasets. Moreover, very simple rules with linguist labels are extracted. The rule sets have high diagnostic power because of their good classification performance.     

A novel featureless approach to mass detection in digital mammograms based on support vector machines

In this work, we present a novel approach to mass detection in digital mammograms. The great variability of the appearance of masses is the main obstacle to building a mass detection method. It is indeed demanding to characterize all the varieties of masses with a reduced set of features. Hence, in our approach we have chosen not to extract any feature, for the detection of the region of interest; in contrast, we exploit all the information available on the image. A multiresolution overcomplete wavelet representation is performed, in order to codify the image with redundancy of information. The vectors of the very-large space obtained are then provided to a first support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The detection task is considered here as a two-class pattern recognition problem: crops are classified as suspect or not, by using this SVM classifier. False candidates are eliminated with a second cascaded SVM. To further reduce the number of false positives, an ensemble of experts is applied: the final suspect regions are achieved by using a voting strategy. The sensitivity of the presented system is nearly 80% with a false-positive rate of 1.1 marks per image, estimated on images coming from the USF DDSM database.     

Multiclass cancer classification by using fuzzy support vector machine and binary decision tree with gene selection

We investigate the problems of multiclass cancer classification with gene selection from gene expression data. Two different constructed multiclass classifiers with gene selection are proposed, which are fuzzy support vector machine (FSVM) with gene selection and binary classification tree based on SVM with gene selection. Using F test and recursive feature elimination based on SVM as gene selection methods, binary classification tree based on SVM with F test, binary classification tree based on SVM with recursive feature elimination based on SVM, and FSVM with recursive feature elimination based on SVM are tested in our experiments. To accelerate computation, preselecting the strongest genes is also used. The proposed techniques are applied to analyze breast cancer data, small round blue-cell tumors, and acute leukemia data. Compared to existing multiclass cancer classifiers and binary classification tree based on SVM with F test or binary classification tree based on SVM with recursive feature elimination based on SVM mentioned in this paper, FSVM based on recursive feature elimination based on SVM can find most important genes that affect certain types of cancer with high recognition accuracy.     

支持向量机在血细胞分类中的应用

支持向量机是根据统计理论提出的一种新的学习算法。该算法通常可用于解决二分类问题。本文将其推广到多分类问题。利用多级支持向量机分类器对骨髓中不同成熟阶段的血细胞进行了分类。文中首先提出了利用逐步分解的分级聚类算法进行多级支持向量机的构建。然后通过一定准则在各级中确定支持向量机相应的最优控制参数。为了进一步了解分类性能和较好的估计分类错误率，使用3次交叉验证法将其与传统的分类方法作了比较。实验表明，支持向量机分类器巧妙避开了维数灾难问题。具有较好的推广能力。可提高血细胞分类的正确率。     

Optimal algorithm for automatic detection of microaneurysms based on receiver operating characteristic curve

Microaneurysms (MAs) are the first manifestations of the diabetic retinopathy (DR) as well as an indicator for its progression. Their automatic detection plays a key role for both mass screening and monitoring and is therefore in the core of any system for computer-assisted diagnosis of DR. The algorithm basically comprises the following stages: candidate detection aiming at extracting the patterns possibly corresponding to MAs based on mathematical morphological black top hat, feature extraction to characterize these candidates, and classification based on support vector machine (SVM), to validate MAs. Feature vector and kernel function of SVM selection is very important to the algorithm. We use the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to evaluate the distinguishing performance of different feature vectors and different kernel functions of SVM. The ROC analysis indicates the quadratic polynomial SVM with a combination of features as the input shows the best discriminating performance.     

脑功能连接模型在机器学习中分类鲁棒性研究——以静息态功能磁共振定位癫痫发作侧为例

机器学习能促进静息态功能磁共振成像(rfMRI)在癫痫中应用,尽管Pearson相关性的传统功能连接(FC)模型作为成像算法有较多报道,但其分类鲁棒性却少有研究。提出特异于健康人的癫痫患者FC指数模型,与FC在有监督机器学习分类敏感性和稳定性上进行比较, 以期为提取癫痫患者功能影像学标记提供新算法。搜集20名结构像标记为海马阳性的内侧颞叶癫痫患者(各10名纳入左侧、右侧2组)和142名来自连接组学且与患者相同年龄段健康人的rfMRI数据;以健康人群为参照,构建个体患者FC特异性指数模型,为每个脑区功能打分;通过ROC敏感性分析曲线和曲线下面积(AUC)提取指数模型,对发作侧敏感脑区获得功能影像标记;以其指数作为特征向量,分别输入至概率神经网络和支持向量机,对患者发作侧分类;10次随机交叉验证分析稳定性,再分别对敏感脑区之间和患者之间的特征向量做线性相关性分析,以探求影响稳定性的内在原因。最后,用FC代替指数模型做同上处理,并比较两种功能连接模型的分类稳定性。结果显示,以FC为特征向量的AUC为0.76,而特异性指数的特征向量AUC为0.84,指数模型的分类敏感性高于FC。另外,FC的分类精度在25%～100%之间强烈波动,方差高达25.99%,且特征向量平均相关系数为0.67,相关性较强;而指数模型则在75%～100%之间较小波动,方差低至7.10%,且特征向量平均相关系数为0.28,相关性较小。在机器学习癫痫定侧中,静息态功能连接特异性指数模型表现出较强的分类鲁棒性,远优于传统模型,特征向量相关性较大可能是影响后者稳定性的主要原因。