广西华支睾吸虫病分布及流行趋势

目的了解广西华支睾吸虫病分布范围及流行趋势,为该病的防治提供科学依据。方法用Kato-Katz法或改良醛醚法粪检华支睾吸虫虫卵。收集既往资料与现场调查数据作统计分析。结果2004年广西华支睾吸虫病流行县市为59个,受威胁人口3852.6万。与1985年相比,流行县(市)增加了36个,受威胁的人口增加了2628.8万。2002年人群平均感染率为9.8%,为1987~1989年(1.2%)的8.1倍;轻、中、重、超重度感染分别占49.5%、36.2%、9.8%和4.5%。目前某些地区华支睾吸虫成为优势虫种,感染率达33.0%。结论广西华支睾吸虫病流行范围扩大,受威胁人口增多;有些地方华支睾吸虫已成为优势虫种,使当地人体寄生虫病谱发生了变化。     

广西华支睾吸虫病分布及流行趋势

目的 了解广西华支睾吸虫病分布范围及流行趋势，为该病的防治提供科学依据。方法用Kato-Katz法或改良醛醚法粪检华支睾吸虫虫卵。收集既往资料与现场调查数据作统计分析。结果2004年广西华支睾吸虫病流行县市为59个，受威胁人口3852．6万。与1985年相比，流行县（市）增加了36个，受威胁的人口增加了2628．8万。2002年人群平均感染率为9．8％，为1987～1989年（1．2％）的8．1倍；轻、中、重、超重度感染分别占49．5％、36．2％、9．8％和4．5％。目前某些地区华支睾吸虫成为优势虫种，感染率达33．0％。结论广西华支睾吸虫病流行范围扩大，受威胁人口增多；有些地方华支睾吸虫已成为优势虫种，使当地人体寄生虫病谱发生了变化。     

THE INTERACTIONS OF BODY WEIGHT, AGE, CIGARETTE SMOKING AND HORMONE USAGE WITH BLOOD PRESSURE AND PLASMA LIPIDS IN AN AUSTRALIAN COMMUNITY

The predicted variation of blood pressure and plasma lipid levels, based on association with body weight, age, cigarette smoking and oral contraceptive usage, was examined in 47 000 self-referred subjects who attended a community programme for coronary risk factor screening. In both sexes, blood pressure and plasma lipid (cholesterol and triglyceride) levels were positively correlated with age and body mass index (BMI, kg/m²). Plasma triglyceride concentrations were positively correlated with cigarette smoking. Partial correlation analysis showed age and BMI to be independently correlated with blood pressure and plasma lipids. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were correlated with each other independently of the effects of age and BMI. Multiple regression analysis showed age to be a more powerful predictor of blood pressure and plasma lipid levels in females than in males, while BMI was a more powerful predictor of blood pressure and plasma lipid levels in males than in females. Current cigarette smoking did not contribute to the prediction of blood pressure or plasma cholesterol level in either sex, but did predict a 10% higher plasma triglyceride level in both sexes. Oral contraceptive usage did not contribute to the prediction of plasma cholesterol level in multiple regression analysis, but did predict higher plasma triglyceride and blood pressure levels. In view of the high prevalence of overweight people in the Australian community, weight reduction would probably be associated with a significant fall in the risk of coronary heart disease, particularly in males.     

Persistent Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Asthma

Objective. In the present study we assessed the impact of former cigarette smoking on asthma control and treatment effectiveness. Methods. A total of 104 patients with uncontrolled asthma were included in the study. The group of former smokers consisted of 33 subjects, whereas the never smokers group consisted of 71 subjects of similar age and gender. Spirometry, classification of asthma severity, and control were assessed according to Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines. Quality of life was measured with the use of the Saint George Hospital Respiratory Questionnaire (SGHRQ). Results. Asthma was more severe in the group of former smokers both before and after treatment; p < 0.001. Severe asthma (OR 7.8 CI 2.8-21.9) and cigarette smoking (OR 3.5 CI 1.3-9.2) were associated with difficulties in asthma control achievement. Total quality of life significantly improved in the group of non-smokers; p = 0.02, whereas in former smokers this effect was not significant; p > 0.05. Conclusion. Cigarette smoking has a persistent, dose-dependent, negative impact on the response to treatment in patients with uncontrolled asthma even after smoking cessation. Smoking cessation should remain the ultimate goal in treatment of asthmatic patients. More efforts should be undertaken to decrease smoking initiation, especially in teenagers.     

INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE— IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT*

Stroke mortality is declining fast in many countries (this decline being due, in part, to treatment), with implications for medical care and for coronary disease incidence, but in some European countries rates are rising. Coronary mortality is decreasing fast in some countries, probably because of a fall in incidence; dietary and other life-style changes are likely to be involved, but lack of systematic monitoring inhibits firm conclusions. In other countries with comparable medical care the rates have not declined, and in eastern Europe and sections of developing populations they are rising fast. Some implications are discussed.     

Anaemia and cigarette smoking

Cigarette smoking causes numerous diseases that are associated with anaemia but the resulting low haemoglobin levels may be counterbalanced by increased red blood cell production caused by chronic exposure to carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke. Diverse mechanisms are involved in influencing the development or the course of anaemic disease in smokers. This article presents an evaluation of the current literature on the impact of cigarette smoking on various forms of anaemia.     

THE EFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON GASTRIC ACID SECRETION AND GASTRIC MUCOSAL BLOOD FLOW IN MAN

Abstract: Smoking leads to a higher incidence of peptic ulcer and delays healing of those ulcers. Possible mechanisms include increased gastric acid secretion, reduced gastric mucosal blood flow, and reduced duodenal bicarbonate production. In six subjects we determined the effect of one hour of cigarette smoking on gastric mucosal blood flow (¹⁴C–aminopyrine clearance), acid secretion (triple lumen perfused oro–gastric tube), and plasma levels of gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide. Smoking reduced acid secretion from a median of 433 (range 160–707) μmol/min to 166 (47–340) μmol/min ( p < 0.05) and blood flow from 66 (40–70) ml/min to 36 (22–58) ml/min (p<0.05). There was no change in plasma gastrin and the small rise in pancreatic polypeptide would be insufficient to affect duodenal bicarbonate production.
We conclude that cigarette smoking decreased gastric acid secretion and gastric mucosal blood flow. The increased incidence of gastric ulcers seen in smokers may be related to this reduction in gastric mucosal blood flow.     

Motives underlying smoking in college students with ADHD

Background. The positive association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and smoking in youth has been well documented. Less research has examined why individuals with ADHD, particularly college students, are at increased risk for smoking. Objectives. This longitudinal study examined whether smoking motives [cognitive enhancement, tolerance, negative reinforcement (smoking to reduce negative affect or stress), craving, social influences, and weight control] helped to explain the relation between ADHD symptoms (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) and cigarette smoking among college students. Methods. Participants were 889 undergraduates (21% men) and their parents who completed online surveys at the beginning and end of the Fall semester regarding their smoking behaviors, ADHD symptoms, and smoking motives. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze data and answer research questions. Results. Nineteen percent of students reported smoking, while 20% reported one or more inattentive symptoms, 35% reported one or more hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, and 3.3% met criteria for ADHD. All smoking motives significantly moderated the relation between inattentive symptoms and smoking, while most smoking motives (negative reinforcement, tolerance, craving, cognitive enhancement, and weight control) moderated the link between hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and smoking. Results remained significant after controlling for stimulant medication use and conduct disorder symptoms. Conclusions/Importance. Addressing negative reinforcement, craving, social influences, and tolerance in prevention and intervention efforts on college campuses may reduce smoking. Results also highlight the importance of assessing a range of ADHD symptoms in college students as ADHD symptoms, even at subthreshold levels, were associated with increased smoking rates among college students.     

The relationship of nasal disorders to lower respiratory tract symptoms and illness in a random sample of children.

We examined the relationship of nasal disorders, defined as frequent colds and sinus trouble, to lower respiratory tract symptoms in a random population of 718 children aged 4 to 11 years in East Boston, Massachusetts. Frequent colds were significantly associated with maternal smoking (odds ratio (OR) = 3.00; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.97, 4.58), and so was sinus trouble (OR = 4.73; 95% CI = 1.78, 12.51). After adjustment for maternal smoking, age and sex, frequent colds (OR = 2.88; 95% CI = 1.87, 4.42) and sinus trouble (OR = 4.95, 95% CI = 1.83, 13.39) remained significant predictors of lower respiratory tract symptoms in separate logistic regressions. If one restricted the cohort to the 513 children who also had personal smoking information and adjusted for this variable as well, the results for colds were unchanged (OR = 2.94; 95% CI = 1.78, 4.84) but the results for sinus trouble were now not statistically significant (OR = 2.30, 95% CI = 0.67, 7.94). We conclude that nasal disorders are associated with lower respiratory tract symptoms in children.     

Cigarette smoking status alters dysbiotic gut microbes in hypertensive patients

Smoking not only is one of the most important risk factors of hypertension (HTN), but also alters the composition of gut microbiota (GM) in previous studies. Although dysbiosis of GM has been implicated in HTN, how GM alters in patients with HTN under smoking status is still not clear. This study aimed to explore the difference in intestinal microflora among smokers with HTN (S‐HTN), nonsmokers with HTN (NS‐HTN), and smokers without HTN (S‐CTR) and identify whether cigarette smoking led to disordered intestinal microbiota in patients with HTN. Metagenomic sequencing analysis of fecal specimens was conducted in nonsmokers without HTN (NS‐CTR, n = 9), S‐CTR (n = 9), NS‐HTN (n = 18), and S‐HTN (n = 23). Compared with S‐CTR or NS‐HTN, the GM in S‐HTN was disordered, with lower microbial α‐diversity and significant difference of β‐diversity on axes as compared to S‐CTR at genus and species level. The microbial enterotype in S‐HTN was inclined to Prevotella‐dominant type. Dramatic changes in the intestinal genera and species composition were observed in S‐HTN, including reduced enrichment of Phycisphaera and Clostridium asparagiforme. Moreover, the intestinal function altered in S‐HTN. Therefore, the findings of the present study revealed GM disorders in S‐HTN and clarified the role of smoking in impairing the intestinal microbiome in HTN. Tobacco control is particularly important for improving GM in patients with HTN, and might be beneficial in preventing future cardiovascular events.     

Intention to quit smoking according to smoking preferences and perceptions of electronic cigarettes among university students in South Korea

This study aimed to alleviate unhealthy smoking habits among university students and provide the basic data necessary for public health-oriented approaches such as developing regulations and policies on electronic cigarettes by analyzing the relationship between university students’ smoking preferences, perceptions of electronic cigarettes, and intention to quit smoking.This study involved 567 college students and conducted frequency and chi-squared analyses of the general characteristics, smoking preferences, and perceptions of electronic cigarettes. This study also performed logistic regression analysis to analyze the relationship between intention to quit smoking stratified by smoking preferences and the perceptions about electronic cigarettes. SPSS version 25.0 was used for data analysis.This study showed that electronic cigarette smokers were approximately 6.4 to 10.8 times more likely to think that electronic cigarettes positively affect smoking cessation attitude than nonsmokers. This study showed that regular cigarette smokers were approximately 1.7 to 2.2 times and other smoker 3.3 to 3.9 times more likely to think that electronic cigarettes positively affect smoking cessation attitude than nonsmokers. Those who perceived harmless to the human body, capable of reducing the frequency of smoking, and less harmful than tobacco were approximately 2.6 to 2.9, 11.6 to 12.8, and 3.3 to 3.7 times more likely have intention to quit smoking, respectively.Regular health education, advertising awareness of health hazards, and public health science-oriented approaches and policies for smoking cessation support services are needed to create awareness on electronic cigarettes among university students.     

Smoking patterns among seniors and the medicare stop smoking program

OBJECTIVES: To characterize smoking patterns in the older U.S. community-dwelling Medicare population at the national level and in states chosen to participate in the new Medicare Stop Smoking Program (MSSP) demonstration. To describe the MSSP. DESIGN: Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 1996 to 1999 were analyzed. SETTING: The BRFSS is a cross-sectional random-digit-dialed telephone survey conducted in all states plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. PARTICIPANTS: BRFSS respondents aged 65 and older who self-identified as receiving Medicare benefits. MEASUREMENTS: Using BRFSS core questionnaire variables, recent trends in prevalence of current smoking and smoking cessation were estimated, as were prevalences by various demographic characteristics, for both the nation and the MSSP states as a group. RESULTS: As of 1999, an estimated 10.2% of this population were current smokers, with those aged 65 to 74 smoking at twice the rate (12.9%) of those aged 75 and older (6.1%) and blacks (14.7%) smoking more than whites (10.0%). Between 1996 and 1999, the prevalence of everyday smokers indicating they had attempted to quit for 1 day or longer in the past year rose from 37.1% to 42.2%. National patterns were mirrored in the states chosen to participate in the MSSP. CONCLUSIONS: Young-old Medicare recipients have a higher smoking prevalence, although interest in quitting appears to be rising. The chosen MSSP states appear to be a representative of national smoking patterns in the older Medicare population.     

Cigarette smoking and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis among postmenopausal women: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study

PURPOSE: To determine whether cigarette smoking increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis among postmenopausal women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We followed a cohort of 31 336 women in Iowa who were aged 55 to 69 years in 1986 and who had no history of rheumatoid arthritis. Through 1997, 158 cases of rheumatoid arthritis were identified and validated based on review of medical records and supplementary information provided by physicians. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to derive rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between cigarette smoking and rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS: Compared with women who had never smoked, women who were current smokers (RR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.9) or who had quit 10 years or less before study baseline (RR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1 to 3.1) were at increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis, but women who had quit more than 10 years before baseline were not at increased risk (RR = 0.9; 95% CI: 0.5 to 2.6). Both the duration and intensity of smoking were associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Multivariable adjustments for age, marital status, occupation, body mass index, age at menopause, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, alcohol use, and coffee consumption did not alter these results. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that abstinence from smoking may reduce the risk of rheumatoid arthritis among postmenopausal women.     

中国控烟之行:徘徊不前抑或艰难亦行?

回顾我国近30余年的控烟历程,男性吸烟率居高不下,人群戒烟率徘徊不前,戒烟资源屈指可数,控烟队伍势单力薄,面对如此现状,我国的控烟工作举步维艰。但是从我国加入世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》之后,我国在控烟方面所取得的成果亦不可小觑。随着政府投入的增加以及政策法规的支持,控烟立法已初见成效,戒烟资源逐步发展,控烟队伍也在逐步扩大。但面对近3亿人的吸烟大军,控烟斗士的现况亟待解决。总之,戒烟可谓不无良方,控烟也可谓不无良策。控烟之行,欲取胜于长远,必先取胜于万众民心。