阴茎癌的髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫

淋巴结清扫手术是治愈阴茎癌的重要手段,同时也有很多的并发症。临床的争论在于如何选择性的施行手术,制定合理的手术范围,减少手术并发症。本文就这些问题作初步探讨。     

阴茎癌患者年龄和腹股沟淋巴结转移概率的关系

目的：探讨阴茎癌患者年龄和腹股沟淋巴结转移概率的关系。方法：我们回顾性分析110例腹股沟淋巴结临床阴性的阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者。通过局部加权回归散点平滑法（LOWESS）分析年龄和腹股沟淋巴结转移概率的关系。根据欧洲泌尿外科阴茎癌指南,将患者分为不同的转移风险组,随后比较不同转移风险组下各个年龄段的淋巴结转移概率。结果：本组患者中位年龄为54岁,最小者20岁,最大者75岁。淋巴结转移的概率大致呈现抛物线的形状：在〈40和〉60岁时较高,40～60岁时较为稳定。在淋巴结转移风险中危组和高危组,〈40岁和〉60岁组的淋巴结转移概率均高于40-60岁组。结论：阴茎癌的淋巴结转移概率随年龄变化而呈现〈40岁和〉60岁组增高的趋势,进一步的研究需要揭示不同年龄段肿瘤的特定分子生物学改变。     

阴茎癌治疗中的腹股沟淋巴结清扫术

阴茎鳞状细胞癌(penile squamous cell carcinoma,PSCC)是一种罕见的生殖器恶性肿瘤。其主要预后因素仍是淋巴结是否存在转移以及淋巴结转移的程度。多年以来,根治性腹股沟淋巴结切除术虽然一直是区域淋巴结治疗的基石,但其仍与显著的术后并发症和心理障碍相关,且在泌尿肿瘤学界在关于根治性腹股沟淋巴结切除术治疗PSCC的最新进展中存在部分争议。本文旨在讨论目前关于腹股沟淋巴结清扫术在阴茎癌治疗的作用及可能存在的争议。     

阴茎癌切除同期行改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的可行性研究

目的 探讨同期行阴茎癌原发病灶切除和改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的可行性.方法 回顾性分析2002年6月至2010年6月55例同期行阴茎癌切除和改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的患者资料.患者年龄27～73岁,平均49岁.行同期改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术107侧,1侧行腹股沟淋巴结清扫术之前曾行大隐静脉抽出术,2侧行同期经典根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术. 结果 107侧改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术后发生切口感染1侧次(0.9％),下肢淋巴水肿18侧次(16.8％),皮瓣坏死6侧次(5.6％).每侧切除淋巴结3 ～23枚,平均11枚.3年总生存率为84％. 结论 阴茎癌切除同期行改良根治性腹股沟淋巴结清扫术可保证控瘤效果,不增加手术后并发症,是适合阴茎癌患者的治疗策略.     

阴茎鳞状细胞癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

目的 探讨阴茎鳞状细胞癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的危险因素,筛选淋巴结转移的高危患者.方法 回顾性分析81例阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者临床及病理资料.年龄27～81岁,中位年龄49岁.病程＜1年者46例(56.8%),≥1年者35例(43.2%).行单侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫6例,双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫75例.按2002年TNM分期标准进行分期,并记录患者年龄、有无包皮过长/包茎史、肿瘤部位、大小、数目、形状、分级、腹股沟淋巴结体格检查情况和淋巴结大小等指标.结果 81例患者中经病理证实有区域淋巴结转移者pN+42例(51.9%),无淋巴结转移者pN0 39例(48.1%).G1、G2、G3患者区域淋巴结转移发生率分别为32.0%(16/50)、78.3%(18/23)和100.0%(8/8),各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.015).根据腹股沟淋巴结体格检查结果,cN+和cN0患者区域淋巴结转移发生率分别为63.5%(40/63)和11.1%(2/18),2组差异有统计学意义(P=0.012).81例均获随访,随访时间2～127个月,中位时间40个月.腹股沟淋巴结转移阳性患者与阴性患者的5年无病生存率分别为71.4%与92.3%(P=0.005),5年总生存率分别为79.0%与91.4%(P=0.001),差异均有统计学意义.结论 腹股沟淋巴结体格检查结果和肿瘤分级是腹股沟区域淋巴结转移的独立危险因素.腹股沟淋巴结转移患者5年无病生存率和总生存率较低,对淋巴结转移高危患者,应采取积极治疗措施.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the risk factors of inguinal metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, screening lymph node metastasis high-risk patients. Methods The clinical and pathological data of 81 consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were analyzed retrospectively. Age at presentation ranged from 27 to 81 years with a median of 49 years. Course of disease within one year of patients with 46 cases (56.8%), 1 year above 35 eases (43.2 %). Seventyfive patients underwent bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection, and 6 patients had unilateral inguinal lymph node dissection. Clinical stage of the primary tumor was assigned according to the 2002 TNM staging system. Variables included patients' age, redundant prepuce and/or phimosis, tumor site,size, number, macroscopic growth pattern, histological grade, inguinal physical examination and the size of inguinal lymph nodes. Results Of the 81 patients, 42 (51.9%) were staged as pN+ and 39 (48. 1%) as pN0. Metastases occurred in 32.0% (16/50) of G1, 78.3% (18/23) of G2 and 100. 0%(8/8) of G3 cases, with significant differences among them (P= 0. 015). According to the inguinal lymph node physical examination results, 63 were staged as clinically node-positive (cN+) and 18 as clinically node-negative (cN0). Metastases occurred in 63. 5% (40/63) of cases of cN+, as compared with 11.1% (2/18) of cases of cN0(P=0. 012). At a median follow up of 40 months (ranged 2-127 months), the 5-year disease free survival rates for positive and negative inguinal lymph nodes metastasis were 71.4% and 92.3%, respectively (P=0. 005) , and the 5-year cancer specific survival rates were 79.0% and 91.4%, respectively (P=0.001). Conclusions Inguinal physical examination and histological grade were the strongest predictors of inguinal metastasis. The patients with inguinal lymph nodes metastasis have lower 5-year disease free survival rates and cancer specific survival rates,and should receive positive treatment measures.     

腹股沟皮桥在阴茎癌髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫中的应用

目的 探讨腹股沟皮桥在阴茎癌髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术中的应用.方法 2007年5月全2008年7月,对12例阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者行双侧髂腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,手术取腹股沟韧带上下方两个平行的横行切口.游离两切口间的皮瓣,形成腹股沟皮桥.经上方切口行髂淋巴结清扫后,于腹股沟皮桥下整块切除腹股沟浅、深组淋巴结,并保留大隐静脉.结果 12例患者中,无一例发生切口皮缘的缺血、坏死或感染.10例(83.33%)的4个切口均Ⅰ期愈合,余2例各有1个切口因淋巴渗液而延期愈合.3例(25.00%)轻微双下肢水肿.随访中4例(33.33%)出现不同程度的阴茎、阴囊水肿.包括2例下肢水肿者.结论 腹股沟皮桥技术有助于保护腹股沟区皮瓣的血供,能显著减少甚至避免皮缘缺血、坏死的发生.     

阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结清扫术72例临床分析

术前对４７例腹股沟肿大的前哨淋巴结作了活检和穿刺涂片细胞学检查，发现１５例有癌转移，阳性率为３１．３％。术后清扫标本病检证实３２例前哨啉巴结阴性者，其它淋巴结构未见癌转移。提示，前哨啉巴结活检有其可靠性，可为发现阳性者及时提供清扫术的指征。     

阴茎鳞状细胞癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

目的 探讨阴茎鳞状细胞癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的危险因素,筛选淋巴结转移的高危患者.方法 回顾性分析81例阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者临床及病理资料.年龄27～81岁,中位年龄49岁.病程＜1年者46例(56.8%),≥1年者35例(43.2%).行单侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫6例,双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫75例.按2002年TNM分期标准进行分期,并记录患者年龄、有无包皮过长/包茎史、肿瘤部位、大小、数目、形状、分级、腹股沟淋巴结体格检查情况和淋巴结大小等指标.结果 81例患者中经病理证实有区域淋巴结转移者pN+42例(51.9%),无淋巴结转移者pN0 39例(48.1%).G1、G2、G3患者区域淋巴结转移发生率分别为32.0%(16/50)、78.3%(18/23)和100.0%(8/8),各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.015).根据腹股沟淋巴结体格检查结果,cN+和cN0患者区域淋巴结转移发生率分别为63.5%(40/63)和11.1%(2/18),2组差异有统计学意义(P=0.012).81例均获随访,随访时间2～127个月,中位时间40个月.腹股沟淋巴结转移阳性患者与阴性患者的5年无病生存率分别为71.4%与92.3%(P=0.005),5年总生存率分别为79.0%与91.4%(P=0.001),差异均有统计学意义.结论 腹股沟淋巴结体格检查结果和肿瘤分级是腹股沟区域淋巴结转移的独立危险因素.腹股沟淋巴结转移患者5年无病生存率和总生存率较低,对淋巴结转移高危患者,应采取积极治疗措施.     

阴茎鳞状细胞癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

目的 探讨阴茎鳞状细胞癌腹股沟淋巴结转移的危险因素,筛选淋巴结转移的高危患者.方法 回顾性分析81例阴茎鳞状细胞癌患者临床及病理资料.年龄27～81岁,中位年龄49岁.病程＜1年者46例(56.8%),≥1年者35例(43.2%).行单侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫6例,双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫75例.按2002年TNM分期标准进行分期,并记录患者年龄、有无包皮过长/包茎史、肿瘤部位、大小、数目、形状、分级、腹股沟淋巴结体格检查情况和淋巴结大小等指标.结果 81例患者中经病理证实有区域淋巴结转移者pN+42例(51.9%),无淋巴结转移者pN0 39例(48.1%).G1、G2、G3患者区域淋巴结转移发生率分别为32.0%(16/50)、78.3%(18/23)和100.0%(8/8),各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.015).根据腹股沟淋巴结体格检查结果,cN+和cN0患者区域淋巴结转移发生率分别为63.5%(40/63)和11.1%(2/18),2组差异有统计学意义(P=0.012).81例均获随访,随访时间2～127个月,中位时间40个月.腹股沟淋巴结转移阳性患者与阴性患者的5年无病生存率分别为71.4%与92.3%(P=0.005),5年总生存率分别为79.0%与91.4%(P=0.001),差异均有统计学意义.结论 腹股沟淋巴结体格检查结果和肿瘤分级是腹股沟区域淋巴结转移的独立危险因素.腹股沟淋巴结转移患者5年无病生存率和总生存率较低,对淋巴结转移高危患者,应采取积极治疗措施.     

减少阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结清扫术并发症的临床技巧研究(附30例报告)

目的探讨减少阴茎癌腹股沟淋巴结清扫术后并发症的手术操作技巧及其效果。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2011年10月间收治的30例行改进根治性双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的阴茎癌患者的临床资料。30例共60侧行腹股沟淋巴结清扫,其中29例为阴茎癌手术时同期淋巴清扫。清扫范围足够,淋巴结清除彻底,改进技术包括设计腹股沟S形皮肤切口、通过确认Campas筋膜的膜性解剖标志层来分离皮瓣、皮瓣边缘缝线牵引、完整保留阔筋膜、尽可能保留阴部外浅静脉、术后良好的引流及加压包扎。结果 30例患者随访5～128个月,共发生并发症15侧次(25.0%),其中轻度皮瓣坏死4侧次(6.7%)、切口感染3侧次(5.0%)、淋巴水肿8侧次(13.3%),无下肢深静脉血栓。结论通过改进腹股沟淋巴结清扫术可有效减少阴茎癌患者腹股沟淋巴结清扫术后并发症。     

以淋巴结转移为主的晚期胃癌的FLEP法新辅助化疗

目的:研究采用经动静脉联合给药的FLEP化疗法,对以淋巴结严重转移为主而不能切除的胃癌进行新辅助化疗,使病人能重新获得手术切除的机会。方法:对14例以淋巴结转移为主的晚期胃癌,以FLEP法进行新辅助化疗。内9例系未经治疗的初诊病人,术前CT检查发现第3、7、9、12组及14、16组淋巴结严重转移,难以手术治疗;5例为术后淋巴结转移性复发,或因淋巴结严重转移而进行过剖腹探查者。FLEP方案为:5-FU 370 mg/m2,iv,第1～5天;Leukovorin 30 mg,第1～5天;CDDP 70 mg/m2与Epotoside 70 mg/m2,ia,第6、20天,每5周重复1次。每一病例视病情进行2～3个疗程的治疗。结果:所有病例症状都明显改善。初次就诊的9例CT评价无变化(NC)1例,未行手术;部分缓解(PR)8例,均进行了胃次全、全胃或联合脏器切除,淋巴结清扫采取了D2加重点淋巴结、D3加第16组淋巴结手术,手术切除率为88.9%,手术治疗的病例均生存至今,最长者已达26个月。在3例术后出现淋巴结转移性复发者及2例因淋巴结严重转移初次手术未能切除者影象学评价PR 3例,病变进展PD 1例,均未再手术治疗。其中2例分别于治疗开始后的8、15个月死亡,另3例至今已生存3～15个月。结论:FLEP新辅助化疗法对于以淋巴结严重转移为主的胃癌具非常显著的治疗效果,可使严重或有远处淋巴结转移的胃癌病人重新获得手术治疗的机会。     

髂腹股沟淋巴清扫对阴茎癌的治疗意义(附63例报告)

目的 探讨腹股沟淋巴结活检脑髂腹肌沟淋巴清扫在阴茎癌治疗中的作用.方法 报告1982年1月１９９７年７月收治的６３例陈茎癌的临床资料,在节切除阴茎原发病灶同时行无选择性双侧腹股沟淋巴结活检,并对淋巴结活检阳性者行双侧髂腹股沟淋巴清扫术。结果 １１例（１５侧）淋巴结活检阳性,１例假阴性。淋巴清扫后,原活检阴性侧髂腹股沟未见淋巴转移,阳性侧有１例,存在Ｃｌｏｑｕｅｔ淋巴结转移。结论 在切除阴茎癌肿的同时应作双     

Microarray gene-expression profiling to predict lymph node metastasis in penile carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To determine the value of gene‐expression profiling as a predictor of the status of the regional nodes in patients with penile carcinoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Tumour samples of 56 patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma were analysed for the gene expression on 35 k oligoarrays; 32 were from patients with histopathologically confirmed lymph node metastases and 24 from those with no lymph node involvement. The 56 patients were divided into a training and validation set. For the training set, 15 patients with histopathologically confirmed nodal metastases and 15 without were selected. The validation set consisted of the remaining 26 patients, containing 17 node‐positive and nine with no nodal metastases.

RESULTS

A 44‐probe classifier had the best performance within the training set; this classifier correctly assigned 29 of 30 specimens in the training set to the two outcome groups. In the validation set of 26 tumours, the classifier correctly assigned 14 of the 26 (54%) specimens to the two outcome groups. Of the 17 specimens with histologically confirmed nodal involvement, 12 were classified as node‐positive and five as node‐negative, resulting in a sensitivity of 71%. Of the nine specimens from node‐negative patients, two were correctly classified as node‐negative and seven as node positive, resulting in a specificity of 22%.

CONCLUSIONS

In this series, gene expression profiling did not produce a useful classifier to predict nodal involvement in patients with penile carcinoma.     

Inguinal lymph node dissection for penile cancer: a contemporary review

Penile cancer is an uncommon disease associated with significant psychological and physical morbidity. Penile cancer has an expectable pattern of spread in a stepwise fashion, from inguinal to pelvic lymph nodes (PLN) then distant spread. Patients with penile cancer have variable survival, with patients with a low burden of nodal metastatic disease having lasting survival with surgical management, however patients with a large amount of locoregional metastatic disease having a worse prognosis. The current management options for patients with metastatic lymph node disease in penile cancer aims to reduce the morbidity associated with radical inguinal lymph node (ILN) surgery with appropriate risk stratification to optimise oncological control of the disease. This article describes current challenges in managing the inguinal region in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).     

Analysis of sentinel lymph node mapping with immediate pathologic review in patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy for breast carcinoma

Background Sentinel lymph node mapping (SLNM) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy are becoming established components of therapy for selected patients with breast carcinoma. However, neoadjuvant therapy has been considered a relative contraindication to SLNM. In an effort to learn whether patients who have received preoperative chemotherapy can undergo accurate SLNM, we evaluated our experience with this technique. Methods From January 1997 to June 2000, SLNM and axillary lymph node dissection were concurrently performed in 35 patients who received preoperative chemotherapy. Mapping was performed with^99mTc sulfur colloid only in one patient and Lymphazurin dye only in 15 patients, and the two methods were combined in the remainder. Results SLNM successfully identified a sentinel lymph node in 30 (86%) patients. Metastatic disease was identified in the sentinel lymph nodes of four patients during surgery. The intraoperative pathologic diagnosis proved to be correct in 19 (79%) of 24 patients. The final pathologic diagnosis of the sentinel lymph node reflected the status of the axillary contents in all patients in whom it was identified. Conclusions These results demonstrate that SLNM can be consistently performed in patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy for breast cancer, suggesting the utility of this technique in this patient populations. Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Washington, DC, March 15–18, 2001.     

中央区淋巴结转移强度对甲状腺乳头状癌颈侧区淋巴结转移的临床意义

目的:应用中央区淋巴结转移（central lymph node metastasis,CLNM）强度概念,探讨甲状腺乳头状癌（papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC）颈侧区淋巴结转移（lymph node metastasis,LNM）危险因素及对其影响。方法:回顾性分析内蒙古医科大学附属医院...     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检术的研究

目的 探讨乳腺癌病人新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检的可行性。方法对2003年11月至2004年10月住院治疗中的57例Ⅱ、Ⅲ期乳腺癌病人行新辅助化疗后，临床检查腋窝淋巴结阴性行前哨淋巴结活检术（SLNB）。结果57例中检出前哨淋巴结（SLN）53例，检出率93．0％。SLN对腋窝淋巴结状况预测的敏感性为89．7％，特异性为100．0％，准确性为94．3％，阳性预测值为100．0％，阴性预测值为88．9％，假阴性率为5．7％。肿瘤对化疗反应为CR（完全缓解）、PR（部分缓解）和SD（稳定）的SLN检出率分别为100．0％、96．7％和70．0％（P〈0．01）。SLN假阴性3例均为腋窝淋巴结转移数〉4个者。结论Ⅱ、Ⅲ期乳腺癌实施新辅助化疗后。行SLNB可获得与早期乳腺癌SLNB相似的效果。     

胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移规律探究

目的探讨胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素,以指导淋巴结清扫方式。方法回顾分析漳州市医院2010年4月至2012年7月手术治疗的328例胸段食管鳞癌的临床病理资料,探讨淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素。结果全组328例共清扫淋巴结9937枚,平均30．3枚／例。共437枚、153例有淋巴结转移,转移率46．65％;其中喉返神经旁淋巴结转移18．30％,10．46％喉返神经旁淋巴结为唯一转移部位。胸段食管癌淋巴结转移与肿瘤部位、长度、分化程度及浸润深度明显相关。胸上段食管癌淋巴结转移方向主要向上纵隔及下颈部;胸中段食管癌颈、胸、腹均可发生淋巴结转移;胸下段食管癌主要向腹腔、中下纵隔转移。结论食管上段鳞癌,颈部淋巴结转移率高,应行三野淋巴结清扫;下段食管癌清扫重点在腹腔、中下纵隔;中段鳞癌应提倡进行个体化清扫和适度清扫;分化程度差,浸润程度深的病例应适当扩大清扫范围。胸段食管癌喉返神经旁淋巴结转移率高,均应行喉返神经旁淋巴结清扫。