颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床及影像学诊断

目的:分析颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床及影像学特征。方法:回顾性分析25例具有完整临床资料的颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者的临床、全脑血管造影及10例螺旋CT表现。结果:临床表现为颅内杂音、不同程度的搏动性突眼、眼球运动障碍,视力减退或伴有复视、结膜水肿和充血。CT表现为眼球突出、眼上静脉增粗、海绵窦扩大、密度增高、眼球边缘模糊、眼睑肿胀。全脑血管造影表现为对比剂自颈内动脉或颈外动脉分支溢入海绵窦,形成一团浓密的不规则阴影,海绵窦及眼静脉等早期显影而颈内动脉床突上段和大脑前、中动脉不易充盈,并且可观察到瘘口位置、大小及侧支循环情况。结论:根据颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床表现和CT征象可以诊断颈动脉海绵窦瘘,脑血管造影是其诊断的金标准,并为进一步选择治疗方案提供依据。     

MSCT双期血管成像对颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的临床诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT双期脑血管成像对颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（ICCF）的诊断价值。方法：10例临床怀疑或确诊颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（ICCF）患者,均行颅脑CTA双期增强扫描,其中7例为术前检查,3例为介入栓塞术后复查,5例同期行DSA检查。采用容积再现（VR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、多平面重组（MPR）等技术处理图像。结果：7例术前CTA动脉期示患侧海绵窦早显扩大,同侧眼上静脉扩张纡曲,其中3例可见瘘口,3例同侧皮层静脉扩张,5例见岩上和岩下窦扩张．4例对倒海绵窦及眼上静脉显影扩大,3例患者有颅骨或颅底骨折。3倒术后复查CTA示患侧海绵窦及眼上静脉无旱显扩张,与DSA所见一致。结论：16层CT双期脑血管成像对颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断及介入栓塞术后疗效观察有重要价值。     

彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉-海绵窦瘘的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDUS）对颈动脉-海绵窦瘘（CCF）的诊断价值。方法本文应用CDUS对6例CCF患者进行了分析,并与脑血管造影比较。结果CDUS显示,引流静脉多以扩张的眼上静脉为主,脉冲多普勒可测到连续层流的静脉频谱中混叠有动脉搏动性频谱,患侧颈内动脉流速明显高于健侧;患侧大脑中动脉（MCA）、大脑前动脉（ACA）流速低于健侧。压迫患侧颈总动脉,患侧颈内动脉（瘘口以上）出现不同程度的倒灌血流。结论彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉-海绵窦瘘的诊断具有高度的特异性,是一项值得临床推广应用的无创、方便、快捷的诊断颈动脉-海绵窦瘘的辅助检查方法。     

原始三叉动脉海绵窦瘘栓塞治疗及并发症和处理一例

患者男,22岁.1年前左侧眉弓跌伤,7个月后无明显诱因出现左眼球突出,伴结膜充血、溢汨.体检显示:右眼裸视力0.5,左眼裸视力0.4;非接触(NCT)眼压计测压:右眼16 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa);左眼20 mm Hg;眼突出度右眼13 mm,左眼21;mm,左侧结膜充血,眶周可闻及收缩期吹风样杂音.辅助检查:头颅MR检查显示左侧颈内动脉海绵窦段增粗迂曲,眼上静脉明显增粗.动态增强扫描显示左侧海绵窦与颈内动脉交通,海绵窦引流静脉增粗,以左眼上静脉为重(图1).脑血管造影见基底动脉与左颈内动脉之间原始三义动脉(primitive trigeminal aftery,PTA)开放显影,PTA海绵窦段破裂形成PTA-海绵窦瘘(图2,3).治疗     

MRI对颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断价值

目的　探讨MR对颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断价值。方法　 2 3例经DSA检查证实的颈动脉海绵窦瘘 ,应用Toshiba 0 .5T磁共振扫描仪进行眼部及颅脑常规MRI及 3DTOFMRA扫描 ,回顾性分析其MRI及MRA表现。结果　 2 3例颈动脉海绵窦瘘的主要MRI及MRA表现 :全部病例均可见患侧海绵窦扩大 ,海绵窦主要属支静脉眼上静脉迂曲扩张 ;患侧眼下静脉扩张 3例 ,大脑浅静脉中组扩张 5例 ;海绵窦引流静脉岩上窦显示扩张 3例、岩下窦扩张 2例。吻合支翼静脉丛迂曲扩张 2例 ,对侧海绵窦扩大 3例。大脑动脉环后交通动脉开放 17例 19支。结论　MRI及MRA检查能够明确颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断 ,且MRA可同时显示脑供血代偿的情况 ,有助于选择DSA介入治疗时机。     

64层螺旋CT对颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT在颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（ICCF）诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析我院经血管内栓塞治疗成功的ICCF共16例,所有患者均经64层螺旋CT及DSA检查。结果 CT主要表现：所有患者患侧眼球突出、海绵窦扩大、眼上静脉扩张,部分患者眼下静脉、内眦静脉、面静脉、小脑半球上表面外侧脑膜静脉扩张,岩上、下窦扩张,眼外肌肿胀,眼球壁增厚。利用高级血管处理软件显示直接型瘘10例,间接型瘘6例。结论 64层螺旋CT克服了常规CT对颈动脉海绵窦瘘直接征象的显示并不满意的弱点,可清楚显示颈动脉海绵窦瘘瘘口的位置和大小,同时可以有效地评价Willis环的功能,可为颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断、治疗及疗效评价提供有价值的信息。     

经颅彩色多普勒血流显像诊断颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床价值

目的:评价经颅彩色多普勒血流显像(TCCS)诊断颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床应用价值。方法:本组9例颈动脉海绵窦瘘经脑血管造影证实。采用经颅彩色多普勒血流显像通过颞窗和眶窗进行扫查。沿颈内动脉颅内段走行仔细探查海绵窦瘘的异常彩色血流团测量颈内动脉、颈外动脉和眼上静脉的血流频谱。结果:9例颈动脉海绵窦瘘中7例(A型)经颅超声可明确诊断(78%),I(D型)例可疑诊断(11%),I(B型)例漏诊(11%)。确诊的7例均可探及明显的海绵窦瘘彩色血流影,患侧颈内动脉呈高速低阻血流频谱,眼上静脉血流速度亦显著加快。结论:经颅彩色多普勒血流显像对A型颈动脉海绵窦瘘具有较高的临床应用价值。     

MSCT 在颈内动脉海绵窦瘘诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋 CT(MSCT)在颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)诊断中的应用价值。方法收集10例经数字减影血管造影(DSA)证实的 CCF 患者资料,回顾性分析其 MSCT 平扫、CT 血管造影(CTA)及后重建影像表现,并与其他检查方法进行比较。结果10例 CCF 患者,CT 平扫均表现为眼上静脉扩张,CTA 可见眼上静脉早显、海绵窦扩大。通过多平面重建(MPR)及曲面重建(CPR)可显示瘘口。容积再现(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)对病灶整体范围显示良好。CT、MRI、DSA 及彩色多普勒超声在 CCF的诊断中均具有一定优势,但各有其局限性。结论 MSCT 可以通过平扫、CTA 技术及多种后重建手段得到特征性的影像表现,对于 CCF 的早期诊断及早期治疗具有重要价值。     

血管内栓塞治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘

目的　探讨颈内动脉海绵窦瘘 (CCF)血管内栓塞治疗的效果。方法　 5例均经DSA全脑血管造影明确瘘口部位 ,采用可脱性球囊或电致血凝性可脱性铂金弹簧圈 (GDC)进行栓塞。结果　 5例中 ,1例球囊栓塞成功并保持颈内动脉通畅 ;2例表现为假性动脉瘤 ,用球囊闭塞患侧颈内动脉 ;1例因瘘口太小 ,用GDC填塞海绵窦 ;另 1例 2次试放球囊入海绵窦均破裂失败 ,其中 1枚瘪陷球囊滞留于海绵窦 ,患者不愿闭塞患侧颈内动脉未予进一步治疗 ,但患者治疗术后 1周临床症状和体征消失。结论　颈内动脉海绵窦瘘全脑血管造影可明确瘘口部位、大小 ,首选治疗方法是血管内栓塞治疗。     

颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内栓塞治疗(附7例分析)

目的：探讨颈内动脉海绵窦瘘血管内球囊栓塞治疗之效果。方法：７例病人（５例外伤性，２例自发性）均行ＤＳＡ全脑血管造影明确瘘口部位。结果：７例中５例球囊栓塞成功，保持了颈内动脉的通畅。１例行患侧颈内动脉闭塞。另１例属Ｄ型，栓塞效果不满意。结论：海绵窦瘘全脑血管造影可明确瘘口部位、大小及分型。单纯性海绵窦瘘大部分为外伤性，首选治疗方法是血管内球囊栓塞治疗。     

Occlusion of arteriovenous malformations of the cavernous sinus via the superior ophthalmic vein

The treatment of five patients with dural arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the cavernous sinus via the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) is reported. The procedure was performed by transcutaneous puncture of the SOV under the guidance of real-time digital subtraction angiography. Complete resolution of the ocular symptoms was achieved in all cases. Angiograms after embolization showed complete obliteration of the malformation in four cases and partial obliteration in one. This method can cure dural AVMs of the cavernous sinus, with preservation of blood flow in the internal carotid artery. It is particularly indicated when the SOV is enlarged and when (1) dural AVMs of the cavernous sinus are fed by small branches of the internal carotid artery or direct carotid cavernous fistulas with small tears; (2) dural AVMs of the cavernous sinus are fed by multiple branches from both the internal and external carotid arteries, one or both sides; or (3) dural AVMs of the cavernous sinus or direct carotid cavernous fistulas recur after trapping of the internal carotid artery. Transcutaneous puncture and catheterization of the SOV was performed safely with the aid of digital subtraction angiography. The SOV approach was able to treat the fistula with preservation of the internal carotid artery.     

颅内动静脉瘘的CT和MRI诊断价值

目的:探讨CT和MRI对颅内动静脉瘘的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析18例颅内动静脉瘘的CT和MRI表现。18例均经DSA检查明确诊断。其中12例行CT检查;16例行MRI检查,同期6例行MRA检查。结果:颅内动静脉瘘的CT和MRI的特征性表现为脑沟、脑裂、基底池内血管影增粗、增多,呈散在分布,受累及的静脉窦增粗,且病变区没有畸形血管团。海绵窦硬脑膜动静脉瘘在T2WI上表现为局部流空信号增宽,MRA原始图像显示局部有较丰富的异常纤细血流信号。结论:认识颅内动静脉瘘的CT和MRI表现,有助于早期诊断及治疗。MRI对显示软脑膜血管扩张优于CT。选择性脑血管造影是确诊本病的可靠手段。     

经眼上静脉途径栓塞治疗自发性海绵窦硬膜动静脉瘘

目的 观察填塞海绵窦（ＣＳ）,治疗海绵窦硬膜动静脉瘘的疗效。方法 经眼上静脉（ＳＯＶ）途径栓塞治疗复发性海绵窦硬膜动静脉瘘,因ＳＯＶ显著扩张、动脉化,使导管可直接插入ＣＳ,推入栓塞材料,填塞ＣＳ,治愈海绵窦硬膜动脉静脉瘘,同时又不影响同侧颈内动脉的供血。结果 ９例病人通过脑血管造影,确证为Ｂａｒｒｏｗ分类的Ｂ,Ｃ和Ｄ型瘘,经栓塞ＣＳ治疗,２个月后９例病人的症状全部消失。结论该法是自发性海绵窦硬膜动     

CT angiography and MR angiography in the evaluation of carotid cavernous sinus fistula prior to embolization: a comparison of techniques

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study compared CT angiography (CTA), MR angiography (MRA), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in elucidating the size and location of carotid cavernous sinus fistulas (CCFs) before embolization treatment. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 53 patients with angiographically confirmed CCF. All patients underwent pre- and postcontrast-enhanced CTA and DSA, and 50 patients also underwent MRA. Two neuroradiologists rated detectability of the fistula tract as "good," "moderate," or "poor" in source images obtained by using each procedure. The chi(2) test was used to compare the imaging modalities with respect to their ability to detect fistulas. RESULTS: CTA did not differ significantly from DSA (P = .155), and both CTA (P = .001) and DSA (P = .007) performed significantly better than MRA in the population as a whole. Differences in performance among the methods, however, depended upon the segmental location of the fistula along the internal carotid artery (ICA). CTA and MRA were similar in detection of CCFs in patients with a fistula at segment 3. CTA significantly outperformed MRA in patients with a fistula at segment 4, who accounted for approximately half of the population. CONCLUSIONS: CTA source imaging has proved itself as useful as DSA for detecting CCFs. Of the 2 noninvasive techniques, CTA performed better than MRA in the population as a whole and in most patients whose fistula was located at segment 4 or 5 of the ICA.     

海绵窦区硬脑膜型动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗

目的探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜型动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗方法。方法25例硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者,均以眼部表现与首发症状,其中5例患者初诊为“结膜炎”。25例患者全部经Seldinger技术插管行全脑血管造影证实。13例分流量大、供血动脉条数多者行血管内栓塞治疗,12例分流量小,供血动脉条数少者采用压颈保守治疗。结果25例均为海绵窦区硬脑膜型动静脉瘘,其中13例采用经血管内栓塞治疗,12例采用压颈保守治疗,均取得满意疗效。结论海绵窦区硬脑膜型动静脉瘘的诊断通常并不困难。血管内栓塞治疗是非常有效的方法,对分流量小的病变压颈保守治疗同样可获得较好的结果。     

外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘并严重鼻衄的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨血管内介入治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(TCCF)合并严重鼻衄的策略和疗效.方法 26例TCCF并严重鼻衄的患者进行了血管内介入治疗,其中24例采用了可脱性球囊栓塞瘘口或闭塞颈内动脉;1例采用解脱式微弹簧圈栓塞;1例采用覆膜支架进行治疗.结果 26例中,9例1次性栓塞了瘘口,假性动脉瘤消失,颈内动脉通畅;15例1次性栓塞了瘘口和闭塞颈内动脉;解脱式微弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦,瘘口基本消失,颈内动脉通畅1例;覆膜支架闭塞瘘口,颈内动脉保持通畅1例.术后26例均未再发生鼻衄.结论 TCCF并严重鼻衄应尽早进行DSA确诊,尽早或急症进行治疗.血管内介入治疗TCCF合并严重鼻衄是一种首选、安全和有效的治疗方法.     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘的CT诊断（附16例分析）

目的 分析颈动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）的CT表现。材料与方法 回顾分析16例具有完整临床资料的CCF的CT表现有外伤史者12例,占75％,10例经DSA造影证实。结果 CT主要表现为：（1）眼球突出;（2）海绵窦扩大;（3）眼上静脉扩张。结果 眼眶CT扫描是一种无创的颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断方法,具有准确、方便、特异等特点,但应进行必要的鉴别诊断。     

Embolization of dural cavernous fistulas via superior ophthalmic vein approach.

PURPOSETo present the results of our treatment of dural cavernous sinus fistulas with surgical exposure of the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV), retrograde venous catheterization, and coil embolization of the cavernous sinus.METHODSTwelve patients with dural cavernous sinus fistulas were treated via a retrograde transvenous SOV approach in our hospital during a 3-year period. All patients had been referred by ophthalmologists because of secondary glaucoma and decreased visual acuity. Angiography showed preferential venous drainage of the dural cavernous sinus fistulas to an enlarged ipsilateral SOV. A total of 13 SOV exposures were performed, one patient with bilateral fistulas required bilateral treatment. The vein was surgically exposed by an ophthalmologist and then catheterized. Platinum coils were delivered through a microcatheter at the fistula site and into the root of the SOV, until there was complete angiographic closure.RESULTSCatheterization and embolization were successful in 12 of the 13 patients, with complete angiographic occlusion of the fistula. Two patients with bilateral fistulas had transient worsening of symptoms on the contralateral side. Three patients required follow-up angiography. No early complications occurred, and late complications were minor in two cases. All patients except one with long-standing symptoms recovered premorbid visual acuity. At follow-up, 11 (92%) of the 12 embolized fistulas remained occluded.CONCLUSIONSRetrograde catheterization of the SOV and embolization of the cavernous sinus with coils is a direct, safe, and efficient way to occlude dural cavernous sinus fistulas.     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘的眼眶CT表现(附23例报告)

目的分析２３例经ＤＳＡ检查证实的颈动脉海绵窦瘘的眼眶ＣＴ表现。材料与方法本组２３例，其中有外伤史者１５例，占６５％。颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（ＣＣＦ）１４例，硬脑膜动脉海绵窦瘘９例。均行眼眶ＣＴ检查并经ＤＳＡ造影证实。结果主要ＣＴ表现为：（１）眼球突出；（２）眼上静脉扩张；（３）海绵窦增大；（４）眼外肌增粗；（５）眶内软组织肿胀。结论对突眼的病人进行ＣＴ扫描，发现有上述表现时可考虑颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断，但应进行必要的鉴别诊断，ＤＳＡ检查可明确瘘的部位和类型，并可决定治疗的方法