新辅助治疗的优势:机器人辅助腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术治疗局部进展期前列腺癌

目的探讨术前新辅助内分泌治疗(NHT)是否能使接受机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(RLRP)治疗的局部进展期前列腺癌患者临床获益。方法回顾性研究中国医科大学附属第一医院泌尿外科自2018年5月至2019年8月根治术前通过穿刺活检及MRI诊断为局部进展期前列腺癌患者31例。其中术前行新辅助内分泌治疗12例,年龄(65.67±5.123)岁,未经内分泌治疗19例,年龄(66.58±8.520)岁。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后切缘阳性率、淋巴结阳性率、术后吻合口漏尿等情况。结果 31例手术均无中转开放及二次手术。新辅助治疗组手术时间[(176.84±54.875)min vs.(66.58±8.520)min,P=0.032]和术后住院时间[(9.50±2.505)min vs.(13.87±5.987)min,P=0.048]缩短,术中失血量[(165.68±79.746)mL vs.(13.87±5.987)mL,P=0.013]减少。治疗组肿瘤切缘阳性率(8.33%vs.26.32%,P=0.001)和清扫淋巴结阳性率(17.14%vs.38.18%,P=0.037)也明显低于对照组。术前辅助内分泌治疗并不能降低术后Gleason评分和临床分期(P>0.05)。结论术前新辅助内分泌治疗在RLRP治疗局部进展期前列腺癌患者中可能在一定程度上降低手术难度并且减少术中出血,使患者受益。     

局部转移性晚期甲状腺癌分子靶向药物治疗

晚期碘难治性甲状腺癌(radioactive iodine-refractory DTC,RAIR DTC)、甲状腺未分化癌和晚期髓样癌目前仍缺少有效治疗方法,一旦发生局部复发或远处转移,严重威胁病人的生命。随着甲状腺癌分子生物学研究的蓬勃发展,许多有效的药物分子作用靶标相继被发现。基于一个或多个靶点研发出分子靶向药物已经完成或正在进行治疗甲状腺癌的临床试验,展现出良好的发展和应用前景。索拉非尼、凡德尼布、乐伐替尼以及卡博替尼已被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准用于进展期甲状腺癌的治疗;阿西替尼、司美替尼等分子靶向抑制剂已通过Ⅱ/Ⅲ期临床试验,这些药物的出现为晚期甲状腺癌以及进展期髓样癌的治疗提供了全新的选择。这些靶向药物具有特异性强、副反应较小、疗效好等优点,在甲状腺癌的治疗中具有广阔的前景。     

进展期胃癌的新辅助化疗

目前国内临床治疗的胃癌患者大部分属于进展期,早期胃癌患者较少.进展期胃癌手术切除率低,预后差.进展期胃癌行新辅助化疗能使原发肿瘤降期,能提高根治性手术切除率,有改善患者生存率的可能.本文从进展期胃癌新辅助化疗的理论基础、研究现状与进展、效果评估、化疗用药等几个方面对进展期胃癌新辅助化疗进行综述,来说明术前新辅助化疗是进展期胃癌一种有效的治疗手段.     

Neoadjuvant androgen withdrawal prior to external radiotherapy for locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether positive interactions between radiation and androgen withdrawal for patients with locally advanced prostate cancer is synergistic or additive. The present study aimed to clarify the significance of neoadjuvant androgen ablation prior to external radiotherapy in a human prostate LNCaP tumor model and in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. METHODS: Comparisons were made between the effect of castration prior to radiation on the growth of subcutaneous LNCaP tumors implanted into male nude mice and their serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, and the results of castration or radiation alone. Twenty-nine patients with histologically proven and locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate were treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog at least 3 months before, during, and after external radiation therapy with a total dose of 70 Gy. The toxicity and response to this therapy were evaluated. RESULTS: Treatment combining castration and radiation resulted in synergistic inhibition of LNCaP tumor growth and a significant delay in the emergence of androgen-independent recurrence as opposed to either treatment alone. The external radiotherapy was completed in 28 patients (96.6%), resulting in a reduction of serum PSA levels in all 28 patients to below 1.0 ng/mL. All patients were alive after a mean follow-up period of 34 months (range 11-53) with a 3-year PSA relapse-free survival rate of 83.7%. Among several factors examined, only the Gleason score was significantly associated with PSA relapse-free survival in univariate analysis, but not in multivariate analysis. Thirteen of 28 patients (46%) and 7 of 28 (25%) also showed at least one form of gastrointestinal or genitourinary toxicity, respectively. Of these patients, 8 with gastrointestinal toxicities, and 1 with genitourinary toxicity, experienced acute complications higher than grade 3. CONCLUSION: The experimental findings objectively suggested the use of neoadjuvant androgen withdrawal prior to radiation therapy. Although our clinical experience is preliminary, combined androgen ablation and radiation therapy may also be effective in controlling locally advanced prostate cancer, with tolerable side-effects.     

局部进展期直肠癌新辅助化放疗的疗效观察

目的观察新辅助治疗对局部进展期直肠癌的疗效。方法2003年5月至2008年12月,我院临床分期为T3／T4期的局部进展期直肠癌病例32例,术前接受化疗一放疗一化疗,化放疗结束4～6周后手术。术后用Dworak分级评估新辅助治疗的组织学反应。所有患者术后接受随访,观察并发症发生率、局部复发率和临床结局。结果本组32例皆为R0切除,其中21例低位前切除术（Dixon术）,11例腹会阴联合切除术（MiLe术）,保肛率为65．6％。术后病检：5例Dworak分级3级,3例Dworak分级2级,24例Dworak分级1级。32例术后全部随访,随访时间24～91个月,中位随访时间52个月。全组无局部复发病例,皆无瘤生存至今。结论局部进展期直肠癌术前新辅助治疗有益,但对术后生存率的影响有待进一步观察。     

Neoadjuvant use of endocrine therapy in breast cancer

Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy is becoming increasingly popular as a safe and effective alternative to chemotherapy in selected patients. Large randomized studies have been published comparing tamoxifen with steroidal and nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors, with favorable results for aromatase inhibitors letrozole, anastrozole, and exemestane. Endocrine therapy can be used in the neoadjuvant setting for conversion of inoperable breast tumors to operable, and from potential mastectomy to breast-conserving surgery. The use of endocrine agents in this setting also provides an opportunity for the study of their biological effects upon tumor.     

背阔肌肌皮瓣修复新辅助化疗后局部晚期乳腺癌组织缺损的疗效观察

目的:探讨我科12例局部晚期伴有皮肤侵犯导致溃疡形成的乳腺癌患者,术前行新辅助化疗后行改良根治术,即刻应用背阔肌肌皮瓣即时修复组织缺损的疗效观察。方法:12例患者均于术前行4~6周期新辅助化疗TEC方案,后达到临床部分缓解(PR)、创面缩小后,行乳腺癌改良根治术、即刻背阔肌肌皮瓣转移修复胸壁组织缺损。结果:12例患者手术均成功,接受新辅助化疗和术后放疗。随访l0~24个月,术后远处转移l例,无局部复发和死亡病例。结论:局部晚期乳腺癌新辅助化疗后,应用背阔肌肌皮瓣转移至胸壁修复组织缺损切实可行。     

多西他赛、环磷酰胺与多西他赛、吡柔比星新辅助化疗方案治疗局部晚期乳腺癌疗效分析

目的观察多西他赛、环磷酰胺（DC方案）与多西他赛、吡柔比星（DT方案）新辅助化疗方案治疗局部晚期乳腺癌的临床疗效和不良反应。方法经麦默通穿刺确诊局部晚期乳腺癌可手术患者73例,随机分为DC组（35例）,DT组（38例）,分别给予DC方案,DT方案化疗3个周期,DC组35例,DT组38例化疗结束2周后行乳腺癌改良根治术。比较DC组,DT组疗效和不良反应,治疗前、后TNM分变化、术后并发症及化疗前后ER、PR、HER2变化比较。结果临床疗效比较DT组优于DC组,其差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;TNM分期均较新辅助化疗前降低（P〈0．05）,不良反应比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;术后并发症比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,ER、PR均为阴性患者对化疗敏感,DT方案对于HER2高表达患者疗更敏感。结论DT及DC新辅助化疗方案疗对局部晚期乳腺癌均有效,DT方案优于DC方案。     

Locally advanced prostate cancer: a population-based study of treatment patterns

Study Type – Therapy (practice patterns) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? The treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer varies widely even though there is level one evidence supporting the use of multimodality therapy as compared with monotherapy. This study defines treatment patterns of locally advanced prostate cancer within the United States and identifies predicators of who receives multimodality therapy rather than monotherapy.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To identify treatment patterns and predictors of receiving multimodality therapy in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? The cohort comprised patients ≥66 years with clinical stage T3 or T4 non‐metastatic prostate cancer diagnosed between 1998 and 2005 identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registry records linked with Medicare claims.
• ? Treatments were classified as radical prostatectomy (RP), radiation therapy (RT) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) received within 6 and 24 months of diagnosis.
• ? We assessed trends over time and used multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of multimodality treatment.

RESULTS

• ? Within the first 6 months of diagnosis, 1060 of 3095 patients (34%) were treated with a combination of RT and ADT, 1486 (48%) received monotherapy (RT alone, ADT alone or RP alone), and 461 (15%) received no active treatment.
• ? The proportion of patients who received RP increased, exceeding 10% in 2005.
• ? Use of combined RT and ADT and use of ADT alone fluctuated throughout the study period.
• ? In all 6% of patients received RT alone in 2005.
• ? Multimodality therapy was less common in patients who were older, African American, unmarried, who lived in the south, and who had co‐morbidities or stage T4 disease.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? Treatment of LAPC varies widely, and treatment patterns shifted during the study period.
• ? The slightly increased use of multimodality therapy since 2003 is encouraging, but further work is needed to increase combination therapy in appropriate patients and to define the role of RP.

     

Pathological Assessment of the Response of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Its Implications for Surgical Management

(Received for publication on Sept. 8, 1998; accepted on Sept. 17, 1999)     

化学治疗是中晚期膀胱癌治疗的重要手段

膀胱癌是泌尿系统中最常见的恶性肿瘤。尽管在确诊时只有20%的患者属晚期,但大多数患者最终会发生复发或转移。目前对于浸润性膀胱癌的标准治疗原则以根治性膀胱切除术加区域淋巴结清扫为主,配合化疗与放疗。但术后2年内仍有约50%的患者出现局部复发和转移,一旦出现复发和转移,多数在2年内死亡。目前膀胱癌患者的长期生存率仍较低,化疗是延长这些晚期患者生存时间并改善其生活质量的有效治疗方法,可使多数患者的生存时间由3~6个月延长至1年左右,少数患者可获得长期生存。因此,化疗在中晚期膀胱癌中的地位越来越得到重视。作者将就化疗对中晚期膀胱癌的生存影响进行综述。     

Cytoreductive surgery in the era of targeted molecular therapy

Cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) was regarded standard of care for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) in the immunotherapy era. With the advent of targeted molecular therapy (TMT) for the treatment of mRCC, the routine use of CN has been questioned. Up to date evidence continues to suggest that CN remains an integral part of treatment in appropriately selected patients. This review details the original context in which the efficacy of CN was established and rationale for the continued use of cytoreductive surgery in the era of TMT.     

Treatment strategies for advanced renal cell carcinoma: A new paradigm for surgical treatment

The induction of targeted drugs for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma has changed the treatment strategy for systemic therapy. Surgical treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma should also be reconsidered in the light of the effect of targeted drugs. The clinical benefit of cytoreductive nephrectomy for cases of metastatic renal cell carcinoma was proved in randomized trials in the cytokine era. However, at present, there has not been level 1 evidence for this in the targeted therapy era. Patients with better performance status and without poor risk factors tend to benefit from cytoreductive nephrectomy. Two ongoing large‐scale randomized studies might shed light on this issue. One of the remarkable differences in the efficacy between cytokines and targeted drugs, particularly tyrosine kinase inhibitors, is the reduction in the size of the primary tumors by tyrosine kinase inhibitors, including sunitinib and axitinib. Initial experiences with targeted therapy suggest that the neoadjuvant setting of tyrosine kinase inhibitors could be a viable option when the primary tumor shows local invasion and/or is unresectable. The present study does not support the routine neoadjuvant use of sunitinib because of the possibility of disease progression during the neoadjuvant therapy, and modest response and benefit. Axitinib, in contrast, shows larger reduction in the size of the primary tumor and might be used in the near future. Another issue is the combination of targeted therapy with metastasectomy. There is a lack of evidence for improved prognosis resulting from the neoadjuvant setting of tyrosine kinase inhibitors followed by metastasectomy. Further studies are warranted to investigate this.     

Preliminary outcome of a treatment strategy based on perioperative chemotherapy and surgery in patients with locally advanced colon cancer

Aim

Preoperative chemotherapy followed by radical surgery is an attractive treatment for locally advanced colon cancer (LACC) given the promising results of this approach in other locally advanced tumours. The study evaluates the outcome and treatment‐related complications of perioperative oxaliplatin‐ and capecitabine‐based chemotherapy and surgery for clinical Stage III colon cancer.

Method

Twenty‐two consecutive patients with a CT‐staged LACC were included. All were staged at baseline and before surgery. Surgery‐related complications and oncological outcome were determined.

Results

Toxicity was manageable, with 19/22 patients completing the planned chemotherapy protocol. The median time from initial diagnosis to surgery was 65.5 days. The median time from the end of chemotherapy to surgery was 22 days. After neoadjuvant treatment, tumour reduction of 69.5% was observed by CT scan and a 59.9% decrease of SUV_max (standard uptake value) was achieved on positron emission tomography/CT. No progressive disease was reported during preoperative chemotherapy and surgery was performed in all 22 patients. Four patients developed postoperative complications. After a median postoperative follow‐up of 14.4 months, the actuarial overall and disease‐free survival rates were 100 and 90%.

Conclusion

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and chemotherapy for LACC is safe without apparent increase of early and medium‐term complications.