异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗白血病*

背景：异基因外周血造血干细胞移植是治疗白血病的有效手段。 目的：比较血缘与非血缘供者异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗白血病的造血重建、免疫重建、感染、移植物抗宿主病及疗效。 方法：选择接受异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗的白血病患者45例,其中30例患者接受血缘供者造血干细胞移植(血缘组),15例患者接受非血缘供者造血干细胞移植(非血缘组)。 结果与结论：①造血重建：血缘组白细胞和血小板重建时间均快于非血缘组(P < 0.05)。在移植后30~40 d植活证据指标测定提示异体造血干细胞在受者体内完全植活。②T细胞重建：两组移植后各时间点T细胞重建差异无显著性意义。③感染发生率：两组移植后早期感染发生率,急、慢性移植物抗宿主病发生率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。④白血病复发：两组移植后复发率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。⑤无病生存：两组移植后2年无病生存率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。表明血缘供者异基因外周血造血干细胞移植后的造血重建较非血缘供者迅速,但两者间移植后T细胞重建、感染发生率、移植物抗宿主病及无病生存并无差异。      

大鼠骨髓间质干细胞对同种骨髓移植后造血重建和免疫重建的作用

目的：探讨大鼠骨髓间质干细胞（MSC）对 同种异体骨髓移植造血重建和免疫重建的影响。方法:建立大鼠同种异 体骨髓移植模型，通过生存率分析、外周血象检测、免疫细胞计数和受体免疫功能检测，综 合评价MSC对骨髓移植(bone marrow transplantation,BMT)后造血重建和免疫重建的作用。 结果：(1) MSC可促进BMT后造血重建：移植后30 d，共移植组外周血白 细胞、淋巴细胞和血小板数均高于单纯骨髓移植组；共移植组骨髓细胞数也高于对照组。(2 )MSC可促进BMT后免疫重建：移植后30 d，共移植组胸腺细胞数、脾细胞总数均高于骨髓单 纯移植组；共移植组对ConA、LPS 刺激的淋巴细胞增殖反应以及对第三体来源的同种混合淋 巴细胞反应均强于单纯BMT组。结论：大鼠MSC与骨髓共移植对同种异体 骨髓移植造血重建和免疫重建有一定促进作用。     

G-CSF动员的骨髓及外周血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血

采用G CSF动员的骨髓以及外周血造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血 (SAA)。共有 10例重型再生障碍性贫血患者接受了G CSF动员的骨髓以及外周血造血干细胞移植 ,回顾性分析植入情况、植入速度及急慢性移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD)发生率等。所有患者移植后均获得造血重建。中性粒细胞计数 (ANC) >0 5× 10 9L- 1 的中位时间为 13 2d(8～ 18) ,血小板 >2 0× 10 9L- 1 的中位时间为 2 2 2d(10～ 10 8)。 8例获得异体植入的患者中 3例发生Ⅰ Ⅱ度皮肤急性GVHD ,发生 5例慢性GVHD。至随访截止 ,中位随访 775d(2 10～ 14 2 9) ,所有 10例患者均无病存活(DFS)。因此我们认为G CSF动员的骨髓及外周血干细胞移植是治疗SAA的有效方法 ,可获得快速、持久植入 ,而不增加急性和慢性GVHD的发生率。     

无关供者异基因造血干细胞移植治疗骨髓增生异常综合征9例患者临床分析

目的探讨无关供者异基因造血干细胞移植(UD-HSCT)治疗骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)的疗效和可行性。方法MDS患者9例,其中男性6例,女性3例;年龄7～46岁,中位年龄30岁。其中难治性贫血(RA)1例,难治性血细胞减少伴有多系发育异常(RCMD)2例,难治性贫血伴有原始细胞过多-2(RAEB-2)5例,MDS进展为急性髓系白血病(MDS-AML)1例。接受UD-HSCT治疗的MDS患者中外周血造血干细胞移植(PBSCT)8例,骨髓移植(BMT)1例。供受者HLA高分辨配型10/10位点相合4例、9/10位点相合4例、7/10位点相合1例。预处理方案为BU+CY+Flud+Ara-C+ATG 8例、BU+Mel+Flud+Ara-C+ATG 1例,移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)预防方案为FK506+MTX+MMF 8例、CsA+MTX+MMF 1例。结果9例患者均获得造血重建,中性粒细胞≥0.5×109/L和血小板≥20×109/L的中位时间分别为移植后15(11～20)d和23(8～32)d。6例患者发生急性GVHD(aGVHD),其中Ⅰ度4例,Ⅱ度2例,5例患者发生局限型慢性GVHD(cGVHD)。中位随访20.3(6.4～50.0)个月,1例患者移植后14个月复发死亡,其余8例患者中位随访27.9(6.4～50.0)个月,均无病存活,总体生存率(OS)及无病生存率(DFS)均为85.7%±13.2%。结论UD-HSCT治疗MDS安全有效,在无同胞全合供者时,无关供者也可以作为此类患者有效治疗选择。     

造血干细胞移植治疗骨髓增生异常综合征20例疗效分析

目的评价造血干细胞移植（HSCT）治疗骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）患者的疗效，探讨MDS患者接受HSCT治疗的适应证和时机。方法1993年11月～2007年4月对20例MDS及MDS转急性髓系白血病（AML）患者（男性12例,女性8例,中位年龄39岁）行HSCT治疗。其中18例接受同胞供者异基因外周血干细胞移植（allo—PBSCT）；1例为同基因骨髓移植（Svn—BMT）；1例为无关脐带血移植（CBT），＋25d时移植失败行自体骨髓移植。预处理主要采用修改的Bu／Cv方案。结果3年总生存率（SO）及3年无病生存率均为53.3％±12％；3年复发率（RR）10．8％±7％，移植相关死亡率（TRM）42．6％±12％。截止随访日期，存活11例，中位生存时间16．5（2.0～112）个月。结论HSCT是治疗MDS的有效方法,如有HLA匹配的同胞供者,HSCT可作为MDS患者的一线治疗。     

同基因造血干细胞移植延长同种异体小鼠皮肤移植物存活时间的实验研究

为了研究同基因造血干细胞移植诱导器官移植免疫耐受的可行性。建立小鼠异基因皮肤移植模型,术后2周给予FK506腹腔注射,3周起行全身照射及同基因骨髓移植,观察记录小鼠和移植物存活情况,以流式细胞检测受体GFP嵌合表达,混合淋巴细胞反应、迟发型超敏反应检测诱导耐受的特异性和效能。实验组小鼠移植物存活时间达(29.14±4.92)d,显著长于对照组(P<0.05);GFP在BMT后4周、6周嵌合程度达到82%、91%;实验组MLR、DTH结果与对照组差异显著,提示诱导耐受具有高度特异性和高效性。同基因造血干细胞移植联合免疫抑制剂治疗可以有效诱导小鼠皮肤移植的免疫耐受。     

单倍体相合异基因造血干细胞移植治疗白血病

背景：对于无HLA全相合同胞供者的患者,采用单倍体相合造血干细胞移植面临移植物抗宿主病重、移植相关死亡率高的风险,但通过不同的移植模式,将有可能获取相近的疗效。 目的：观察亲缘HLA单倍体相合异基因造血干细胞移植治疗白血病的疗效,并与亲缘HLA全相合异基因造血干细胞移植相比较。 方法：45例白血病患者分为2组。单倍体组移植方式为外周血或联合骨髓干细胞移植,预处理方案为改良白消安与环磷酰胺或加抗胸腺细胞球蛋白,移植物抗宿主病的预防采用环孢素A+甲氨蝶呤+霉酚酸脂;全相合组移植方式为外周血干细胞移植,预处理方案为BuCY,移植物抗宿主病的预防采用环孢素A+甲氨蝶呤。 结果与结论：两组均获得造血重建时间差异无显著性意义。单倍体及全相合组急性移植物抗宿主病的累积发病率分别为73%对52%(P > 0.05);慢性移植物抗宿主病的累积发病率分别为56%对45%(P > 0.05);移植相关死亡率分别为36%对17%(P > 0.05);单倍体组无复发,全相合组复发2例;两组的预计3年累积无病生存率分别为61%对60%(P > 0.05)。结果提示,亲缘单倍体异基因造血干细胞移植的总体疗效与亲缘全相合异基因造血干细胞移植相似,但中重度急性移植物抗宿主病的发生率较后者为高。     

非血缘外周血造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的有效性

文题释义：非血缘外周血造血干细胞移植：由于中华骨髓库的快速扩容,使得很多无HLA相合同胞供者的患者非血缘HLA配型成功,随着近期造血干细胞移植技术的不断完善,非血缘外周血造血干细胞移植治疗良性和恶性血液病的疗效已经取得与同胞相合造血干细胞移植相似的疗效。非血缘外周血造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血：重型再生障碍性贫血如没有进行有效治疗,短期内死亡率高,强化免疫抑制治疗起效需要时间较长。虽然同胞相合造血干细胞移植是一线治疗方法,但多数患者无同胞相合供者,此类重型再生障碍性贫血患者非血缘外周血造血干细胞移植是有效可行的替代治疗方案。 背景：重型再生障碍性贫血患者获得同胞相合造血干细胞移植供者的概率低于30%,随着近期非血缘外周血造血干细胞移植技术的不断完善,其治疗良性和恶性血液病已经达到与同胞相合造血干细胞移植相似的疗效。目的：评价非血缘外周血造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的有效性和安全性。 方法：回顾性分析2014年3月至2019年9月期间接受非血缘外周血造血干细胞移植治疗的25例重型再生障碍性贫血(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)患者,均无同胞相合供者并且拒绝接受免疫抑制治疗。移植预处理方案为氟达拉滨+环磷酰胺+兔抗人胸腺细胞球蛋白抗体。移植物抗宿主病的预防方案为环孢素+吗替麦考酚酯+短程甲氨蝶呤。观察指标包括植入率及造血重建时间、移植物抗宿主病发生率、移植相关并发症发生率、5年预计总生存率、5年预计无病生存率。该临床研究的实施获得郑州大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准,患者及亲属签署非血缘外周血造血干细胞移植相关知情同意书。结果与结论：①25例重型再生障碍性贫血患者中有3例移植后+28 d之内死亡,无法评价植入情况。剩余22例患者中有21例(95.4%)获得造血重建,植入成功;1例(4.6%)植入失败。中性粒细胞≥0.5×10⁹ L^-1和血小板≥20×10⁹ L^-1的中位时间分别为12 d(9-18 d)和13 d(10-32 d)。②植入成功的21例患者中,急性移植物抗宿主病发生率为28.6%(6/21),其中Ⅰ-Ⅱ度3例,Ⅲ-Ⅳ度3例。轻度慢性移植物抗宿主病患者仅有9.5%(2/21),无中度和重度慢性移植物抗宿主病发生。③中位随访396 d(15-1 886 d),18例(72.0%)存活,5年预计总生存率为71.1%,5年预计无病生存率为65.6%。7例(28.0%)死亡,其中3例(12.0%)患者死于感染,2例(8.0%)患者死于急性肠道移植物抗宿主病,1例(4.0%)患者死于颅内出血,1例(4.0%)患者死于多器官功能衰竭。④结果显示,对于无同胞相合供者的重型再生障碍性贫血患者,非血缘外周血造血干细胞移植是安全有效的治疗方法,是一项可行有益的替代治疗选择。 ORCID: 0000-0002-0880-309X(张素平) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

单倍型异基因造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血:回顾性分析

背景:随着国内独生子女家庭的普及,全相合造血干细胞移植受干细胞来源限制,临床应用受到局限,因此单倍型造血干细胞移植越来受到亲睐。目的:回顾性对比分析单倍型异基因造血干细胞移植和全相合异基因造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选取解放军北京军区总医院血液科2013年1月至2015年1月接受单倍型异基因造血干细胞移植治疗的15例重型再生障碍性贫血患者(治疗组)病例资料,预处理方案为环磷酰胺、氟达拉滨、白舒非联合抗人淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白,供者接受粒细胞集落刺激因子动员,移植方式应用骨髓联合外周血干细胞移植。采用联合免疫抑制剂包括环孢素A、甲氨蝶呤、他克莫司等预防移植物抗宿主病。同时选择同期行全相合异基因造血干细胞移植治疗的15例重型再生障碍性贫血患者病例资料作为对照组,统计两组患者移植相关并发症及存活情况。结果与结论:随访至2015年7月,治疗组中位随访时间20.7个月(6-30个月),全部患者均获造血重建,4例发生移植物抗宿主病、5例合并肺部感染、3例合并败血症,因肺部感染死亡1例、败血症死亡1例、移植物抗宿主病死亡2例;对照组中位随访时间19.7个月(5-28个月),全部患者均获造血重建,3例发生移植物抗宿主病、4例合并肺部感染,因移植物抗宿主病死亡2例、肺部感染死亡1例,两组患者总生存率分别为73%和80%,差异无显著性意义(P=0.67)。结果表明单倍型移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血安全有效,临床疗效与全相合造血干细胞移植相当。     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗24例重型再生障碍性贫血北大核心

背景:重型再生障碍性贫血病情重、病死率高,需快速恢复造血功能,目前异基因造血干细胞移植为一线治疗方案,同胞全相合异基因造血干细胞移植为首选,单倍体相合造血干细胞移植作为替代治疗方案也取得了较好的效果。目的:探讨异基因造血干细胞移植(包括同胞全相合造血干细胞移植及单倍体相合造血干细胞移植)治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2015年4月至2021年7月于徐州市中心医院接受异基因造血干细胞移植治疗24例重型再生障碍性贫血患者的临床资料,其中接受同胞全相合造血干细胞移植8例,接受单倍体相合造血干细胞移植16例。24例重型再生障碍性贫血患者预处理方案为氟达拉滨、环磷酰胺、抗淋巴细胞球蛋白方案。同胞全相合造血干细胞移植采用环孢素联合短程甲氨蝶呤预防移植物抗宿主病,单倍体相合造血干细胞移植在此基础上增加吗替麦考酚酯。结果与结论:①24例重型再生障碍性贫血患者中有2例患者预处理期间死于严重感染,其余22例均达造血重建;中性粒细胞植入中位时间为12.5(10-18)d,血小板植入中位时间为14.5(10-26)d;②22例植入成功患者发生急性移植物抗宿主病8例(36%),Ⅲ/Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病2例,慢性移植物抗宿主病累计发生4例(18%),Ⅲ/Ⅳ度慢性移植物抗宿主病1例;③18例患者存活,6例患者死亡,5年预计总生存率为74%;④结果表明,异基因造血干细胞移植为重型再生障碍性贫血的有效治疗手段,同胞全合供者作为首选,无同胞全相合供者时可选择单倍体相合供者作为替代。     

Peripheral Blood versus Bone Marrow as a Source of Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Allogeneic Transplantation in Children With Class I and II Beta Thalassemia Major

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) has been extended to treating hematologic disorders, but the benefits over bone marrow transplantation (BMT) still remain unclear, especially in nonmalignant hematologic disorders. In this study, we compared class I-II thalassemic children who underwent HLA-matched PBSCT and BMT for treatment. Conditioning regimens consisted of busulfan and cyclophosphamide, followed by cyclosporine ± methotrexate for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. Using multivariate analysis, the outcomes of 87 PBSCT patients and 96 BMT patients were reported (median follow-up: 29 and 60 months, respectively). The median time to neutrophil and platelet recovery in PBSCT patients (11 and 18 days, respectively) was significantly lower than BMT patients (19 and 26 days, respectively) (P < .001). Grade II-IV acute GVHD was more frequent in PBSCT versus BMT group (72% versus 55%; P = .003) (relative risk = 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-2.57). The incidence of chronic GVHD was more frequent in the PBSCT versus BMT group (48% versus 19%; P < .001) (relative risk = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.43-4.82). There was no difference in the 2-year overall survival after PBSCT and BMT (83% and 89%, respectively). The 2-year disease-free survival was 76% in both groups. These results show some advantages of PBSCT, but to improve the risk of GVHD in PBSCT, a better conditioning and prophylaxis regimen is needed.     

A comparison of related donor peripheral blood and bone marrow transplants: importance of late-onset chronic graft-versus-host disease and infections.

Peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell (PBSC) transplants have been shown to result in more rapid engraftment than standard bone marrow transplants (BMTs). Little comparative data exist regarding complications in patients receiving transplants using these stem cell sources. In our study, 97 adults with advanced hematologic malignancies who received allogeneic PBSC transplants were compared with 97 adults who received allogeneic BMTs using identical preparative regimens and support parameters. The incidence of systemic infections and other major complications occurring within the first year after transplantation were calculated in both groups. Proportional hazard analysis was used to examine risk factors for death and complications in both groups. Patients receiving PBSC transplants had more rapid neutrophil (17 days versus 24 days; P <.001) and platelet engraftment (28 days versus 47 days; P <.001) than BMT recipients. The survival rate at 2 years was 38% in PBSC transplant recipients and 28% in marrow recipients (P =.08). There was no difference in rates of grade II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) between groups (PBSC 46%, BMT 51%; P =.3). PBSC transplant recipients were more likely to develop chronic GVHD after 180 days (hazard ratio 2.2; P =.05). Accompanying this "late-onset chronic GVHD," a pattern of more frequent late systemic fungal and cytomegalovirus infections was observed in PBSC transplant recipients. In conclusion, although PBSC transplant recipients engraft more quickly than BMT recipients and have somewhat better 2-year survival rates, they develop more frequent late-onset chronic GVHD and may have more late fungal and cytomegalovirus infections than marrow recipients. Further studies must examine this late-onset chronic GVHD and better characterize immune reconstitution in PBSC transplant recipients to understand their effects on patient recovery.     

HLA单倍体与全相合异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病

背景：异基因造血干细胞移植是治疗恶性血液病的一种非常有效的方法。单倍体相合的造血干细胞移植扩大了移植的应用范围,是无HLA相合供者患者的一种重要选择。 目的：比较HLA单倍体相合与全相合异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病的临床疗效。 方法：回顾性分析接受异基因造血干细胞移植79例恶性血液病患者的临床资料,其中HLA单倍体相合组26例、全相合组53例,对比两组受者移植物抗宿主病的发生率、复发率、2年生存率等。 结果与结论：78例受者获得完全、持久供者干细胞植入;1例受者在移植后28 d尚未植入,后因感染死亡。两组慢性移植物抗宿主病发生率、复发率和2年无病生存率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。单倍体相合组急性移植物抗宿主病发生率高于全相合组(P < 0.05);2年总生存率低于全相合组(P < 0.05)。提示血缘HLA单倍体相合移植治疗恶性血液病的安全性及疗效接近于全相合移植,在缺乏HLA相合供者的情况下,行HLA单倍体相合造血干细胞移植治疗恶性血液病是切实可行的选择。     

Calcineurin Inhibitor–Free Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis with Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide and Brief-Course Sirolimus Following Reduced-Intensity Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation

Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) form the foundation of current graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis regimens. We hypothesized that a CNI-free regimen consisting of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) and brief-course sirolimus would reduce chronic GVHD and nonrelapse mortality (NRM) after reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). Twenty-six patients (median age, 61 years) underwent unmanipulated PBSCT from an 8/8 locus-matched donor (matched related donor, n = 17; natched unrelated donor, n = 9). GVHD prophylaxis consisted of PTCy and brief-course sirolimus. Donor engraftment occurred in all patients. The cumulative incidence (CI) of grade II-IV acute GVHD, grade III-IV acute GVHD, and chronic GVHD was 46%, 15%, and 31% respectively. One-year NRM was 4%. The median time to immunosuppression discontinuation was day +138. With a median follow-up of 20 months, the estimated 2-year overall survival was 71%, estimated disease-free survival was 64%, and estimated relapse incidence was 32%. In patients with a lymphoid malignancy (eg, chronic lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin disease), 2-year disease-free survival was 100%, and there were no relapses. Good immune reconstitution was evidenced by low cytomegalovirus reactivation rate of 21% (4 of 19 at-risk patients). GVHD prophylaxis with PTCy and sirolimus achieves consistent donor engraftment, low rates of chronic GVHD and NRM, and excellent outcomes in recipients of HLA-identical related and unrelated donor allogeneic PBSCT.     

Time-Varying Effects of Graft Type on Outcomes for Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

This study aimed to investigate time-varying effects of graft type on outcomes for patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. For this purpose we analyzed 3952 patients, 720 of whom underwent matched related bone marrow transplantation (BMT), 1004 matched related peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT), 856 matched unrelated BMT, and 1372 umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) during complete remission. The 4-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rates were 59.1%, 52.8%, 59.5%, and 50.6%, respectively. Compared with related BMT, related PBSCT, unrelated BMT, and UCBT were associated with higher risk of nonrelapse mortality and unrelated BMT and UCBT with lower risk of relapse. As a result, both RFS and overall survival were comparable between related BMT and unrelated BMT but were worse for related PBSCT and UCBT than for related BMT. Adverse impact of UCBT was observed only during the early phase of transplant, whereas that of related PBSCT continued even after 2 years post-transplant. Our findings raise concerns about the increased risk of late nonrelapse mortality with the use of PBSC grafts and suggest that related BMT is preferable to related PBSCT; matched unrelated BMT is the next choice in the absence of a matched related donor.     

Marrow versus blood-derived stem cell grafts for allogeneic transplantation from unrelated donors in patients with active myeloid leukemia or myelodysplasia

Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) are increasingly used as the graft source in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. We compared long-term outcome after unrelated donor transplantation of 85 consecutive patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome regarding disease status (early disease [CR1, refractory anemia); n = 25 and advanced/active disease [>CR1, >refractory anemia]; n = 60) who were treated with conventional conditioning regimens followed by bone marrow (BM) or PBSC grafts. Graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis consisted mainly of cyclosporine A, short-course methotrexate, and anti-T-lymphocyte globulin. After a median follow-up of 118?months (68-174), the 10-year event-free survival rate after peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) was 54.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 39.7%-69.8%), and after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), it was 27.9% (14.5%-41.3%; P < .004). In the advanced/active disease group, the 10-year event-free survival rate after PBSCT was 50% (30.8%-69.2%), and after BMT, it was 23.5% (9.3%-37.8%; P < .007). Non relapse mortality was less after PBSCT than BMT (14.3% vs 30.2%), respectively. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, PBSCT showed a better overall survival (OS; hazard ratio [HR], 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23-0.79; P = .007) compared to BMT; unfavorable/unknown prognostic impact cytogenetic abnormalities were an adverse factor for all patients (HR, 2.202; 95% CI, 1.19-4.06; P = .011). In patients with advanced disease, the use of PBSCs showed a significant favorable outcome via multivariate analysis (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.24-0.99; P = .046). Outcome of acute myelogenous leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome after unrelated hematopoietic cell transplantation is adversely affected by cytogenetic abnormalities and state of remission at hematopoietic cell transplantation. PBSC as a graft source has a significant favorable influence on survival.     

Shortened-Duration Immunosuppressive Therapy after Nonmyeloablative,Related HLA-Haploidentical or Unrelated Peripheral Blood Grafts and Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide

With post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis, nonmyeloablative (NMA) HLA-haploidentical (haplo) and HLA-matched blood or marrow transplantation (BMT) have comparable outcomes. Previous reports have shown that discontinuation of immunosuppression (IS) as early as day 60 after infusion of a bone marrow (BM) haplo allograft with PTCy is feasible. There are certain diseases in which peripheral blood (PB) may be favored over BM, but given the higher rates of GVHD with PB, excessive GVHD is of increased concern. We report a completed, prospective single-center trial of stopping IS at days 90 and 60 after NMA PB stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). Between 12/2015-7/2018, 117 consecutive patients with hematologic malignancies associated with higher rates of graft failure after NMA conditioned BMT and PTCy, received NMA PB allografts on trial. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of reduced‐duration IS (from day 5 through day 90 in the D90 cohort and through day 60 in the D60 cohort). Of the 117 patients (median age, 64 years; range, 22 to 78 years), the most common diagnoses were myelodysplastic syndrome (33%), acute myelogenous leukemia (with minimal residual disease or arising from an antecedent disorder) (32%), myeloproliferative neoplasms (19%), myeloma (9%), and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (7%). Shortened IS was feasible in 75 patients (64%) overall. Ineligibility for shortened IS resulted most commonly from GVHD (17 patients), followed by early relapse (11 patients), nonrelapse mortality (NRM) (7 patients), patient/ physician preference (4 patients) or graft failure (3 patients). Of the 57 patients in the D90 cohort, 33 (58%) stopped IS early as planned, and among the 60 patients in the D60 cohort, 42 (70%) stopped IS early as planned. The graft failure rate was 2.6%. After IS cessation, the median time to diagnosis of grade II-IV acute GVHD was 21 days in the D90 cohort and 32 days in the D60 cohort, with almost all cases developing within 40 days. Approximately one-third of these patients resumed IS. All outcome measures were similar in the 2 cohorts and our historical outcomes with 180 days of IS. The cumulative incidence of grade III-IV acute GVHD was low, 2% in the D90 cohort and 7% in the D60 cohort. The incidence of severe chronic GVHD at 2 years was 9% in the D90 cohort and 5% in the D60 cohort. The 2-year overall survival was 67% for both the D90 and D60 cohorts. The 2-year progression-free survival was 47% for the D90 cohort and 52% for the D60 cohort, and the GVHD-free, relapse-free survival was <35% for both cohorts. These data suggest that reduced-duration IS in patients undergoing NMA PBSCT with PTCy is feasible and has an acceptable safety profile.© 2020 American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc.     

HLA-identical sibling peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in children and adolescents.

Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) was performed in children and adolescents for the treatment of malignant (n = 49) and nonmalignant hematological disease (n = 8). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized PBSCs were apheresed from 57 HLA-matched siblings aged 9 months to 24 years (median, 8 years) without any serious adverse, effects. No abnormalities were found in these donors for a median follow-up of 25 months (range, 6-56 months). Patients were conditioned with a TBI-containing regimen (n = 17) or a non-TBI regimen (n = 40). GVHD prophylaxis consisted of methotrexate (MTX) plus cyclosporine A (CSP) for 23 patients, CSP plus methylprednisolone (mPDN) for 22 patients, MTX only for 7 patients, CSP only for 4 patients, and MTX plus CSP plus mPDN for 1 patient. Engraftment was prompt, with a median number of days to reach an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) above 0.5 x 10(9)/L of 13 days (range, 8-23 days), with 1 graft failure. Acute GVHD (grades II-IV) occurred in 8 (16%) of 49 evaluable patients, and chronic GVHD developed in 23 (64%) of 36 evaluable patients. Notably, two thirds of chronic GVHD was extensive. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of 3-year disease-free survival was 0% for refractory disease (n = 6), 37.2% +/- 11.8% for high-risk malignancies (n = 25), 81.4% +/- 9.7% for standard-risk malignancies (n = 18), and 100% for nonmalignant disease (n = 8). The estimated 100-day nonrelapse mortality rate was 9.9% +/- 4.2%. In conclusion, allogeneic PBSCT is feasible in a pediatric population. Although the grade of acute GVHD was set low, as in Japanese BMT studies, the incidence and severity of chronic GVHD appears to be relatively high. For nonmalignant disease, the question arises of whether the higher incidence and severity of chronic GVHD is a drawback of this procedure. For high-risk malignancies, whether or not a graft-versus-leukemia effect prevents relapse needs to be clarified in future comparative studies with BMT.     

Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation versus Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation for Hematologic Malignancies in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) is being increasingly performed as an alternative to bone marrow transplantation (BMT); however, PBSCT has not been proven to have equivalent outcome to BMT. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare survival rates and treatment-related complications between PBSCT and BMT for pediatric hematologic malignancies. We searched Medline, Embase plus Embase classics, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for the terms “hematopoietic stem cell transplantation” AND ”allogeneic transplantation” AND “children”, including randomized controlled studies and cohort studies without language limitations. We identified 7 of 5368 studies for inclusion in our meta-analysis. The cohorts of these studies included a total of 4328 patients, 3185 who underwent BMT and 1143 who underwent PBSCT. Five-year overall survival was similar in the 2 groups (PBSCT, 56.2%; BMT, 63.5%; relative risk [RR], 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], .91 to 1.52), as was the 5-year event-free survival (PBSCT, 49.9%; BMT, 57.2%; RR, 1.14; 95% CI, .93 to 1.39). The incidences of nonrelapse mortality and chronic graft-versus-host disease were higher in the PBSCT group compared with the BMT group (RR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.50 to 1.99 versus RR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.18 to 2.03). This meta-analysis found insufficient evidence to conclude that peripheral blood stem cells are equivalent to bone marrow. The results indicate that bone marrow can still be a preferred donor source for pediatric hematologic malignancies.