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High grade gliomas, i.e. anaplastic tumors and glioblastomas, are the most common primary intrinsic brain tumors in adulthood, followed by diffuse infiltrating WHO grade II gliomas. The importance of surgical resection of these high grade tumors with respect to overall survival is evidenced by recent studies. For low grade tumors high quality studies are still pending, however, there is increasing evidence for a beneficial effect of tumor resection with respect to malignant tumor progression and overall survival.  相似文献   

4.

Background

The therapy of choice for locally limited soft tissue sarcomas involves complete surgical resection of the tumor. The goal of surgical therapy is the achievement of negative surgical margins (R0 resection). In locally advanced soft tissue sarcomas that have already infiltrated critical anatomical structures, the achievement of R0 status can be associated with a high surgical morbidity and result in functional impairment of the affected extremities or truncal wall. Plastic surgery can reduce this surgical morbidity by using a variety of modern techniques.

Objective

The aim of this article is to illustrate the various treatment options of plastic surgery in the multimodal therapy of patients with soft tissue sarcoma.

Material and methods

This article is based on a review of the current literature and evaluation of an in-house patient database.

Results

Several plastic surgery treatment options can be implemented in the curative and palliative therapy of patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities and truncal wall. Large soft tissue defects can be covered by local pedicled or free flaps, whereas bone defects can be reconstructed by free bone transfer. Motor reconstruction surgery can partially restore functional impairment of extremities after nerve or muscle resection. In palliative disease stages soft tissue coverage after surgical debulking of exulcerated tumors can improve the quality of life of affected patients.

Discussion

Reconstructive plastic surgery techniques can restore functional impairments and cover soft tissue defects so that amputation of extremities can be avoided or complete tumor resection from the truncal wall can be made possible. In palliative disease situations plastic surgery can improve the quality of life.  相似文献   

5.

Background

Although family caregivers play a crucial role in caring for, assisting and supporting loved ones with cancer, too little attention is paid to appropriate psychosocial support options.

Objective

What could be the specific contribution of oncology nurses as members of the interprofessional healthcare team to improve the lack of support for family caregivers?

Material and methods

Based on selected literature, research-based knowledge and case examples from a hospital, recommendations are made for the sensitization of health services.

Results and conclusion

Due to their key position oncology nurses could provide invaluable input for appropriate psychosocial support of family caregivers. In order to provide a more targeted support for family caregivers, raising awareness within the healthcare team to the needs of family caregivers, responsiveness and continuity of care as well as mutual exchange are essential.
  相似文献   

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Context

In this CME article, the current major considerations for the primary treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region are presented and discussed. The reader will be introduced in less detail of surgical and oncological techniques than in the operational conceptual background of currently recommended treatment concepts. Therefore, the basic principles of surgical and postoperative adjuvant therapy are presented. Finally, the current development and needs for new clinical trials are addressed.

Objective

Presentation of the current discussion points in the treatment of head and neck cancer.

Material and method

Review and summary of the current literature from the years 2011–2013 with focus on standards in therapeutic concepts.

Results

The Europe-wide 5-year survival rate of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region (HNSCC) is currently 42?%. Especially in the last 3 years, various guidelines have been established based on limited evidence for standardization of therapeutic concepts in HNSCC. If functional operability is possible, surgical approaches are primarily preferred. Postoperative adjuvant therapy is standardized due to clear indications based on defined risk situations. Indications are related to assessment of surgical margins, cervical lymph node metastases, and extracapsular tumor growth. Ablative surgical procedures are competitive with so-called organ preservation programs which are currently addressed in clinical trials because many open questions regarding late functional outcome are still under discussion. Furthermore, if successful resectability is questionable, platinum-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy is recommended as the world standard. The current efforts to further optimize radiotherapy are related to better conservation of functionally in order to reduce irreversible late toxicity (mainly late dysphagia) without sacrificing effectiveness.  相似文献   

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Context

Benign and rarely malignant tumors of the parathyroid glands cause primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) which is the third most prevalent endocrine disease after type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism.

Materials and methods

A systematic literature search was performed in Pubmed, MEDLINE, current guidelines and by manual searching. Relevant publications from the past 5 years were analyzed and results were summarized in a structured review.

Results

In 80–90?% of cases pHPT results from a single parathyroid adenoma, in 10–20?% of cases multiple adenomas or diffuse hyperplasia of all parathyroid glands are found, in particular in familial tumor syndromes. Parathyroid carcinomas are found in less than 1?% of cases. Symptoms of pHPT are characterized by direct parathyroid hormone (PTH) effects in target organs and later by hypercalcemia-associated organ complications. Diagnostic procedures include laboratory tests (e.g. calcium, phosphate and PTH) and imaging procedures, e.g. ultrasound and methoxyisobutylisonitrile (sestamibi) scintigraphy for localization of the tumor. The goal of therapeutic interventions in pHPT and parathyroid tumors is normalization of the serum calcium concentrations with alleviation of any pHPT-associated symptoms and to cure the tumor. Symptomatic patients and carcinomas should be surgically treated by parathyroidectomy in specialized centres. In 95?% of patients with adenomas these can be cured by a primary surgical intervention. In parathyroid carcinoma patients survival is approximately 80?% after 5 years and 70?% after 10 years. In asymptomatic patients with pHPT a non-surgical approach may be justified. When the perioperative risk is high or in nonoperable carcinoma patients, treatment with calcimimetic drugs (cinacalcet) represents a highly effective drug therapy for normalization of serum calcium levels.

Conclusions

Tumors of the parathyroid glands are largely benign adenomas and rarely carcinomas which can be cured in most cases by primary surgical intervention. This intervention also cures the concomitantly occurring pHPT. For non-surgical treatment strategies, calcimimetic agents are available to lower serum calcium concentrations.  相似文献   

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Jann Arends 《Der Onkologe》2016,22(4):241-250

Background

Nutritional problems frequently occur in cancer patients and are associated with an impaired prognosis; expert nutritional care of cancer patients, however, is not yet available in all institutions and for all patients.

Aim

This review outlines the currently recommended diagnostic and therapeutic concepts for clinical nutrition.

Material and methods

This text is based on the recently published expert guidelines on clinical nutrition for cancer patients.

Results

To reliably provide adequate nutritional support the responsibilities and standard operating procedures for diagnostics and treatment of nutritional deficits should be defined in all clinical oncology units. Screening for risk factors of malnutrition should be mandatory. Further aims are the early detection of all treatable causes of nutritional deficits and a multimodal treatment approach. Nutritional support should ensure provision of daily energy and nutrient requirements with a special focus on protein. In cases of severe upper gastrointestinal defects enteral tube feeding may be used and small bowel defects may require intravenous nutrition. To increase anabolism, nutritional support should always be accompanied by an exercise program. Systemic inflammatory reactions induced by cancer and/or infections should be monitored and possibly antagonized to reduce catabolic effects, anorexia and fatigue. Screening may be implemented using brief and simple standard tools, e.?g. nutrition risk screening (NRS-2002). In patients at risk further assessment is required to diagnose and grade nutrition impact symptoms. Muscle mass should be monitored regularly using anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis or computed tomography. To monitor metabolic derangements, determination of C?reactive protein and serum albumin levels is appropriate. Physical performance can be classified by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group and World Health Organization (ECOG/WHO) performance index.

Conclusion

When implemented these recommendations ensure that clinical nutrition is integrated as an essential component into best supportive care and will contribute to optimizing anticancer treatment.
  相似文献   

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Background

Centrally located non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can be resected by either pneumonectomy or parenchyma-sparing sleeve resection. The questions of local radicalness, significance in advanced nodal disease and the functional outcome after sleeve resection are still under discussion.

Objective

The aim of this study was an evidence-based systematic review of the current status and comparison of both resection techniques in the treatment of centrally located NSCLC.

Material and methods

A systematic literature search was performed in Pubmed, Medline, current guidelines and by manual searching. Relevant publications from the last 15 years were analyzed and the results are summarized in a structured review.

Results and discussion

Sleeve resection is performed less often than pneumonectomy. Bronchovascular sleeve resection can be performed with low morbidity and mortality. Theses methods do not have a worse prognosis compared with isolated bronchial sleeve resection. The weighted average for local recurrence is 16.1?% for sleeve resection and 27.8?% for pneumonectomy. Even in the case of multilevel N1/N2 disease the local recurrence rate is low. In nodal negative and nodal positive disease, pneumonectomy does not result in better long-term survival. Sleeve resection can safely be performed in older patients (>?70 years). Quality of life is better after sleeve resection than after pneumonectomy. Lung perfusion and forced expiratory volume per second 6 months after sleeve resection are similar to preoperative values. The loss of function after sleeve resection is comparable to lobectomy. Whenever technically and ontologically reasonable, sleeve resection should be preferred.  相似文献   

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Die prognostische Bedeutung okkulter Lymphknotenmetastasen papillärer Mikrokarzinome (1 cm) der Schilddrüse wird kontrovers diskutiert. In der vorliegenden retrospektiven Untersuchung wurden zur Klärung dieser Frage 3 Patientenkollektive miteinander verglichen. In Gruppe A (n=235) bestand bei klinisch unauffälligen Lymphknoten der zytologische Verdacht auf ein Schilddrüsenkarzinom, weswegen eine Schilddrüsenresektion bzw. Thyreoidektomie jeweils mit prophylaktischer systematischer Lymphadenektomie (sLA) erfolgte. Patienten der Gruppe B (n=24) hatten ein Schilddrüsenkarzinom 1 cm und palpable zervikale Lymphknoten. Diese wurden analog zu Gruppe-A-Patienten operiert. Bei Patienten der Gruppe C (n=155) ergab die histologische Aufarbeitung nach Schilddrüsenresektion bzw. Thyreoidektomie bei präoperativ putativer benigner Schilddrüsenerkrankung ein inzidentelles papilläres Mikrokarzinom. Eine sLA war nicht durchgeführt worden. Ebensowenig wurden diese Patienten nachoperiert. Die Inzidenz von Lymphknotenmetastasen in Gruppe A betrug 66%. Hinsichtlich der Rezidivhäufigkeit bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Gruppe A (0,43%) und C (0,65%), wohingegen bei Patienten der Gruppe B (21%) signifikant häufiger Rezidive auftraten. Nach Ansicht der Autoren sind inapparente Lymphknotenmetastasen papillärer Mikrokarzinome im Gegensatz zu palpablen Metastasen ohne prognostische Signifikanz. Dementsprechend ist eine prophylaktische Lymphknotendissektion bei derartigen Tumoren nicht indiziert. Eine sLA soll daher Patienten mit klinischem Verdacht auf Lymphknotenmetastasen vorbehalten bleiben.  相似文献   

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Die testikulären Keimzelltumoren des Hodens haben derzeit eine Inzidenz von ca. 7,6 Neuerkrankungen pro 100.000 Männer pro Jahr in Deutschland; die Mortalität liegt zurzeit bei unter 1 pro 100.000 und Jahr. Im internationalen Vergleich weist Deutschland eine hohe Inzidenz auf. Im Vergleich mit anderen Krebserkrankungen liegt der Hodentumor an 11. Stelle der Häufigkeitsstatistik. Bei den Männern unter 45 Jahren ist Hodenkrebs dagegen die häufigste maligne Erkrankung. Durch analytisch-epidemiologische Studien konnten die folgenden klinischen Merkmale als signifikante Risikofaktoren gesichert werden: Maldeszensus testis, Hodenkrebs-Familienanamnese und kontralateraler Hodentumor. Eine für diese Übersicht erarbeitete Metaanalyse aus 21 Fallkontrollstudien zeigt, dass der Maldeszensus ein um den Faktor 4,8 erhöhtes relatives Hodentumorrisiko signalisiert. Die klinischen Parameter Infertilität, Hodenatrophie sowie Zwillingsstatus sind ebenfalls durch kontrollierte Studien gut gesicherte Risikofaktoren. In der Pathogenese der Keimzelltumoren sind die Östrogenüberschuss-Theorie und die frühkindliche Ernährungshypothese Gegenstand der aktuellen epidemiologischen Forschung. Diese Theorien postulieren, dass ein relatives Übergewicht der Östrogene bei der embryonalen Gonadenentwicklung zu einer Präformierung der späteren Tumorzellen führt und dass durch eine hochkalorische frühkindliche Ernährung die endgültige maligne Prägung dieser in utero entstandenen Vorläuferzellen erfolgt. Durch analytisch-epidemiologische Studien wird versucht, für diese Theorie Beweisstücke zu erbringen. Dabei werden klinische Hinweis-Zeichen (sog. "Surrogat- Parameter"), die mit erhöhtem pränatalen Östrogeneinfluss sowie hochkalorischer frühkindliche Ernährung korrelieren, in Fallkontrollstudien analysiert. Die wichtigsten Parameter sind z.B. Alter der Mutter, Erstgeborenenstatus,Geburtsgewicht, Geschwisterverhältnis und die endgültige Körpergröße. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Übersicht über den aktuellen Sachstand dieser laufenden Forschungen gegeben. Die Ergebnisse sind viel versprechend, aber noch inkonsistent.  相似文献   

12.
best practice onkologie -  相似文献   

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Of the various types of mesenchymal tumours of the extremities, bone neoplasms are significantly less frequent than soft tissue neoplasms. Because of their relative frequency, osteosarcomas, Ewing’s sarcomas, and chondrosarcomas, including the dedifferentiated variant, are the most significant forms of primary malignant bone neoplasms. In the first two groups, interdisciplinary multimodal treatment concepts involving combinations of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, extremity-preserving operations (when possible) and, in some circumstances, radiation therapy (Ewing’s sarcoma) have long been applied in international treatment trials (EURAMOS, Euro-BOSS, Euro-EWING) that have been initiated in the paediatric oncological sector. This has significantly improved the prognoses of these highly malignant tumours. Surgery is the principal form of treatment for chondrosarcomas. Although the relative importance of chemotherapy has not yet been established for these tumours, which are predominantly associated with adulthood, treatment options are being sought, so it is necessary to check whether these patients could be considered for treatment under the Euro-BOSS protocol. Giant cell tumours, which can cause considerable local destruction but only rarely metastasize, are generally given intralesional surgery using adjuvants or cement fillings. Modern therapeutic options using osteoclast-inhibiting substances might well produce positive results.  相似文献   

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best practice onkologie - Infektionen bei neutropenischen Patienten nach Chemotherapie manifestieren sich meistens durch Fieber (febrile Neutropenie, FN). Zu den wichtigsten Determinanten des...  相似文献   

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For decades, unspecific side effects, strong toxicity, and the frequent development of resistance to conventional cytotoxic drugs have represented the principal problems in oncology. This has led to the novel approach of individualized oncological therapy, resulting in the increased importance of clinical molecular pathology. The introduction and translational adaptation of immunological and molecular biological methods to the particular features of tissue-based diagnosis require systematic immunophenotyping and molecular genotyping of tumour tissue samples during routine diagnostics. This multimodal approach has become a diagnostic standard for many tumour entities and will expand further in coming years. This raises the fascinating possibility of expanding the diagnostic spectrum towards the detection of predictive biomarkers by eligibility tests in tissue samples in order to provide the oncologist with therapeutically relevant data.  相似文献   

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fachnachricht

Qualit?tssicherung in der Onkologie  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Komplementäre Therapiemaßnahmen werden von der wissenschaftlich begründeten Medizin (insbesondere der Onkologie) kontrovers diskutiert und abgelehnt, weil der obligate klinische Wirksamkeitsnachweis für die meisten Therapeutika bislang nicht erfolgt ist. In den vergangenen Jahren wurde die Grundlagenforschung und studienmäßige klinische Evaluation von definierten komplementäronkologischen Therapiemaßnahmen forciert—mit dem Ziel, sie in die evidenzbasierte Medizin (EBM) zu integrieren.Definitonsgemäß können komplementärmedizinische Therapiemaßnahmen die erprobten tumordestruktiven Standardtherapien nicht ersetzten und können demnach auch nicht als alternative Therapie betrachtet werden. Komplementärmedizinische Therapiekonzepte, die begleitend zur tumordestruktiven Standardtherapie vorgeschlagen werden, erheben den Anspruch, diese optimieren zu können. Ausdrücklich zu warnen ist vor nicht auf Qualität, Unbedenklichkeit und Wirksamkeit geprüften Außenseitermethoden, die zuweilen fälschlich mit der Komplementärmedizin assoziiert werden, was zu deren ungerechtfertigter Ablehnung führt.  相似文献   

18.
Die testikulären Keimzelltumoren des Hodens haben derzeit eine Inzidenz von ca. 7,6 Neuerkrankungen pro 100.000 Männer pro Jahr in Deutschland; die Mortalität liegt zurzeit bei unter 1 pro 100.000 und Jahr. Im internationalen Vergleich weist Deutschland eine hohe Inzidenz auf. Im Vergleich mit anderen Krebserkrankungen liegt der Hodentumor an 11. Stelle der Häufigkeitsstatistik. Bei den Männern unter 45 Jahren ist Hodenkrebs dagegen die häufigste maligne Erkrankung. Durch analytisch-epidemiologische Studien konnten die folgenden klinischen Merkmale als signifikante Risikofaktoren gesichert werden: Maldeszensus testis, Hodenkrebs-Familienanamnese und kontralateraler Hodentumor. Eine für diese Übersicht erarbeitete Metaanalyse aus 21 Fallkontrollstudien zeigt, dass der Maldeszensus ein um den Faktor 4,8 erhöhtes relatives Hodentumorrisiko signalisiert. Die klinischen Parameter Infertilität, Hodenatrophie sowie Zwillingsstatus sind ebenfalls durch kontrollierte Studien gut gesicherte Risikofaktoren. In der Pathogenese der Keimzelltumoren sind die Östrogenüberschuss-Theorie und die frühkindliche Ernährungshypothese Gegenstand der aktuellen epidemiologischen Forschung. Diese Theorien postulieren, dass ein relatives Übergewicht der Östrogene bei der embryonalen Gonadenentwicklung zu einer Präformierung der späteren Tumorzellen führt und dass durch eine hochkalorische frühkindliche Ernährung die endgültige maligne Prägung dieser in utero entstandenen Vorläuferzellen erfolgt. Durch analytisch-epidemiologische Studien wird versucht, für diese Theorie Beweisstücke zu erbringen. Dabei werden klinische Hinweis-Zeichen (sog. "Surrogat- Parameter"), die mit erhöhtem pränatalen Östrogeneinfluss sowie hochkalorischer frühkindliche Ernährung korrelieren, in Fallkontrollstudien analysiert. Die wichtigsten Parameter sind z.B. Alter der Mutter, Erstgeborenenstatus,Geburtsgewicht, Geschwisterverhältnis und die endgültige Körpergröße. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Übersicht über den aktuellen Sachstand dieser laufenden Forschungen gegeben. Die Ergebnisse sind viel versprechend, aber noch inkonsistent.  相似文献   

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Background

Palliative systemic treatment of patients with recurrent/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (r/mSCCHN) has been a challenge for oncologists for decades. Despite the introduction of platin-based combination chemotherapy in the last century, no real progress has been made.

Objective

Could a significant clinical benefit with targeted therapy be gained?

Material and method

An analysis of controlled clinical trials based on publications and presentations was performed. The German S3-guideline for oral cavity tumours was prepared and translational research and expert recommendations were discussed.

Results

Since 2008, cetuximab plus platin-based combination chemotherapy is the new standard as the first-line treatment for head and neck tumors. Furthermore this combination is supported by a balanced toxicity profile and preserved quality of life. Unfortunately, no predictive biomarkers for treatment selection have been found. Patients with reduced performance status or comorbidity should be offered only monotherapy. In the case of a further relapse or tumour progression, second-line treatment consists of single agents like taxanes or methotrexate.

Conclusion

Cetuximab in combination with platin-based chemotherapy is the first choice in the primary setting. A single-agent strategy is recommended in cases of progression.  相似文献   

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