四川汉族群体8个Y—STR的遗传分析

目的调查四川汉族群体8个Y-染色体STR的遗传多态性,分析8个Y染色体STR的等位基因序列。方法利用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对8个Y-STR基因座进行分型。结果DYS443、DYS453、DYS455、DYS456是简单重复序列的Y—STR,DYS444、DYS448、DYS457、DYS458是复杂重复序列的Y-STR。108位男性个体观察到106种单体型。8个Y—STR的基因变异度在0．355—0．821之间,单体型变异度为0．9996。结论在四川汉族群体,8个基因座构成的单体型具有较好的个人识别能力和非父排除率。     

潮汕地区汉族人群9个新Y-STR基因座多态性研究

目的 分析9个新Y染色体短串联重复序列(Y short tandem repeats,Y-STR)基因座的序列结构,及其在潮汕地区汉族人群中的遗传多态性分布,评价其法医学应用价值.方法 应用PCR反应,对潮汕地区汉族159名无关男性个体的血样进行基因分型,采用直接计数法计算9个Y-STR基因座的等位基因频率和单体型频率.结果 9个Y-STR基因座(DYS522、DYS549、DYS556、DYS565、DYS568、DYS570、DYS594、DYS593、DYS588)均为单拷贝,并分别检测出7、5、5、4、6、9、4、4、8个等位基因,基因多样性(gene diversity,GD)在0.1434～0.7994间;共检出136种单体型;累计单体型GD值为0.997.另对30个2代父子家系调查显示:同一家系成员9个Y-STR基因座单体型一致,未观察到基因突变.结论 9个Y-STR基因座具有较高的鉴别效能,适合作为法医学应用的遗传标记.     

东北朝鲜族人群15个Y染色体短串联重复序列的多态分布研究

目的　调查东北朝鲜族Y染色体上15个短串联重复序列（Y short tandem repeats, Y-STR）基因座及单体型的遗传多态性，得到其相关基因座的多态信息。方法　通过建立两组Y-STR荧光标记复合扩增系统(MultiplexⅠ:DYS444, DYS446，DYS452,Y-GATA-A10,DYS449,DYS635;MultiplexⅡ:DYS438，DYS439，DYS441，DYS447,DYS448, DYS458,DYS460, DYS462 ,DYS463;对东北地区朝鲜族73名无关男性个体进行15个STR基因座的复合扩增, 用ABI3130xl基因分析仪对扩增产物进行检测, 统计15个Y-STR基因座的群体遗传学数据。结果　在DYS441， DYS438， DYS439，DYS444，DYS446，DYS447，DYS448，DYS449，DYS452，DYS458，DYS460，DYS462，DYS463，DYS635， Y-GATA-A10等15个基因座中共检出 96个等位基因，等位基因频率分布0.0137 ～0.6986之间，基因多样性( GD)分布从0.476 (DYS438) 至0.8064 (DYS446) 之间。由15个基因座组成的Y染色体单体型系统中单体型有72 种，其中只有一种单体型为两名个体共有，单体型多样性为0.9999。结论　上述15个Y-STR基因座所构成的单体型在东北朝鲜族男性群体中具有较高的多态性，是群体遗传学研究和法医学鉴定的可选基因座。     

东北满族10个Y染色体短串联重复序列的多态性研究

目的　调查满族Y染色体上10个短串联重复序列基因座及单体型的遗传多态性。方法　方法采用PCR复合扩增和基因测序仪荧光检测方法,检测满族71例无关个体10个Y-STR 位点的遗传多态性分布。结果　在DYS392、DYS389I、DYS389II、DYS441、DYS442、 DYS447、DYS460、DYS461、DYS463和DYS459等10个基因座中共检出59个等位基因, 等位基因频率分布在0.0141 ～0.5915 之间，基因多样性( GD)分布在0.6006 (DYS459)~0.8384 (DYS441) 之间, 等位基因多样性均大于0.6。由10个基因座组成的Y染色体单体型系统中单体型有70 种,单体型多样性为0.9998。结论　上述10个Y-STR所构成的单体型在满族群体中具有较高的多态性,可用于法医学个体识别和亲子鉴定、遗传学及人类学的相关研究。     

温州永嘉汉族人群3个Y-STR基因座的遗传多态性研究

目的研究3个Y染色体STR基因座及其单倍型在温州永嘉人群中的遗传多态性分布,获得相应的群体遗传学数据。方法用复合扩增的方法扩增DYS435、DYS436和DYS4373个基因座,利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及银染显带技术进行分型,检测140名无关男性个体单倍型分布。结果3个基因座在该群体中分别检出3、3、4个等位基因,GD值分别是0.5100,0.1490,0.4056,观察到11种单倍型,其单倍型的变异度为0.7042。结论Y-STR基因座复合扩增体系和建立的Y染色体STR数据库,在法医学鉴定中有帮助意义。     

潮汕地区汉族人群9个新Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座的序列分析及遗传多态性

[摘要] 目的 分析9个新Y染色体短串联重复序列（Y short tandem repeats，Y-STR）基因座的序列结构，及其在潮汕地区汉族人群中的遗传多态性分布，评价其法医学应用价值。方法 应用PCR反应，对潮汕地区汉族159名无关男性个体的血样进行基因分型，采用直接计数法计算9个Y-STR基因座的等位基因频率和单倍型频率。结果 9个Y-STR基因座（DYS522、DYS549、DYS556、DYS565、DYS568、DYS570、DYS594、DYS593、DYS588）均为单拷贝，并分别检测出7、5、5、4、6、9、4、4、8个等位基因，基因变异度（gene diversity，GD）在0.1434-0.7994间；共检出136种单倍型；累计单倍型GD值为0.997。另对30个2代父子家系调查显示：同一家系成员9个Y-STR基因座单倍型一致，未观察到基因突变。结论 9个Y-STR 基因座具有较高的鉴别效能，适合作为法医学应用的遗传标记。     

东北满族10个Y染色体短串联重复序列的多态性研究

目的调查满族Y染色体上10个短串联重复序列基因座及单体型的遗传多态性。方法采用PCR复合扩增和基因测序仪荧光检测方法，检测满族71例无关个体10个Y—STR位点的遗传多态性分布。结果在DYS392、DYS389I、DYS389II、DYS441、DYS442、DYS447、DYS460、DYS461、DYS463和DYS459等10个基因座中共检出59个等位基因，等位基因频率分布在0．0141～0．5915之间，基因多样性（GD）分布在0．6006（DYS459）～0．8384（DYS441）之间，等位基因多样性均大于0．6。由10个基因座组成的Y染色体单体型系统中单体型有70种，单体型多样性为0．9998。结论上述10个Y—STR所构成的单体型在满族群体中具有较高的多态性，可用于法医学个体识别和亲子鉴定、遗传学及人类学的相关研究。     

东北朝鲜族群体15个Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座的多态性研究

目的 调查东北朝鲜族Y染色体上15个短串联重复序列(Y short tandem repeats,Y-STR)基因座及单元型的遗传多态性,得到其相关基因座的多态信息.方法 通过建立两组Y-STR荧光标记复合扩增系统(Multiplex Ⅰ:DYS444、DYS446、DYS452、Y-GATA-A10、DYS449、DYS635;MultiplexⅡ:DYS438、DYS439、DYS441、DYS447、DYS448、DYS458、DYS460、DYS462、DYS463),对东北地区朝鲜族73名无关男性个体进行15个STR基因座的复合扩增,用ABI3130xl基因分析仪对扩增产物进行检测,统计15个Y-STR基因座的群体遗传学数据.结果 在DYS441、DYS438、DYS439、DYS444、DYS446、DYS447、DYS448、DYS449、DYS452、DYS458、DYS460、DYS462、DYS463、DYS635、Y-GATA-A10等15个基因座中共检出96个等位基因,等位基因频率分布0.0137～0.6986之间,基因多样性(GD)分布从0.4760(DYS438)～0.8064(DYS446)之间.由15个基因座组成的Y染色体单元型系统中单元型有72种,其中只有一种单元型为两名个体共有,单元型多样性为0.9999.结论 上述15个Y-STR基因座所构成的单元型在东北朝鲜族男性群体中具有较高的多态性,是群体遗传学研究和法医学鉴定的可选基因座.     

潮汕地区汉族人群20个Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座复合扩增及遗传多态性

目的获得20个Y染色体短串联重复序列（Yshort tandemrepeats,Y-STR）基因座及其单倍型在潮汕地区汉族人群中的遗传多态性分布情况,评估其法医学应用价值。方法通过建立3组Y-STR荧光标记复合扩增系统（MultiplexⅠ：DYS434,Y-GATA-A10,DYS438,DYS439,DYS531,DYS557,DYS448,DYS456,DYS444;MultiplexⅡ：DYS458,DYS460,DYS443,DYS447,DYS446,DYS709;MultiplexⅢ：DYS622,DYS635,Y-GATA-H4,DYS520,DYS630）,对潮汕地区汉族158名无关男性个体进行20个STR基因座的复合扩增,用ABI310基因分析仪对扩增产物进行检测,统计20个Y-STR基因座的群体遗传学参数。结果3组复合扩增系统均可成功进行分型,基因多样性（gene diversity,GD）值最低为0.2506（DYS434）,最高为0.8034（DYS447）;20个Y-STR基因座共同构成的单倍型157种,其中156种为唯一的,单倍型多样性为0.999998。另对30个父性家系调查显示：同一家系成员20个Y-STR基因座单倍型一致,未观察到基因突变。结论20个Y-STR基因座具有丰富的遗传多态性,父系遗传稳定,建立的3组Y-STR荧光标记复合扩增系统分型可靠,可用于法医学个体识别和亲权鉴定。     

两个Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座的遗传多态性

目的调查DYS508、DYS516两个Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座的遗传多态性在成都汉族群体中的分布。方法用PCR扩增、非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分型；构建等位基因分型标准物；对所有等位基因测序，按照国际法医遗传学会原则命名等位基因。结果获得DYS508、DYS516基因座等位基因个数分别为6、6；基因变异度分别为0．7242、0．7931；单倍型变异度、个人识别能力和非父排除率均为0．9397。结论DYS508、DYS516这两个Y染色体短串联重复序列均具有较好的遗传多态性，可用于法医学的混合斑分析和父系亲属间的亲权关系鉴定。     

中国南方汉族群体九个短片段长度Y-STR基因座的遗传多态性及其法医学应用

目的研究中国南方汉族群体中，扩增产物片段长度在180bp以下的9个Y染色体的短串联重复（Y-short tandem repeal，Y-STR）基因座的遗传多态性，并用于法医学鉴定。方法采用PCR复合扩增和基因测序仪荧光检测方法，检测213个无关男性个体，调查南方汉族的9个Y-SIR基因座的等位基因频率和单倍型频率，并对84对真父子和36对非父子的亲子鉴定样本进行检测。结果213个无关男性个体中，DYS426基因座检出3个等位基因，DYS393、DYS460、DYS391和DYS389 Ⅰ基因座均检出了5个等位基因，DYS456基因座检出6个等位基因，H4和DYS388基因座检出7个等位基因，DYS458基因座检出8个等位基因。除DYS426基因座的基因多样性（gene diversity，GD）值（0．1489）较低外，其余8个基因座的GD值介于0．5064～0．9133。9个Y-SIR基因座的单倍型共有178种，其中154种单倍型仅出现1次，单倍型多样性达0．9983。在84对真父子中，未观察到基因座突变。检测36对非父子，有2个Y-STR基因座排除的案例有2例（5．56％）；有3个和3个以上的Y-STR基因座可以排除父子关系的案例为33例（91．67％）；9个Y-SIR基因座不能排除父子关系的有1例。结论9个Y-SIR基因座具有丰富的遗传多态性，该短片段长度Y-STR基因复合荧光扩增系统可用于法医学个体识别和亲子鉴定。     

Evaluation of 14 Y-chromosomal Short Tandem Repeat Haplotype with Focus on DYS449, DYS456, and DYS458: Czech Population Sample

Aim

To evaluate the novel triplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the analysis of polymorphic Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat loci (Y-STR).

Methods

A total of 14 Y-STR loci was analyzed. Allele frequencies for 3 tetrameric Y-STR loci (DYS449, DYS456, and DYS458) and extended haplotype loci typed by Y-PLEX^TM 12 system were investigated in a sample of 50 unrelated healthy Czech male donors. We computed the relevant intra-population statistic parameters for our data (gene diversity, average gene diversity over loci, and mean number of pairwise differences) and compared our sample set with other Central European populations using R_ST pairwise genetic distance.

Results

We focused on the comparison of genetic diversity between the Y-STR extended haplotype loci and that of the 3 additional loci, and on the benefit of using DYS449, DYS456, and DYS458 in forensic and population genetics applications. Total gene diversity in our sample set was 0.998367 when using all 14 loci. Our data analysis revealed very high genetic diversity at DYS449 locus (0.876735), which surpasses even the diversity at DYS385a/b (0.819592). Population comparison showed no difference between Czech, Bavarian, Austrian, and Saxon sample set. A minor difference was found between Czech and Polish sample set.

Conclusion

Typing of 3 Y-chromosomal microsatellite polymorphisms may provide a useful complement to already established sets of Y-STRs.DNA typing using a number of polymorphic short tandem repeats on human Y chromosome (Y-STR) has already become a broadly applied approach in areas such as forensic genetics and paternity testing (1). Also, the possibility of amplification of multiple STRs in a single polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provides a very efficient and reliable genotyping tool. Until recently, 219 Y-STRs have been described (2), most of which are polymorphic. In forensic genetics applications, Y-STRs are useful for discrimination of paternal lineages rather than for individual identification. In combination with the biallelic polymorphisms, Y-STRs are also applied in population genetic studies.The main aim of this study was to design a triplex PCR assay that allows fragmentation analysis of samples labeled with only one fluorescent dye. The loci DYS449, DYS456, and DYS458 were chosen for their reported high diversity in Euro-American population (3), as well as for their absence in the broadly used commercial forensic kits (PowerPlex® Y System [Promega, Madison, WI, USA], Mentype® Argus Y-12QS [Biotype, Dresden, Germany]), although DYS456 and DYS458 (not DYS449) are included in widely used AmpFℓSTR® Yfiler® PCR Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA, USA) (4). DYS449 and DYS456 have also been used, together with other 25 Y-STR loci, in a major population study (5). Here we report on allele frequency data and basic intra-population diversity indices of the 3 Y-STRs, as well as those of 11 other Y-STR loci included in the extended haplotype set that were analyzed in the Czech population sample.     

潮汕地区汉族人群12个Y短串联重复序列基因座遗传多态性分析

目的调查潮汕地区汉族人群12个Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座的遗传多态性。方法应用PowerPlex^TM Y荧光标记复合扩增系统，对潮汕地区121名无关男性个体血样进行12个Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座的复合扩增，用ABIPRISM 3100遗传分析仪对扩增产物进行检测分析。结果DYS19、DYS437、DYS389Ⅰ、DYS389Ⅱ、DYS438、DYS439、DYS393、DYS391、DYS390、DYS392基因座检出4—7个基因型，DYS385检出35个等位基因组，各基因座遗传多样性（gene diversity，GD值）分布在0．4445—0．9525之间，DYS385基因座最高。结论上述12个Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座构成的单倍型在潮汕人群中具有较高的遗传多态性，适用于法医个体识别和亲权鉴定、遗传学及人类学的相关研究。     

广西毛南族17个Y染色体短串联重复序列基因座遗传多态性

目的:调查17个Y染色体短串联重复序列(Y-STR)基因座及其单倍型在广西毛南族人群中的分布情况.方法:应用AmpFlSTR YfilerTM荧光标记复合扩增系统,对毛南族208名无关男性个体血样进行17个Y-STR位点的复合扩增,用ABI PRISM310遗传分析仪对扩增产物进行检测分析.结果:DYS456、 DYS389Ⅰ、 DYS390、 DYS389Ⅱ、 DYS458、 DYS19、 DYS385a＼b、 DYS393、 DYS391、 DYS439、 DYS635、 DYS392、 Y-GATA-H4、 DYS437、 DYS438、 DYS448各位点遗传多样性(GD值)分布在0 5852～0 9770之间.17个Y-STR位点共同构成的单倍型205种,其单倍型多样性为0 999785.广西毛南族与其他群体的Y-STR位点等位基因分布差异具有统计学意义.结论:广西毛南族17个Y-STR位点具有丰富的遗传多样性,可为父权鉴定和父系进化研究提供有价值的遗传学资料.     

Sequence Variations of 31 Υ-Chromosomal Short Tandem Repeats Analyzed by Massively Parallel Sequencing in Three U.S. Population Groups and Korean Population

BackgroundRapidly mutating (RM) Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) have been demonstrated to increase the possibility of distinguishing between male relatives due to a higher mutation rate than conventional Y-STRs. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) can be useful for forensic DNA typing as it allows the detection of sequence variants of many forensic markers. Here, we present sequence variations of 31 Y-STRs including nine RM Y-STRs (DYF387S1, DYF399S1, DYF404S1, DYS449, DYS518, DYS570, DYS576, DYS612, and DYS627), their frequencies, distribution, and the gain in the number of alleles using MPS.MethodsWe constructed a multiplex MPS assay capable of simultaneously amplifying 32 Y-chromosomal markers, producing amplicons ranging from 85–274 bp. Barcoded libraries from 220 unrelated males from four populations—African Americans, Caucasians, Hispanics, and Koreans—were generated via two-step polymerase chain reaction and sequenced on a MiSeq system. Genotype concordance between the capillary electrophoresis (CE) and MPS method and sequence variation of Y-STRs were investigated.ResultsIn total, 195 alleles were increased by MPS compared to CE-based alleles (261 to 456). The DYS518 marker showed the largest increase due to repeat region variation (a 3.69-fold increase). The highest increase in the number of alleles due to single nucleotide polymorphisms in the flanking region was found in DYF399S1. RM Y-STRs had more diverse sequences than conventional Y-STRs. Furthermore, null alleles were observed in DYS576 due to primer-binding site mutation, and allele drop-outs in DYS449 resulted from low marker coverage of less than the threshold.ConclusionThe results suggest that the expanded and discriminative MPS assay could provide more genetic information for Y-STRs, especially for RM Y-STRs, and could advance male individualization. Compiling sequence-based Y-STR data for worldwide populations would facilitate the application of MPS in the field of forensic genetics and could be applicable in solving male-related forensic cases.     

Haplotype frequencies of 17 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat loci from the Cukurova region of Turkey

Aim

To investigate the distribution of 17 Y-short tandem repeat (STR) loci in the population of the Cukurova region of Turkey.

Methods

In the period between 2009 and 2010, we investigated the distribution of 17 Y-STRs in a sample of 249 unrelated healthy men from the Cukurova region of Turkey. Genomic DNA was extracted with InstaGene matrix and Y-STRs were determined using the AmpFISTR Yfiler PCR amplification kit. Gene and haplotype diversity values were estimated using the Arlequin software. To compare our data to other populations, population pairwise genetic distances and associated probability values were calculated using the Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database Web site software.

Results

At 17 Y-STR loci we detected 148 alleles. The lowest gene diversity in this region was 0.51 for DYS391 and the highest 0.95 for DYS385a/b. Haplotype diversity was 0.9997 ± 0.0004. We compared our data with haplotype data of other Turkish populations and no significant differences were found, except with Ankara population (Φ_st = 0.025, P = 0.018). Comparisons were also made with the neighboring populations using analysis of molecular variance of the Y-STR loci genetic structure and our population was nearest to Lenkoran-Azerbaijani (Φ_st = 0.012, P = 0.068) and Iranian Ahvaz population (Φ_st = 0.007, P = 0.173), followed by Greek (Φ_st = 0.026, P = 0.000) and Russian (Φ_st = 0.048, P = 0.000) population. Other countries like Portugal, Spain, Italy, Egypt, Israel (Palestinian Authority Area), and Taiwan showed a high genetic distance from our population.

Conclusion

Our study showed that Y-STR polymorphisms were a powerful discrimination tool for routine forensic applications and could be used in genealogical investigations.Human Y chromosome short tandem repeats (Y-STR) are tandemly repeated regions of 2-7 base pair units in the non-recombining region of human Y chromosome. Since human Y-STR markers are inherited without recombination, they are transmitted from father to son unchanged. This makes the study of Y chromosome polymorphisms very useful, especially in population histories, forensic applications, and paternity analysis (1,2).The haplotype frequency of Y-STRs is important in the calculation of match probability in forensic cases. It is also important in anthropology and phylogenetic studies (1-5). Y chromosome haplotypes from global populations are stored in Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database (YHRD) (www.yhrd.org). The International Society of Forensic Genetics recommended the use of regional Y-STR haplotype databases to verify that no population sub-structure exists before pooling data from different regions (3). Since there is a lack of Y-STR data on Turkish population in eastern Mediterranean area, we analyzed 249 unrelated Turkish men using 17 Y-STR markers including DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385a/b, DYS438, DYS439, DYS437, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, and Y-GATA H4 from the Cukurova region in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey.