青海省部分地区饮茶型氟中毒流行现况调查

目的了解青海省海南州、海东地区饮茶型氟中毒的病情分布及流行现状,为今后饮茶型氟中毒防治提供依据。方法 2016年按照"全国饮茶型地方性氟中毒流行现状调查方案",选取海南州、海东地区所辖11县,每个县按东西南北中方位抽取5个乡(镇),每个乡(镇),随机抽取一个行政村作为调查点。水氟、尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检查采用Deans法,16岁以上成人临床氟骨症诊断参照《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》(WS192–2008)。结果海南州5县饮用水氟均值为0.29 mg/L,成人尿氟几何均数为0.83 mg/L,儿童氟斑牙患病率为14.06%,氟斑牙流行指数0.24,成人临床氟骨症检出率为8.01%;海东地区6县饮用水氟均值为0.25 mg/L,成人尿氟几何均数为0.62 mg/L,儿童氟斑牙患病率为15.09%,氟斑牙流行指数0.26,成人临床氟骨症检出率为2.44%。结论青海省海南州、海东地区11县饮茶型氟中毒病情总体较轻,但各县病情差异较大;海南州5县病情较海东地区6县病情为重,当地居民仍受高氟砖茶危害,应继续加强健康教育宣传。     

青海省海东市饮茶型氟中毒病情分布调查

摘要:目的　了解青海省海东市饮茶型氟中毒的病情分布及流行情况,为今后全省地方性饮茶型氟中毒防治提供科学依据。方法　按照“全国饮茶型氟中毒监测方案”,选取海东市有饮茶习惯的4个县进行饮茶型氟中毒病情调查。水氟和茶水氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,氟斑牙检查采用Deans法;临床氟骨症诊断参照《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》（WS192-2008）。结果　茶水氟含量均值为1.96 mg/L,日人均氟摄入量为2.30 mg;儿童氟斑牙患病率为22.28%,16岁以上成人氟斑牙患病率为14.74%,成人临床氟骨症患病率为6.52%。结论　海东市各民族群众均有饮用砖茶的习惯,饮茶型氟中毒病情总体较轻,但各县之间在病情上差异较大。     

北京市延庆县改水降氟后地方性氟中毒流行现状

为了解延庆县饮水型地方性氟中毒病区改水后地方性氟中毒流行现状,以指导全县地氟病防治工作,笔者于2008年6月采用随机抽样方法,在延庆地方性氟中毒重病区随机抽取3个村的63名8～12岁儿童和＞16岁的664名村民为调查对象.用Dean氏法进行氟斑牙诊断,离子选择电极法测定水氟、尿氟.3个监测村的饮水氟含量都达到饮水卫生标准,8～12岁学龄儿童氟斑牙患病率为25.4%,尿氟几何均值为1.20 mg/L,16岁以上村民的尿氟几何均值为1.39 mg/L.饮水型氟中毒病区通过改水降氟后,改水病区8～12岁儿童的氟斑牙检出率、平均尿氟水平得到较好控制,改换水源是预防饮水型氟中毒病区最有效的方法.     

内黄县改水降氟防制地方性氟中毒效果评价

目的评价内黄县改水降氟对饮水型地方性氟中毒的防制效果。方法在内黄县饮水型地氟病病区选择改水组和未改水组,用氟离子选择电极法分别进行水氟及8～12岁儿童尿氟含量测定,用Dean氏分度法调查儿童氟斑牙患病情况。结果病区改水组水氟均值0.14mg/L,8～12岁儿童尿氟均值0.62mg/L,氟斑牙患病率13.51%,与未改水组水氟均值1.22mg/L、8～12岁儿童尿氟均值1.49mg/L、氟斑牙患病率43.68%比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论改水降氟达标能够降低该地区居民机体氟负荷,有效控制饮水型地方性氟中毒的流行。     

2011年北京市昌平区地方性氟中毒流行现况调查

目的 为了解降氟改水后昌平区饮水型地方性氟中毒的流行病学概况及消长趋势,为今后的防治工作提供科学依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法在昌平区氟中毒流行区按轻、中、重病区共抽查6个病区村,调查改水情况,改水设施运转情况和监测居民户饮用水氟含量,依照Dean氏氟斑牙分度法对8～12岁儿童和30岁以上成年人进行氟斑牙调查并检测8～12岁儿童的尿氟含量.结果 检测饮用水12份,水氟值均符合不高于1.0 mg/L的标准.调查8～12岁学龄儿童145名,氟斑牙患病率为16.55％,氟斑牙指数0.56,尿氟均数为0.80 mg/L.共调查30岁以上成人460人,氟斑牙患病率为67.72％.结论 改水20年昌平区氟中毒病情总体呈下降趋势.     

东海县伏庄村降氟改水控制地方性氟中毒效果分析

目的了解长期改水控制地方性氟中毒的效果,为降氟改水提供科学依据。方法饮用水水氟监测,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率和尿氟水平,16～65岁以上部分居民骨盆、前臂放射学表现,水氟、尿氟测定均用氟离子选择电极法,氟斑牙诊断用Dean’s法,氟骨症诊断用X线摄片法。结果某村自1986年采取降氟改水措施后,水氟含量由改水前的2.47(0.55～4.60)mg/L降至0.73(0.67～0.76)mg/L,儿童氟斑牙患病率由86.92%降至22.73%,氟骨症患病率由31.33%降至6.00%,儿童尿氟含量由4.09(2.06～6.85)mg/L降至1.41(0.24～3.25)mg/L。结论只要采取有效的降氟改水措施,坚持长年饮用低氟水,阻断高氟摄入,促进体内过量氟化物的排泄,饮水型地方性氟中毒就能得到有效控制。     

山东省黄河流域内地方性氟中毒病情调查

目的了解山东省黄河流域内地方性氟中毒病情现状,为制定防制策略提供科学依据。方法采用流行病学调查方法,水、尿氟含量测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,X线摄片检查氟骨症。结果选择3个病区县的27个村进行了流行病学调查。水氟均值〉1.00mg/L的村25个（占92.59%）,最大值为9.67mg/L;8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总患病率为73.75%,氟斑牙指数为1.60;30岁以上成人的氟骨症临床和X线检出率分别为39.66%和29.78%;儿童和成人尿氟均值在1.50mg/L以上的人数分别占89.78%和91.87%,最高值分别为14.60mg/L和17.99mg/L。结论山东省黄河流域内地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到控制,防制形势依然十分严峻,须进一步加大防制力度。     

吉林省农安县乡镇饮水型氟中毒改水降氟效果动态分析

目的掌握农安县饮水型氟中毒病区改水后水、尿氟含量的变化及儿童氟斑牙的流行趋势,评估饮水型氟中毒防治效果。方法于2009-2011年每年4、8月,采用离子选择电极法,对华家乡松柏村和万顺乡光辉村两个监测点水氟和8～12岁儿童尿氟含量进行测定;用Dean’s法对8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查;与2008年常规监测结果比较。结果华家乡松柏村水氟含量由改水前的13.00 mg/L降至1.03 mg/L,氟斑牙患病率由98.18%降至71.82%;万顺乡光辉村水氟含量由改水前的9.08 mg/L降至1.01 mg/L,氟斑牙患病率由50.12%降至42.93%。随着改水时间的延长,水、尿氟含量呈逐年下降的趋势,尿氟含量与氟斑牙患病率之间相关系数显著性检验r=0.867,P〈0.05,二者呈显著正相关关系,有统计学意义。结论改水降氟能够有效控制饮水型氟中毒的流行。     

山东省平度市地方性氟中毒防制现状调查

目的了解平度市的地方性氟中毒防制现状。方法按照《地方性氟中毒防制现状调查方案》的要求,对原地方性氟中毒病村和疑似病村进行流行病学调查,水、尿氟用氟离子电极法测定,儿童氟斑牙调查采用Dean法进行诊断,X线摄片检查氟骨症。结果该市共建改水降氟工程344处,均运转基本正常。已改水的病村482个,占69.96%,未改水的病村207个,占30.04%。共检测672个病村的1140份水样,水氟≤1.00mg/L的村占33.33%,水氟>1.00mg/L的村占66.67%;在482个改水村中,水氟≤1.00mg/L的村占42.53%,水氟>1.00mg/L的村占57.47%;最高水氟为19.00mg/L。调查937名8～12岁儿童,氟斑牙患病率为61.69%,斑釉指数为1.34。对617名30岁以上成人进行了临床和X线摄片检查,氟骨症患病率为27.88%。8～12岁儿童的尿氟几何均值为1.53mg/L(0.43～5.84mg/L);30岁以上成人的尿氟几何均值为2.25mg/L(0.06～16.40mg/L)。结论平度市现仍有448个村的23万余人遭受高氟的危害,地方性氟中毒防制形势依然严峻,须进一步加大防制工作力度。     

山东省鲁西北地区地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 了解山东省鲁西北地区地方性氟中毒的流行现状,为制定防制策略提供科学依据.方法 选择山东省鲁西北地区11个县进行水、人尿氟含量测定、8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断及临床和X线摄片检查氟骨症调查.结果 在11个县调查17个改水村,水氟均值≤1.00mg/L的村12个,占70.59%(12/17);>1.00mg/L的村5个,占29.41%(5/17);水氟最大值为4.46 mg/L;调查16个未改水村,水氟均值≤1.00 mg/L的村5个,占31.25%(5/16);>1.00 mg/L的村11个,占68.75%(11/16),水氟最大值为4.09 mg/L;8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总患病率为51.51%(701/1 361),氟斑牙指数为1.05,缺损率为6.25%(85/1 631);儿童尿氟均值在>1.40 mg/L的占60.86%(510/838),最高值为15.20 mg/L;>16岁成人的氟骨症临床和X线检出率分别为2.49%(454/18 257),15.79%(3/19);成人尿氟均值在>1.60 mg/L的占62.27%(406/652),最高值为25.44mg/L.结论 山东省鲁西北地区地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到有效的控制,防制形势依然比较严峻,须进一步加大防制力度.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.