康星杀蟑胶饵对旅客列车蟑螂的杀灭效果观察

目的：观察康星杀蟑胶饵对旅客列车蟑螂的杀灭效果；方法：对南京至广州的1311／1312次旅客列车进行现场灭蟑试验；结果：施药前蟑螂密度各车厢平均为200只／15min，施药后1d，10节车厢共发现死蟑13416只，密度下降率平均为93％，5d后密度下降率在99％以上，15d后各车厢未见活蟑；结论：康星杀蟑胶饵对旅客列车灭蟑效果好，达到了有效控制的目的。     

两种新型杀蟑剂对舰艇蟑螂的杀灭效果研究

目的：观察全无敌薰杀净和康星杀蟑胶饵对舰艇蟑螂的杀灭效果；方法：对厦门警备区73326部队的16艘舰艇进行现场灭蟑试验；结果：全无敌薰杀净处理的施药前蟑螂密度平均为388．11只／15min，处理后24h发现死蟑螂平均为l0645只／艘，平均密度下降率为99．6l％；康星杀蟑胶饵处理的艘舰艇施药前蟑螂密度平均为150只／min，处理后1d发现死蟑螂平均为2994只／艘，平均密度下降率为92.3％，9d后密度下降率为99．8％．2ld后来发现活蟑。结论：二种药物对舰艇上的蟑螂均见有很好的灭效。     

居室蟑螂侵害状况及其防治对策

目的 为指导居民科学防制蟑螂，进行蟑螂密度调查及杀灭研究。方法 对居室进行现场监测与灭蟑。结果 日本大蠊为青岛市居室的优势种群，且常年密度较低，投放康星杀蟑胶饵1周后不再见死蟑螂。结论 康星胶饵进行居室灭蟑效果良好。     

维多克杀蟑胶饵对蟑螂现场防制效果研究

目的测定维多克杀蟑胶饵对蟑螂现场防制效果。方法采用一次投药法,将胶饵投点在蟑螂活动的场所,观察施药前后蟑螂密度变化,评价杀灭效果。结果维多克杀蟑胶饵一次投药后黑胸大蠊不同部位平均密度指数(只/盒.夜)由灭前的1.60,灭后5 d降至0.052;其密度下降率为96.75%,灭后10 d降至0,下降率为100%;德国小蠊不同部位密度指数(只/盒.夜)由灭前8.90,灭后5 d和10 d均降至0,密度下降率均为100%。结论维多克杀蟑胶饵一次投药后对蟑螂有良好的杀灭效果,值得推广应用。     

部队营区使用杀蟑胶饵防治蟑螂的效果观察

目的观察评价部队营区使用施杰杀蟑胶饵杀灭蟑螂的效果。方法采用目测法观察投药前后蟑螂密度,用蟑螂密度下降率来评价灭蟑螂效果。结果施药后70 d的杀灭率仍达89.1%以上。结论通过现场灭蟑观察,证明施杰杀蟑胶饵杀灭蟑螂效果显著,值得推广。     

杀蟑胶饵和烟雾剂现场灭蟑效果研究

目的探讨杀蟑胶饵以及联合烟雾剂使用对宾馆厨房的灭蟑效果。方法采用1%晔康杀蟑胶饵和0.5%氯菊酯的烟雾剂,密度监测采用粘捕法。结果单独使用杀蟑胶饵后10 d对蟑螂杀灭率为22.5%,30 d为93.0%;首次加用烟雾剂喷雾,10 d灭效为90.8%,30 d为95.7%。结论在宾馆厨房中使用杀蟑胶饵能有效控制蟑螂的密度但起效较慢,使用杀蟑胶饵首次加用烟雾剂喷雾能在短时间内提高其杀灭率。     

康星杀蟑胶饵现场灭蟑螂效果观察

目的：报告康星杀蟑胶饵现场灭蟑螂的结果；方法：对卫生院、饮食店等进行现场实验；结果：试验现场施药前蟑螂密度平均每15min为17．25只，施药后的1d、2d、3d、4d、5d、1Od，杀灭率均为100％，蟑螂死亡高峰在投药后的前3d，分别占蟑螂死亡总数的32．90％、21．21％和12.99％；结论：康星杀蟑胶饵对蟑螂达到有效控制的目的，应予推广应用。     

某招待所蟑螂侵害情况调查及杀蟑胶饵防治效果研究

目的　调查某招待所蟑螂侵害情况和拜灭士杀蟑胶饵防治蟑螂的效果。方法　密度调查采用粘捕法,化学防治采用拜灭士杀蟑胶饵。结果　密度指数为8 .22只/盒·夜,德国小蠊为绝对优势种,占总捕获数的99. 18%。施药后1周密度指数为0 .95只/盒·夜,杀灭率为88 .49%;施药后1个月密度指数为0 .24只/盒·夜,杀灭率为97 .04%。结论　该招待所德国小蠊侵害严重,采用拜灭士杀蟑胶饵防治,能迅速有效的控制其密度。     

石家庄铁路列车灭蟑效果调查

本研究通过对石家庄客运段担当的旅客列车使用胶饵点杀和喷雾滞留消杀方法开展灭蟑工作,并对灭蟑前后车厢内蟑螂密度和带蟑率进行比较,统计学分析有显著性意义。同时通过调查各车型蟑螂密度,餐车内蟑螂密度高于其他车型。     

某部食堂蟑螂侵害与防治效果观察

目的观察部队食堂蟑螂危害程度,探索适合部队食堂蟑螂防治的有效方法。方法甲食堂使用滞留喷洒加烟雾熏杀处理,乙食堂使用滞留喷洒加杀蟑胶饵处理,按月进行灭蟑并连续3个月,在每次防治后7 d进行密度调查。结果甲单位第3次处理后7 d蟑螂密度下降率为98.6%,乙单位第2次防治后7 d蟑螂密度下降率为99.5%。结论滞留喷洒的同时加烟雾熏杀或杀蟑胶饵毒杀均能取得可靠的灭蟑效果,但滞留喷洒加杀蟑胶饵灭效更好,适于在基层部队推广应用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.