急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死直接介入治疗院内死亡原因分析

目的分析急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)院内死亡原因。方法连续入选自首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院心内科2010年1月至2013年12月因STEMI行直接PCI院内死亡患者资料,回顾性分析其死亡原因。结果总计1314例STEMI患者进行直接PCI治疗,住院期间死亡44例,病死率3.3%;发病到就诊平均时间(5.3±4.6)h;43.8%的患者梗死相关血管为前降支,其中11例行经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA),33例患者植入支架44枚,平均每例患者植入支架(1.1±0.8)枚。主要死亡原因为心源性休克56.8%,其次为心脏破裂占20.5%,15.9%死于血管并发症(包括无复流、支架内血栓、冠状动脉穿孔、夹层)。结论 STEMI患者直接PCI院内死亡原因依次为心源性休克、心脏破裂、血管并发症。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死预后危险因素的Logistic回归分析

目的:探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)预后的危险因素,以降低患者死亡率。方法:回顾性分析2011年7月~2013年12月收治的142例STEMI患者的临床资料。根据是否死亡,患者被分为死亡组(47例)和存活组(95例)。比较两组STEMI的相关因素,采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响STEMI预后的独立危险因素。结果:与存活组比较,死亡组年龄[(60.6±8.9)岁比(71.5±6.4)岁]显著更大;糖尿病史(26.32%比48.94%)、陈旧性心肌梗死史(11.58%比31.91%)、脑梗死史(14.74%比23.40%)、贫血(32.63%比48.94%)、心源性休克(7.37%比29.79%)、心律失常(9.47%比19.15%)、心力衰竭(14.74%比23.40%)患者比例显著升高;发病至入院时间24h比例(83.16%比46.81%)显著减小,P0.05或0.01。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄、糖尿病史、心源性休克、心律失常、心力衰竭和发病至入院时间是影响STEMI预后的独立危险因素(OR=1.792~2.312,P0.05或0.01)。结论:年龄、糖尿病史、心源性休克、心律失常、心力衰竭和发病至入院时间是急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者死亡的主要原因,应对这些因素进行合理的干预,以降低病死率。     

急性前壁STEMI患者急诊PCI术后发生心源性休克危险因素分析

目的 探讨急性前壁ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI术后发生心源性休克危险因素。方法 纳入2015年1月至2019年9月间于武汉大学人民医院心内科行急诊PCI的急性前壁STEMI患者（n=390）,按术后是否发生心源性休克,分为休克组（n=69）和非休克组（n=321）,收集住院电子病历信息。比较两组一般资料、药物及手术治疗相关指标。结果 休克组年龄、白细胞、中性粒细胞计数、血肌酐（Scr）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）及心肌总缺血时间均高于非休克组（P<0.05）。休克组女性、并发心房颤动、恶性心律失常（室性心动过速、心室颤动）及术后TIMI血流<3级所占比例均显著高于非休克组（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析提示Scr、hs-CRP、并发心房颤动及恶性心律失常是急性前壁STEMI患者急诊PCI术后发生心源性休克的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 急性前壁STEMI患者的Scr、hs-CRP,并发心房颤动或恶性心律失常是急诊PCI术后发生心源性休克的独立危险因素,应当在早期识别这类高危患者并及时调整诊疗策略。     

急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术开通梗死相关血管时程变化对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死早期预后的影响

目的:观察急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)开通梗死相关血管的时程变化对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)住院期间死亡率及心肌梗死后30 d内心血管事件发生率的影响.方法:急性STEMI患者213例,根据症状发生至第1次球囊扩张的时间分为3组:＜180 min组(A组,27例),180～360 min组(B组,83例),＞360 min组(C组,103例).观察各组术后30 d内主要心血管不良事件的发生率,包括心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、急性亚急性支架内血栓形成.结果:症状发生到第1次球囊扩张的时间中位数为(355.3±223)min,C组老年患者(≥75岁)及女性患者相对多见,前壁梗死和心源性休克发生率较高.住院总心源性死亡率为13.6%,C组住院期间死亡率(17.5%)明显高于A组(3.7%)和B组(12.1%);急性心肌梗死的并发症心源性休克显著影响死亡率(36.5%).随访30 d,心源性休克、≥75岁高龄、女性患者心血管事件发生率显著升高.多因素回归分析显示时间延迟>360 min是影响急性STEMI早期预后的独立危险因素.结论:急诊PCI时间的延迟显著影响急性STEMI早期预后.急诊PCI时间延迟超过6h是影响早期预后的独立危险因素.     

心电图缺血分级与急诊PCI术后心血管事件

目的心电图缺血分级(GI)已被证实可以预测急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)溶栓患者的预后,但尚不清楚心电图缺血分级对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术(PPCI)的STEMI患者院内心血管事件的预测价值,本研究旨在探讨初始心电图缺血分级对已接受PPCI的STEMI患者住院期间心血管事件的影响。方法本研究纳入2008年7月至2011年8月在本中心诊断为STEMI并且接受PPCI的患者188例。患者按心电图表现分为两组:2级缺血组(GI2,ST段抬高不伴有QRS终末部分扭曲)和3级缺血组(GI3,在ST段≥2个相邻导联抬高伴有QRS终末部分扭曲)。观察终点为院内心血管事件(死亡、非致命性再次心肌梗死、心力衰竭和恶性心律失常)。结果 GI3组患者心律失常发生率、心力衰竭或者心源性休克等心血管事件的发生率均高于GI2组,差异有统计学意义。结论尽管已经接受急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,初始心电图3级缺血仍然是STEMI患者住院期间心血管事件的独立预测因子。     

急性心肌梗死伴心源性休克的治疗

目的：本文观察早期冠状动脉再通及其他辅助治疗对急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）合并心源性休克患者转归的影响。方法：对ＡＭＩ伴心源性休克的１７例患者进行回顾性研究，除外１例合并心室间隔穿孔。其余１６例患者分为药物组５例，仅应用药物治疗；介入组１１例接受溶栓，行经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术、行支架术、主动脉内球囊反搏、呼吸机辅助呼吸等治疗。介入组患者经冠状动脉造影后根据心肌梗死溶栓试验（ＴＩＭＩ）分级进一步分为再通组与未再通组。对药物组和介入组，再通组和未再通组住院期间病死率进行了比较。结果：药物组患者住院期间全部死亡，病死率１００％。介入组患者４例死亡，病死率３６％，较药物组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。介入组患者经冠状动脉造影未再通组（ＴＩＭＩ０～Ⅰ级）４例，３例死亡，病死率７５％，再通组（ＴＩＭＩⅡ～Ⅲ级）７例，死亡１例，病死率１４％，与未再通组比较病死率显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：早期冠状动脉再通，同时应用主动脉内球囊反搏，辅助呼吸等治疗将有效地降低ＡＭＩ伴心源性休克患者的病死率     

急性心肌梗死常见并发症的防治进展

随着生活水平的提高,冠心病的发病率呈逐年上升趋势。急性心肌梗死（AMI）为冠心病的严重类型,具有发病急、病情凶险、病死率高等特点,可出现心力衰竭、心源性休克、心律失常及心脏破裂等多种并发症,这些并发症是导致心肌梗死死亡的主要原因。尽管溶栓、冠脉介入治疗的广泛应用使得AMI住院病死率显著降低,但AMI并发症严重影响着冠心病患者的远期预后及生活质量。因此通过早期预测因素风险评估,积极采取预防措施,尽早防治严重并发症是降低AMI病死率的关键。     

急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的临床诊断及治疗进展

在当今经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗时代,心源性休克是急性心肌梗死患者的主要并发症和首要死亡原因。随着经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗的快速发展和广泛应用,ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者住院病死率已经显著下降到大约5%,然而急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者住院期间病死率仍超过50%。此外,机械辅助循环装置的不断更新出现虽然可以改善血流动力学状态,但未能降低心源性休克患者的远期病死率。如何抢救治疗心源性休克是心血管介入医生面临的一大挑战。现主要就急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的病因、诊断及治疗进展做一归纳综述。     

再灌注治疗对急性心肌梗死合并Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者预后的影响

目的对比研究不同再灌注治疗对急性心肌梗死（AMI）合并Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞（Ⅲ。AVB）患者预后的影响。方法2007年1月至2012年1月住院的AMI合并111。AVB患者69例,分为对照组、溶栓组和介入组,比较三组患者心源性休克、恶性心律失常、心衰等发生率和总死亡率。于再灌注治疗后6个月对存活者行心脏超声检查,测定左室射血分数（LVEF）和左室舒张末期内径（LVD）。结果①介人组再灌注治疗后心源性休克、恶性心律失常、心衰等发生率和总死亡率均明显低于溶栓组及对照组,溶栓组亦明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。②6个月后三组存活者行心脏超声心动图检查,介入组LVEF明显高于溶栓组及对照组（P〈0．05）,LVD明显低于溶栓组及对照组（P〈0．05）。结论AMI合并Ⅲ。AVB预后差,住院期问心源性休克、恶性心律失常、心衰等发生率和死亡率高。AMI后行急诊再灌注能改善左心功能和预后,行急诊冠脉介入治疗较静脉溶栓治疗效果更为突出。     

主动脉内球囊反搏辅助治疗高危急性心肌梗死疗效观察

目的探讨主动脉内球囊反搏在救治高危心肌梗死中的作用。方法对25例急性心肌梗死患者入院时、溶栓治疗后、经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（PTCA）和冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）前出现血液动力学不稳或心源性休克者行主动脉内囊反搏辅助治疗。结果25例患者中17例（68%）在IABP使用5～118 h（平均20 h）后血流动力学平稳;8例死亡,死因包括心源性休克（6例）,心脏破裂（1例）,恶性心律失常（2例）,无因IABP引起的并发症而导致死亡,3例行IABP患者穿刺部位肿胀,局部形成血肿。结论IABP能降低AM I患者的临床事件发生率和死亡率,能有效减轻心衰,改善心功能,为进一步治疗争取到足够的时间,但对术中急性血管病变作用有限。     

国产药物洗脱支架对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者的疗效观察

目的探讨国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架Firebird在急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中应用的安全性和有效性。方法选择STEMI且在发病12h内接受急诊置入Firebird支架的患者96例,记录住院期间、术后9个月时不良心脏事件(MACE)的发生率。结果96处梗死相关病变置入150枚Firebird支架,支架置入成功率为100%,介入治疗后血流TIMI3级86例(89.6%),无复流现象3例,其中术中死亡1例;心脏破裂死亡2例;早期支架内血栓形成2例,其中死亡1例。住院期间MACE发生率为5.2%(5/96),PCI临床成功率为86.5%(83/96)。对82例患者进行了6～24个月的随访,平均(9.6±3.4)个月,因心力衰竭死亡2例,随访时MACE发生率2.4%(2/82)。结论国产雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架Firebird在STEMI急诊PCI中应用安全有效。     

急诊PCI术前使用血小板GP Ⅱ b/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂预防慢血流的作用

目的评价急诊PCI术前应用血小板GPⅡb／Ⅲa受体拮抗剂替罗非班对预防慢血流的作用。方法选择ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）行急诊PCI术患者共128例,按单双顺序分为A、B两组。A组为治疗组,术前给予静推替罗非班并持续静滴至术后。B组为对照组,术前未使用替罗非班。观察两组慢血流情况。结果两组患者均完成急诊PCI术,其中B组1例急性广泛前壁心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者术后1天死亡,其余127例康复出院。两组均有慢血流或无复流出现。其中A组4例,3例发生在右冠脉,1例发生在前降支;B组为12例,右冠脉7例,前降支4例,回旋支1例。两组出现慢血流的例数差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论急诊PCI术前应用血小板GPⅡb／Ⅲa受体拮抗剂对慢血流的形成有一定的预防作用。     

药物保守治疗高龄老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的临床特征和预后分析

目的探讨接受药物保守治疗的高龄急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者的临床特征及预后。方法回顾性连续收集2013年1月至2016年12月期间在我院接受药物保守治疗的93例高龄急性STEMI患者的临床资料。分析患者的基本临床资料、临床用药以及预后情况。采用Logistic回归模型分析患者预后不良及死亡的影响因素。Kaplan-Meier曲线分析高龄患者随着时间的生存状况。结果高龄STEMI患者多数具有高血压(64例,占68.8%)和高脂血症(84例,占90.3%)。除阿司匹林、氯吡格雷外,高龄急性STEMI患者他汀类药物使用率较高,达89.2%。急性前壁心肌梗死和急性下壁心肌梗死患者较多,分别达41.9%和28.0%。预后分析表明,2年内预后良好的患者占33.3%,住院期间死亡占32.3%,院外死亡占23.7%。多因素Logistic回归分析表明,性别是药物保守治疗的高龄急性STEMI患者预后不良的影响因素(OR=3.18,95%CI 1.09~9.26,P=0.03),女性患者预后不良的发生率是男性患者的3.18倍;NYHA心功能分级Ⅳ级(OR=67.17,95%CI 2.73~154.50,P=0.01)和未使用利尿剂(OR=0.06,95%CI 0.00~0.95,P=0.04)是高龄急性STEMI患者院内死亡的危险因素。结论接受药物保守的高龄急性STEMI患者女性往往较男性预后更差。NYHA心功能分级Ⅳ级和未使用利尿剂是导致高龄STEMI患者院内死亡的危险因素。     

Cardiac rupture: a not infrequent complication of acute myocardial infarction. Report of five cases (author's transl)]

Five cases of cardiac rupture (CR) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (four men and one woman aged between 49 and 86 years, mean 64) are described. The incidence of CR was 4,7% of 106 cases of AMI and 20,8% of causes of death. In all cases, pathologic observations well agreed with electrocardiographic site of infarction. All patients had ECG pattern of transmural AMI: postero-inferior (2 cases), anterior (1 case); none of them had myocardial infarction in the past. Two patients had systolic hypertension on admission, during and immediately before death, and 3 patients were normotensive during the whole course of illness. All patients had severe, prolonged and resistant to opiate therapy chest pain, which reexacerbated immediately before death in two cases. 4 patients died within 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Terminal ECG pattern was similar in these four cases: sudden sinus bradycardia and/or idio-ventricular rhythm, with a progressive slowing of heart rate and changes of QRS patterns of "agonic" type, preceded electrical activity cessation. In one patient, who died at the seventh day of illness, ventricular fibrillation was observed. The AA. stress the importance of the early recognition of clinical findings suggesting an impeding CR in order to relieve cardiac tamponade with pericardiocentesis and to perform, as soon as possible, surgical treatment.     

Does on‐ versus off‐hours presentation impact in‐hospital outcomes of ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction patients transferred to a tertiary care center?

Objectives : To determine whether in‐hospital outcome differs for transferred patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) presenting during business (ON) hours vs. after (OFF) hours. Background : Door‐to‐device (DTD) time is a prognostic factor in patients with STEMI and is longer during OFF hours. However, the in‐hospital mortality is controversial. Methods : This registry study included 786 consecutive patients with STEMI referred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention to a tertiary care center with an on‐site cardiac catheterization team 24 hrs a day/7 days (24/7) a week. ON hours were defined as weekdays 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., while OFF hours were defined as all other times, including holidays. The primary outcomes were in‐hospital death, reinfarction, and length of stay (LOS). Results : ON hours (29.5%, n = 232) and OFF hours (70.5%, n = 554) groups had similar demographic and baseline characteristics. A significantly higher proportion of patients presenting ON hours had a DTD time ≤120 min compared to OFF hours patients (32.6% vs. 22.1%, P = 0.007). The rates of in‐hospital death (8.2% vs. 6%), reinfarction (0% vs. 1.1%), and mean LOS (5.7 ± 6 vs. 5.7 ± 5) were not significantly different in the ON vs. OFF hours groups, all P = nonsignificant. Conclusion : In a tertiary care center with an on‐site cardiac catheterization team 24/7, there are no differences in in‐hospital outcomes of transferred patients with STEMI during ON vs. OFF hours. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

平均空腹血糖对ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者住院预后的影响

目的 评价平均空腹血糖对ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者住院顶后的影响.方法 对357例发病3 d内入院的无糖尿病史的STEMI患者进行回顾性分析,依据入院后72 h内平均空腹血糖水平分为＜5.6、5.6～7.0和＞7.0 mmol/L 三组.比较其临床特征、住院治疗经过和主要心脏事件及死亡的发生率,通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估平均空腹血糖对住院死亡的预测价值.结果 平均空腹血糖＜5.6、5.6～7.0和＞7.0 mmol/L的三组患者分别为165、122和70例,其广泛前壁心肌梗死的比例分别占18.2%、29.5%和45.7%(P＜0.05.各组患者在年龄、既往梗死史及溶栓或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗等差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).入院时心率、白细胞计数、CK-MB峰值随着平均空腹血糖升高而增加(P＜0.05).随着血糖升高,左心室射血分数降低,心力衰竭、恶性心律失常发生率及住院病死率明显增加(P＜0.05).多因素分析显示入院72 h内平均空腹血糖是住院病死率的独立危险因素(OR=1.31,95%CI:1.10～1.57;P=0.003),其顶测住院死亡ROC曲线下面积为0.758(P＜0.001),而单次入院随机血糖、空腹血糖预测住院死亡的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.674和0.717.结论 入院72 h内平均空腹血糖是STEMI住院患者死亡的独立危险因素,其预测价值高于单次的入院随机血糖或空腹血糖.     

The spectrum of death after myocardial infarction: a necropsy study

To determine the relative frequency of the causes of death in the acute (less than 24 hours), early (24 hours to 3 weeks), and chronic (greater than 3 weeks) phases of myocardial infarction, data from all autopsies performed at a university hospital during a 56-month period were reviewed. Autopsies were performed in 56% of in-hospital deaths and 27% of patients dead on arrival in the emergency room (out-of-hospital deaths). In 271 cases of suspected cardiac death, a myocardial infarction of any age was identified. Death had occurred in the acute phase of a first infarction in 19 patients and was most frequently due to pump failure (37%) followed by cardiac rupture (26%) and arrhythmias (21%). Death had occurred 24 hours to 3 weeks after a first infarction in 80 patients and was most frequently due to pump failure (44%), rupture (27%), and arrhythmias (16%). Recurrent acute infarction was found in 32% of patients whose deaths were due to arrhythmias or pump failure and in 19% of those whose deaths were due to rupture. Death had occurred greater than 3 weeks after a first infarction in 172 patients. In 132 (77%) of these patients death was due to a complication of a new acute or recent infarction. Myocardial rupture was a less frequent cause of death in patients with recurrent infarction (8%) than in those dying in the acute or early phase after their first infarction (27%, p = 0.0009). A primary arrhythmia in the absence of recurrent infarction or ischemia accounted for only 14% of out-of-hospital deaths late after an infarction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The possibility of spontaneous lysis of a coronary thrombus in patients with acute myocardial infarct

The results of coronary angiography in 108 patients within the first 24 hours of myocardial infarction were compared to autopsy coronary arterial findings in 78 cases of myocardial infarction death within similar periods of time. The rate of occlusion of the coronary artery, responsible for infarction, dropped considerably within 12-24 hours of its onset, as compared to the data obtained within the first 6 hours: from 90.3% to 57.1% as evidenced by coronarography, or from 87.8% to 68.4% as evidenced by postmortem findings. Coronarography conducted within the first day of myocardial infarction demonstrated markedly activated fibrinolysis that coincided with the drop in the incidence of coronary-arterial thrombosis. Fibrinolysis activation is a prerequisite for spontaneous coronary thrombolysis.     

Pre-hospital delay of treatment in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: experience of cardiac centre located in the vicinity of the centre of Warsaw

BACKGROUND: Early reperfusion therapy with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) improves left ventricular function and reduces mortality. AIM: To assess the time delay in treatment of patients with STEMI referred to a twenty-four-hour interventional centre located in the vicinity of the centre of Warsaw. METHODS: We analysed 350 consecutive STEMI patients admitted to our Department between October 2005 and September 2006. The majority of the patients - 244 (69.7%), were admitted via hospitals without an interventional department. Sixty-two (17.7%) patients were transported directly by ambulance from home, 34 (9.7%) from a community health centre and 10 patients (2.9%) came by themselves from home or work. A detailed interview concerning the time of symptom onset was conducted in 342 patients (97.7%). RESULTS: Sixty-two (18%) patients arrived at the interventional centre within the first 2 hours from symptom onset: 6 women (5.5% of all women in the study population) and 56 (24.1%) men (p <0.0001). Within the first 2 hours, 32 (13.1%) patients were admitted via another hospital and 20 (32.2%) directly by ambulance (p <0.001). During the first 7 days of hospitalisation the following patients died: 2 (3.2%) patients admitted within the first 2 hours via another hospital, 6 (3.4%) patients among 178 admitted between 2 and 6 hours after pain onset, 4 (8.3%) among 48 admitted between 6 and 12 hours and 8 (14.8%) among 54 patients with the pain duration over 12 hours (p <0.02). During the first 7 days of hospitalisation 8 (3.3%) patients admitted within the first 6 hours after pain onset died compared with 12 (11.8%) admitted later (p <0.003). CONCLUSIONS: In the interventional centre located near the centre of Warsaw symptom-onset-to-door time was 120 minutes only in 18% of patients with STEMI. Almost 70% of patients underwent interhospital transfer for primary PCI. Prolongation of the time from onset of symptoms to successful PCI worsened prognosis. When transporting patients with acute coronary syndrome, efforts should be made to avoid district hospitals without a catheterisation laboratory. Direct transportation by ambulance or helicopter with educated staff equipped with ECG teletransmission data, which may substantially shorten time to treatment, should be preferred.     

急性心肌梗塞住院期死亡病例115例分析

本文总结本院内科收治急性心肌梗塞住院死亡的115例。死亡时间1/3以上在24小时内,死亡原因为心衰(22.6%)、休克(16.52%)、或二者同时存在(9.6%)、心脏骤停(40.87%)、心脏破裂(6.76%)及心外原因(3.5%)。心肌梗塞伴有严重心衰、休克、心律不齐是死亡的主要原因,其他因素如老年、女性、有糖尿病者,或有脑血管病史或再次梗塞者或梗塞广泛者死亡率较高者外,心电图并有室内阻滞、ST段持续抬高三周及低电压现象者死亡率亦较高,并对有关问题进行了讨论。