重庆市消除碘缺乏病阶段目标评估

目的：评估考核各级政府和相关部门是否建立了可持续消除碘缺乏病的工作机制,掌握防治工作进程,为制定防治策略提供科学依据。方法：采用抽样问卷调查,以区县为单位自评,在自评基础上市级抽查。采取核实资料的方法对组织领导、碘盐管理、健康教育三项指标进行综合评分。结果：自评三项综合指标评分40个区县均在85分以上;2个碘盐生产厂合格率均达90％以上;全市36个批发企业合格率＞90％者39个区县,占97．5％;居民户合格率＞90％者35个区县,占87．5％;尿碘中位数均＞100μg/L;儿童甲状腺肿大率＜10％者11个区县,占27．5％,10％－19．9％者27个,占67．5％,＞20％者2个,占5％。市级抽查20个区县,综合评分在85分以上者19个;碘盐生产厂合格率均在90％以上,20个区县有19个批发企业,合格率＞90％者18个占94．74％,零售单位经均＞90％,居民户合格率＞90％者18个,占90％,尿碘中位数均＞100μg/L;儿童甲肿率无＜10％的区县,10％－19．9％者19个,＞20个者1个。结论：对照消除磺缺乏病阶段目标标准判断,无实现消除碘缺乏病阶段目标的区县,实现基本消除目标的有17个区县,未实现阶段目标者23个区县。     

社区人群对非典的知信行研究

目的：了解非典流行区域各类人群对非典的知信行表现及其改变；方法：现场问卷调查法，资料进行统计分析；结果：人群对非典的认识不全面，存在不正确的认知，但行为却有明显的改变。     

Hypotension following a one-time (initial) dose of captopril

In a group of 269 untreated hypertensive patients the effect of a single oral dose of captopril (25 mg) on blood pressure was studied for 90-120 minutes. The systolic blood pressure decreased by more than 20% in 9.5% and by more than 30% in 1.1% of the patients. In 22.6% the diastolic blood pressure decreased by more than 20%; in 4.5% it fell more than 30%. The calculated mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced by more than 20% in 12.3% of the patients and by more than 30% in 3%. Three patients showed transient neurological deficits. Factors related to a strong blood pressure drop were: renal artery disease and resistant hypertension. However, a potentially dangerous fall in blood pressure, i.e. an acute fall of MAP of over 30%, was also observed in the absence of these risk factors. Therefore not all patients at risk can be identified in advance, and treatment with ACE-inhibitors has to be started under well-controlled circumstances especially in elderly patients.     

避光输液器避光效果的研究

通过对避光输液器和普通PVC输液器的滴斗和管路分别进行透光率试验,我们发现,避光输液器滴斗能够有效遮挡80％以上的紫外光和90％以上的青蓝紫光,避光效果是普通输液器的4倍;避光管路能够遮挡93．5％以上的紫外光和96％以上的青蓝紫光,避光效果是普通输液器的1．4倍。     

启东市16所中学学生饮食及运动行为现况调查

[目的]了解青少年日常饮食习惯、体育运动及休闲娱乐行为的现状。[方法]采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取16所学校(初中、高中和中等职业学校)86个班级共4090名在校学生,采用江苏省青少年健康相关行为问卷进行调查,回收有效调查表4051份,有效率为99.05%。[结果]在前30 d里有32.24%的学生每天喝1次及以上含糖汽水,特别是男生(P<0.05)。前1周内有30.41%的学生每天吃糖果、巧克力等甜食1次或更多次;有56.16%学生每天喝牛奶或相同量的酸奶少于1杯;有24.07%的学生不是每天吃早餐,上述行为女生高于男生(P<0.01)。有1%的学生每天吃1次或更多次西式快餐。有31.23%的学生讨厌吃某类食物。在1周内仅有8.10%的学生能每天坚持进行持续至少1 h的运动或体力活动;7.83%的学生每天玩电子游戏的时间超过2 h,其中男生高于女生。24.34%的学生每天看电视时间超过2 h。46.51%的学生每天课外做功课时间超过2 h,特别是初中女生。有12.71%的学生在前1周课外补习时间超过3 h。[结论]在青少年中需加强合理饮食教育,采取切实可行措施确保他们参加体育锻炼。     

Escherichia coli in retail processed food

Four thousand two hundred and forty six samples of retail processed food were examined for the presence of Escherichia coli. Overall 12% of samples contained this organism, cakes and confectionery being more frequently contaminated (28%) than meat and meat based products (9%). Contamination was more frequent in the summer months than in the colder weather and 27% of the contaminated foods contained greater than 10(3) E. coli/g. E. coli from meat and meat based products were more commonly resistant to one or more antibiotics (14%) than were confectionery strains (1%). The significance of these findings in relation to the E. coli population of the human bowel is discussed.     

Escherichia coli in retail processed food.

Four thousand two hundred and forty six samples of retail processed food were examined for the presence of Escherichia coli. Overall 12% of samples contained this organism, cakes and confectionery being more frequently contaminated (28%) than meat and meat based products (9%). Contamination was more frequent in the summer months than in the colder weather and 27% of the contaminated foods contained greater than 10(3) E. coli/g. E. coli from meat and meat based products were more commonly resistant to one or more antibiotics (14%) than were confectionery strains (1%). The significance of these findings in relation to the E. coli population of the human bowel is discussed.     

The social consequences of insulin-treated diabetes mellitus in patients 20-50 years of age. An epidemiological case-control study.

In order to investigate the social consequences of diabetes we sent a questionnaire to all diabetic patients aged 20-50 years and 1.125 matched non-diabetic controls living in the county of V?sterbotten in Northern Sweden. The response rate was 87% and 72%, respectively. Patients more often lived alone (18 vs 13% p less than 0.05) and had no children (39 vs 31% p less than 0.01). They were more often the only child of their parents (14 vs 8%, p less than 0.01). Thirty-seven percent of the patients and 22% of the controls (p less than 0.001) had been absent from work because of illness more than one month continuously during the last 3 years and had more often than controls prematurely retired from work (8 vs 2% p less than 0.001). Patients more often had hobbies (86 vs 76%, p less than 0.001) and were participating in social activities (52 vs 41%, p less than 0.001), but were less satisfied with their leisure time (71 vs 80%, p less than 0.001). Forty percent of the patients vs 31% of the controls (p less than 0.01) did not visit neighbours. Fifty-one percent of the patients vs 44% of the controls (p less than 0.05) never spent leisure time with their work mates. No significant differences were found in education, socioeconomic class, dwelling or household economy. The study shows that there are social differences between diabetic patients and non-diabetic people even though they are not overwhelming.     

American women's sexual behavior and exposure to risk of sexually transmitted diseases.

According to nationally representative data from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth and the 1988 and 1989 General Social Surveys, 67% of all women aged 15-44 who have ever had intercourse have had more than one partner, 41% have had four or more, 23% six or more and 8% more than 10; 71% have had one or more nonmarital partners. Fewer than 1% of currently married women report having had more than one partner in the previous three months, compared with 13% of formerly married women and 9% of single women who are sexually active. For the most part, women with multiple partners do not have characteristics that set them apart from other women; women in all age-groups and racial or ethnic groups appear equally likely to have multiple partners while unmarried. Fifty-seven percent of women who report multiple partners have never been married, and another one-quarter are currently divorced. Twenty-one percent are teenagers, 46% are aged 20-29 and 24% are in their 30s. Between 27% and 39% of all sexually active women aged 18-44 are estimated to have had direct or indirect contact with more than one sexual partner during the preceding 12 months (including women with only one partner whose partner had multiple partners). About 20% of currently sexually active women reported using the condom, but one in five condom users had not used one at last intercourse. Once social and demographic factors are controlled, condom users with multiple partners are less likely than other condom users to have used a condom at last intercourse.     

Sexual dysfunction is common and overlooked in female patients with hypertension

Our objective was to investigate sexual activity, behavior, dysfunction, and satisfaction in hypertensive women. Sixty-seven patients with a mean age of 60.4 years completed a detailed questionnaire. Of these women, 81.3% had a sex partner; 42.6% had untreated sexual dysfunction with a duration of more than 5 years in 70.9% and a duration of more than 10 years in 41.7%; 5.3% initiated sexual activity; 36.6% reported less sexual activity than desired; and 54.8% reported sexual activity as important. Our study revealed highly prevalent untreated sexual dysfunction of long duration. It also showed low frequency of sexual activity in spite of the high availability of partners. There was low frequency of initiation of sexual activity. In spite of the high prevalence of sexual dysfunction, more than a third of patients reported sexual activity to be less than desired, and more than half of patients reported sexual activity as important.     

城乡居民健康素养比较研究

目的了解我国城乡居民的健康素养状况,为有针对性的开展健康素养干预提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层抽样的方法,选取吉林、浙江、广东、甘肃、湖北、云南6省18～69岁的城乡居民11759人进行问卷调查。结果在知识性健康素养方面,农村居民对慢性病和传染病知识知晓率较低,特别是慢性病知识（〈60．8％）。城市居民对这两类知识的掌握显著高于农村居民。城市居民对基本的营养与食品卫生相关知识掌握较好（〉72．2％）,而农村居民对这些知识的掌握则不足（〈59．3％）。在其他方面,城乡居民都对最基本的急救常识、心理卫生知识有一定的了解。城乡居民个人卫生行为形成率较高（城市居民〉90．7％,农村居民〉76．0％）,但其他健康行为特别是体检行为（城市居民37．9％,农村居民26．6％）和体育锻炼行为（城市居民52．2％,农村居民17．0％）形成率则较差。城乡居民都具有较高的信念性健康素养（城市居民〉78．8％,农村居民〉61．6％）。在功能性健康素养方面,城乡居民在就医时沟通和清楚介绍病情能力最好（城市居民〉73．8％,农村居民〉66．2％）,对健康词汇的认知能力最低。结论城乡居民健康素养水平存在着较大差别,应该根据城乡居民的不同特点开展针对健康素养的健康教育和健康促进工作。     

Group therapy in obesity control: results of our 8-year experience

We have analysed group therapy efficacy in weight loss of obese outpatients, non responders to previous hypocaloric treatments. The results we have obtained during the last 8 years have been compared to those reported in literature, to our previous observations and to results obtained in a group of obese outpatients in traditional diet-therapy. The mean weight loss in patients followed for 6 months with group therapy was 5.5% of the initial weight (IW); 48.5% of them lost more than 5% and 13% lost more than 10% of IW. The results obtained in a traditional treated group were a little better: mean weight loss was −6.6%, 61% lost more than 5% and 22% more than 10% of IW. So, in our opinion, group therapy can be usefully applied only in selected patients (i.e. older in age/non-responders to traditional treatments), where it might have a possible role as a more cost-effective treatment.     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌院内垂直传播分析

目的调查产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(ECO)与肺炎克雷伯菌(KPN)院内垂直传播流行状况。方法脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE),用Quantity One软件进行PFGE指纹比较分析。结果ICU分离的21株ECO中有10株和7株的相似性系数>90%和100%;KPN有3株相似性系数为100%;神经外科分离的20株ECO中,有9株相似性系数>90%;6株KPN中有4株的相似性系数>90%;干部病房分离的10株ECO中有3株和2株相似性系数>90%和100%;消化科和呼吸科分别在7株和18株ECO中,有2株和2株相似性系数>90%;其他科室也有检出相似性系数>90%的菌株。结论多科室存在垂直传播,尤以ICU病房严重,应采取有力措施加强感染控制管理工作。     

柳州市中学生日常饮食行为及体育锻炼现状分析

[目的]了解柳州市中学生日常饮食行为、减肥相关行为和运动锻炼行为的现状。[方法]采用中国青少年健康相关行为问卷,以整群抽样方法抽取23所不同类型学校的4800名中学生进行无记名自填式问卷调查。[结果]不健康饮食行为在中学生中普遍存在,过去7d内中学生每天喝汽水饮料和吃甜点1次以上率分别为:14.3%、22.6%,有6.6%的学生每周至少有3d或以上在西式快餐店用餐,18.3%的学生每周至少有3d或以上吃过路边摊提供的食品,65.8%的学生不能做到每天至少吃2次新鲜蔬菜,77.2%的学生每天不能做到喝1杯牛奶/豆奶,30.5%的学生不能做到每天吃早餐。部分中学生存在不合理减肥现象,33.0%的学生存在偏食;中学生每天运动1h以上者占57.8%;每天看电视/录像2h以上者占46.0%;每天做课外功课、补课4h以上者占18.4%;每天玩电子游戏4h以上者占14.2%。[结论]柳州市中学生存在多种不健康饮食行为,缺乏体育运动、静态活动较普遍,应尽快开展中学生健康危险行为的干预措施,促进青少年的健康成长。     

凤凰县留守与非留守中学生体育锻炼及日常饮食行为比较

了解凤凰县留守与非留守中学生体育锻炼、日常饮食行为现况,为少数民族地区学校开展体育卫生工作提供参考.方法 采用中国青少年健康相关行为问卷,分层随机整群抽取凤凰县4所中学1 348名学生进行问卷调查.结果 每周参加体育锻炼3~4次的报告率非留守初中生(16.56%)高于留守组(11.87%),每次体育锻炼时间≤30min的留守中学女生(89.72%)高于非留守组(81.52%),与家人一起参加体育锻炼的报告率城市非留守中学生(8.80%)高于城市留守中学生(2.35%),参加体育锻炼态度为不积极的报告率非留守高中生(25.07%)高于留守组(16.16%),差异均具有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).不喝牛奶行为报告率留守中学男生(73.61%)高于非留守组(62.02%),偏食行为报告率非留守初中生(31.88%)高于留守组(21.18%),常吃甜食行为报告率农村非留守中学生(30.61%)高于农村留守组(24.07%),差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).结论 针对凤凰县留守与非留守中学生参加体育锻炼、健康饮食情况的不同问题,应积极开展促进身体健康的相关教育.     

山东省中小学生体育煅炼对体质状况的影响

目的 分析体育锻炼对山东省中小学生体质状况的影响,探讨学生体质下降的原因,为采取相应干预措施提供依据.方法 以2010年山东省学生体质健康调研小学四年级以上的29 762名中小学生为研究对象进行问卷调查,了解学生每天参加体育锻炼的情况.将研究对象按每天平均锻炼时间＞1 h和＜1h分为两组,比较两组青少年体能素质及近视率和超重、肥胖率的差异.结果 每天平均锻炼＞1h组学生的肺功能、爆发力素质、耐力素质和柔韧素质优于每天锻炼＜1h组.每天平均锻炼＞1h组青少年的标准化超重和肥胖率为23.61％(男)、13.61％(女),标准化近视患病率为63.68％(男)、70.56％(女);每天锻炼＜1h组的标准化超重和肥胖率为27.31％(男)、14.87％(女),标准化近视患病率为66.13％(男)、72.23％(女).结论 每天锻炼1h对中小学生体质有促进作用,应减轻学生的学习负担,保证足够的体育锻炼时间.     

Field evaluation of CDC and Mosquito Magnet X traps baited with dry ice, CO2 sachet, and octenol against mosquitoes

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps and Mosquito Magnet X (MMX) traps baited with dry ice, octenol, and a new formulation (granular) of carbon dioxide (CO2) were evaluated against adult mosquitoes in the field. The results showed that the MMX traps (68.6%) baited with dry ice collected more mosquitoes compared to the CDC light traps (32.4%) only. The CDC traps baited with dry ice (64%) collected significantly more mosquitoes than traps baited with CO2 sachets (11%) or octenol (23%). The MMX traps baited with dry ice (85.5%) collected significantly more mosquitoes than traps baited with CO2 sachets (6.5%) or octenol (9%). The CDC traps baited with the formulations of normal and slow release CO2 sachets collected more mosquitoes than the formulation of fast release sachets. The CDC traps baited with fresh sachets and 24-h-exposed sachets collected significantly more mosquitoes than the traps baited with 48-h- and 72-h-exposed sachets.     

天津城市社区居民体育锻炼现状分析

目的 了解天津城市社区居民体育锻炼现状,分析其相关因素,为制定城市社区居民体育锻炼促进策略提供依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,在天津市24个城市社区中抽取18～75岁社区居民26 101名进行问卷调查.结果 被调查的社区居民有54.4％每周至少参加1次体育锻炼,42.4％的调查对象每周体育锻炼时间达90 min以上(经常锻炼),30.0％的调查对象每周体育锻炼时间达180 min以上.青年和中年经常锻炼的比例(28.3％、47.3％)低于老年人(62.9％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 天津城市社区居民经常锻炼率处于较高水平,但中青年人群的体育锻炼水平有待提高.     

Hospital admissions after transition into unemployment

OBJECTIVE: It was examined whether the rate of hospital admissions change after transition into unemployment. METHODS: Data from a German statutory health insurance comprising 105,554 individuals (70.9% men, 29.1% women) with documented employment periods were used. Unemployment periods were divided into three intervals: up to eight months, more than eight up to 16, and more than 16 up to 24 months. RESULTS: The overall "risks" of hospital admissions dropped after transition into unemployment. The relative risk (RR) in men and women for unemployment up to eight months was RR = 0.31 (95% CI: 0.28-0.34), for periods of more than eight up to 16 months it was RR = 0.35 (95% CI: 0.32-0.39) and for more than 16 up to 24 months it was RR = 0.27 (95% CI: 0.23-0.33). In contrast, for myocardial infarction they increased with length of unemployment: up to eight months: RR = 1.49 (95% CI: 1.04-2.13), more than eight up to 16 months; RR = 1.82 (95% CI: 1.21-2.74), more than 16 up to 24 months: RR = 3.08 (95% CI: 1.84-5.17). CONCLUSION: For myocardial infarction the findings may reflect increased morbidity, for occupational diseases they may reflect a decrease following ceasing expositions at the workplace. For the remaining diagnostic groups decreasing health care utilisation may apply without morbidity having changed.     

Pharyngeal carriage rates of Haemophilus influenzae, type b and non-b, and prevalence of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae among healthy day-care children in central Massachusetts

Pharyngeal swabs were obtained from 832 children less than 14 years of age attending day-care centers and family day-care homes in central Massachusetts during a seven-week period beginning March 1, 1982. Colonization rates for Haemophilus influenzae and for H. influenzae type b were 60.7% and 15.1%, respectively. Nonwhite children were more likely to be carriers of non-b H. influenzae than white children (62.9% vs. 47.8%, p less than 0.025). Children in day care for more than six months were more likely to be carriers of non-b H. influenzae than children in day care for six months or less (52.9% vs. 45.5%, p less than 0.05). There was no association between colonization rates and age, sex, type of day-care setting, number of siblings, number sharing a bedroom, history of otitis media, or history of antibiotic use. The prevalence of ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae was 6.3% among all children and 10.3% among carriers of H. influenzae. The prevalence of ampicillin resistance was significantly higher among type b carriers than among carriers of other types (15.1% vs. 8.3%, p less than 0.05). Children who had taken ampicillin or amoxicillin within the past three months were much more likely to be colonized with ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae than were children who had not taken these antibiotics (13.5% vs. 4.8%, p less than 0.0005). These observations have important clinical implications for the management of children with H. influenzae disease.