Articular cartilage thickness changes differ between males and females 4 years following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction (ACLR) affects articular cartilage thickness profiles about the tibial, femoral, and patellar surfaces; however, it's unclear whether the magnitudes of change in cartilage thickness, as well as the locations and areas over which these changes occur, differ between males and females. This is important to consider as differences exist between the sexes with regard to knee biomechanics, patellofemoral pain, and anatomic alignment, which influence risk of an index and repeated injury. Subjects underwent ACLR with a bone-patella tendon-bone autograft. At 4-year follow-up, they had asymptomatic knees; however, significant ACL injured-to-contralateral normal knee differences in articular cartilage thickness values were observed. Both thickening and thinning of cartilage occurred about the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints, relative to matched control subjects with normal knees. Further, the location of the areas and magnitudes of thickening and thinning were different between females and males. Thickening (swelling) of articular cartilage is an early finding associated with the onset of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Therefore, the increases in cartilage thickness that were observed in this cohort may represent early signs of the onset of PTOA that occur prior to the patient developing symptoms and radiographic evidence of this disease. The different locations of areas that underwent a change in cartilage thicknesses between males and females suggest that each sex responds differently to knee ligament trauma, reconstruction, rehabilitation, and return to activity, and indicates that sex-specific analysis should be utilized in studies of PTOA.     

Comparison of volumetric bone mineral density in the operated and contralateral knee after anterior cruciate ligament and reconstruction: A 1‐year follow‐up study using peripheral quantitative computed tomography

The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) in the tibial plateau of the operated and contralateral leg measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) before and 3, 6, and 12 months after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The ACL was reconstructed with a hamstring tendon autograft using press‐fit fixation. pQCT measurements of the proximal tibia were obtained in 61 patients after ACL reconstruction, and total, cortical, and trabecular vBMD were calculated. vBMD in the operated leg decreased from baseline to 3 months (?12% [total], ?11% [cortical], and ?12.6% [trabecular]; p < 0.001) and remained below baseline for 12 months after surgery (6 months: ?9.5%, ?9.4%, and ?9.6%, p < 0.001; 12 months: ?8%, ?5%, and ?11%, p < 0.001). vBMD in the contralateral leg was slightly reduced only 6 months after surgery. Including age and sex as covariates into the analysis did not affect the results. ACL reconstruction contributed to loss in bone mineral density within the first year after surgery. The role of factors such as time of weight‐bearing, joint mechanics, post‐traumatic inflammatory reactions, or genetic predisposition in modulating the development of posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis after ACL injury should be further elucidated. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1804–1810, 2015.

     

不同时机膝关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术的临床研究

目的:分析不同时机行膝关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术治疗前交叉韧带损伤的效果.方法:选取2017～2019年收治的102例前交叉韧带损伤患者,根据受伤至手术时间进行分组,其中≤3周为早期组(n=52),>3周为晚期组(n=50),对比两组手术效果.结果:两组术后Lysholm评分、国际膝关节文献委员会膝关节评估表评分、膝关节...     

人工韧带用于前交叉韧带修复重建：目前产品与经验

人工韧带产品自20世纪70年代开始用于临床重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL),经历了较为坎坷的发展历程。早期人工韧带产品重建ACL疗效欠佳,大多以失败告终。近20年来随着新人工韧带产品的出现,临床应用其重建ACL逐渐增多,常用人工韧带包括Leeds-Keio TM、LARSTM(Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System)、Trevira HochfestTM,其中LARSTM应用较多。上述人工韧带具有优越的力学性能,累积失败和并发症发生率较早期产品有显著改善,但也有各自不足之处。     

关节镜下膝关节前、后交叉韧带重建53例

目的总结关节镜下前、后交叉韧带（ACL、PCL）及膝内外侧复合体重建的经验。方法关节镜下移植中1/3骨-髌腱-骨组织、4股腘绳肌腱及LARS人工韧带重建膝关节ACL、PCL。合并膝内、外侧结构损伤患者在重建的同时进行膝关节侧副韧带和关节囊的修补。术后佩戴可调式膝关节固定带3个月行康复训练。结果53例随访2个月～5年4个月,Lysholm评分由术前平均（20±4.6）分提高到（85±7.3）分。所有患者术前抽屉试验及Lachman试验存在阳性体征,术后1例后抽屉试验阳性,4例Lachman试验弱阳性。所有患者关节功能明显改善。结论在关节镜直视下交叉韧带重建能准确定位ACL、PCL解剖止点,具有损伤小,关节粘连率低,恢复快的优点,能达到坚强固定,早期功能锻炼的目的。     

Biology of anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair: Kappa delta ann doner vaughn award paper 2013

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are currently treated by removing the injured ligament and replacing it with a tendon graft. Recent studies have examined alternative treatment methods, including repair and regeneration of the injured ligament. In order to make such an approach feasible, a basic understanding of ACL biology and its response to injury is needed. Identification of obstacles to native ACL healing can then be identified and potentially resolved using tissue engineering strategies—first, with in vitro screening assays, and then with in vivo models of efficacy and safety. This Perspectives paper outlines this path of discovery for optimizing ACL healing using a bio‐enhanced repair technique. This journey required constructing indices of the functional tissue response, pioneering physiologically based methods of biomechanical testing, developing, and validating clinically relevant animal models, and creating and optimizing translationally feasible scaffolds, surgical techniques, and biologic additives. Using this systematic translational approach, “bio‐enhanced” ACL repair has been advanced to the point where it may become an option for future treatment of acute ACL injuries and the prevention of subsequent post‐traumatic osteoarthritis associated with this injury. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1501–1506, 2013     

Vertical ground reaction force 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction predicts 10-year patient-reported outcomes

Disruptions in knee biomechanics during walking following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury have been suggested to lead to the development of premature knee osteoarthritis (OA) and to be potential markers of OA risk and targets for intervention. This study investigated if side-to-side differences in early stance peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) during walking 2 years after ACL reconstruction are associated with longer-term (10 years post-reconstruction) changes in patient-reported outcomes. Twenty-eight participants (mean age: 28.7 ± 6.4 years) with primary unilateral ACL reconstruction underwent gait analysis for assessment of peak vGRF and completed Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) surveys at 2 years post-surgery (2.2 ± 0.3 years) and completed surveys at follow-up 10 years post-surgery (10.5 ± 0.9 years). Associations between changes (10–2 years) in patient-reported outcomes and between limb-differences in vGRF were assessed with Pearson or Spearman's ρ correlation coefficients and exploratory backwards elimination multiple linear regression analyses. Differences in vGRF between symptomatic progressors and non-progressors were also assessed. The side-to-side difference in vGRF was related to the variability in longer-term changes in patient-reported outcome metrics and distinguished symptomatic progressors from non-progressors. Participants with higher vGRF in the reconstructed (ACLR) limb versus the contralateral limb had worsening of IKDC (R = ?0.391, p = 0.040), KOOS pain (ρ = ?0.396, p = 0.037), KOOS symptoms (ρ = ?0.572, p = 0.001), and KOOS quality of life (R = ?0.458, p = 0.014) scores at follow-up. Symptomatic progressors had greater vGRF in the ACLR limb as compared to the contralateral limb at baseline than non-progressors (p = 0.023). These data highlight associations between a simple-to-measure gait metric and the development of long-term clinical symptoms after an ACL injury.     

Pulmonary embolism manifested as acute coronary syndrome after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a rare but serious complication following orthopedic surgery. Routine prophylaxis remains a controversial issue. The current study outlines the case of a 34-year-old male patient with delayed diagnosis of PE 15 days after arthroscopic reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) without thromboprophylaxis. He was diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome initially, but the symptoms could not be relieved after cardiac catheterization. However, PE was finally confirmed 3 days later, after serial examinations. An anticoagulant agent with enoxaparin was administered, which resulted in the relief of symptoms, and he was discharged after 18 days of hospitalization. The symptoms of PE can be similar to those of acute coronary syndrome. Thus, establishing an accurate diagnosis is difficult due to the very low incidence of PE after ACL reconstruction. Some of the possible causes of PE in this patient were his history of smoking, obesity, and surgery with prolonged surgical and tourniquet times. Surgeons should be aware of and pay greater attention to this rare complication after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction, even for young and relatively healthy patients.     

前交叉韧带重建术后患者满意度影响因素研究进展

前交叉韧带重建术（ACLR）是治疗前交叉韧带损伤的有效方法,医生惯用特定的客观指标来评估临床疗效,这与患者对手术预后的主观评价会有一定程度的不一致。在以患者为中心的现代医疗模式下,患者满意度成为越来越重要的疗效评价指标。本文就近年来ACLR术后患者满意度影响因素进行汇总分析,发现影响患者满意度的因素主要集中在患者因素、治疗选择、围术期管理、疗效评价等方面。希望通过了解这些影响因素可以帮助医生进行更好的临床决策,进而改善ACLR手术疗效,使患者受益。     

关节镜下保留残端手术与常规手术重建前交叉韧带疗效比较

目的比较关节镜下保留残端手术与常规手术重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的疗效。方法采用关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱单束重建治疗66例膝关节ACL断裂患者,其中采用常规手术方法重建治疗37例,保留残端手术方法重建治疗29例。结果 66例均获随访,时间12~28个月。常规手术组及保留残端手术组术后前抽屉试验和Lachman试验比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);采用Lysholm、IKDC评分评价膝关节功能:两组术后比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),保留残端组优于常规手术组。结论关节镜下保留残端手术与常规手术行自体腘绳肌腱单束重建治疗膝关节ACL损伤都能获得满意的临床疗效,但关节镜下保留残端手术有利于移植物的再血管化及本体感受器的恢复。     

Arthroscopic anatomical double bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A prospective longitudinal study

Background:

Single bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has been the current standard of treatment for ACL deficiency. However, a significant subset of patients continue to report residual symptoms of instability with a poor pivot control. Cadaveric biomechanical studies have shown double bundle (DB) ACL reconstructions to restore the knee kinematics better. This study evaluates the outcome of DB ACL reconstruction.

Materials and Methods:

30 consecutive patients who underwent anatomic DB ACL reconstruction were included in this prospective longitudinal study. There were all males with a mean age of 25 ± 7.45 years. All patients were prospectively evaluated using GeNouRoB (GNRB) arthrometer, functional knee scores (International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC] and Lysholm) and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for comparing the graft orientation and footprint of the reconstructed ACL with that of the normal knee.

Results:

The average followup was 36.2 months. At the time of final followup the mean Lysholm score was 93.13 ± 3.31. As per the objective IKDC score, 26 patients (86.6%) were in Group A while 4 patients (13.3%) were in Group B. The mean differential anterior tibial translation by GNRB, arthrometer was 1.07 ± 0.8 mm (range 0.1-2.3 mm). All cases had a negative pivot shift test. MRI scans of operated and the contralateral normal knee showed the mean sagittal ACL tibial angle coronal ACL tibial angle and tibial ACL footprint to be in accordance with the values of the contralateral, normal knee.

Conclusion:

The study demonstrates that DB ACL reconstruction restores the ACL anatomically in terms of size and angle of orientation. However, long term studies are needed to further substantiate its role in decreasing the incidence of early osteoarthritic changes compared to the conventional single bundle reconstructions.     

前交叉韧带重建术胫骨端两种固定方法的比较

[目的]比较单独应用带鞘界面螺钉或联合运用带鞘界面螺钉与门型钉固定前交叉韧带胫骨骨道远端的临床效果。[方法]回顾性分析2014年1月~2016年8月71例接受前交叉韧带重建的患者。按胫骨固定方式分为两组,单螺钉组37例,采用单一带鞘界面螺钉固定胫骨侧;联合组34例,采用带鞘界面螺钉联合门型钉固定胫骨侧。比较两组围手术期、随访与影像资料。[结果]71例患者均成功接受手术,术中未出现神经和血管损伤。两组手术时间、住院时间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);单螺钉组的住院费用稍低于联合组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后两组患者的Lachman试验、轴移试验均转为阴性。所有患者随访12~24个月,平均(14.13±2.54)个月。末次随访时,两组共71例患者中,除带联合组3例患者仍有跪地疼痛外,其他患者均无明显交锁、疼痛打软腿等症状,所有患者生活均可自理。末次随访时两组患者的Lachman试验、轴移试验结果、伸屈ROM、IKDC2000评分和Lysholm评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后影像学检查示两组患者膝关节骨道位置良好。[结论]单纯使用界面螺钉固定与联合使用界面螺钉与门型钉在术后膝关节功能、膝关节稳定性方面效果相当,然而,联合使用界面螺钉与门型钉可能与术后跪地疼痛有关。     

前交叉韧带早期重建术后股骨外侧髁压迹远期转归的相关研究

目的:探讨前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)早期重建术后股骨外侧髁压迹(lateral femoral notch,LFN)的转归并评估术后膝关节功能恢复情况。方法:对2015年12月至2019年12月间接受早期前交叉韧带重建的32例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中男18例,女14例,年龄16～54(25.39±2.82)岁;身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)为20～30(26.15±3.09) kg/m²;交通伤6例,运动损伤19例,重物压伤7例。膝关节MRI显示所有患者损伤后LFN深度>1.5 mm,且术中对于LFN未进行干预。通过MRI资料观察患者手术前后的LFN缺损深度、面积及体积,对患者手术前后的国际软骨修复学会(International Cartilage Repair Society,ICRS)评分、Lysholm评分、Tegner活动水平、膝关节损伤和骨关节炎结局评分(knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score,KOOS)进行分析。结果:...     

Change in T2* relaxation time of Hoffa fat pad correlates with histologic change in a rat anterior cruciate ligament transection model

The Hoffa fat pad (infrapatellar fat pad) is a source of post‐traumatic anterior knee pain, and Hoffa disease is a syndrome leading to chronic inflammation of the fat pad. Herein, change in T2 * relaxation time of the fat pad was measured in a rodent anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLX) model in order to (i) examine the causal relationship of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency and Hoffa disease and (ii) demonstrate the feasibility of using T2* as an imaging biomarker to monitor disease progression. Three groups of male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6 each group), received either (i) no intervention; (ii) sham surgery at the right knee; or (iii) right ACLX. T2 * relaxation time was measured and histology was examined in the Hoffa fat pad after surgery. At 13 and 18 weeks after surgery, T2 * values were significantly higher in the right fat pad than the left (p < 0.001) and significantly higher in the ACLX group than the control and sham groups (p < 0.001). Histology showed fibrosis and degeneration of adipocytes in the right knees of the ACLX group. We conclude that ACL deficiency and Hoffa disease are causally related and that MRI T2 * value can serve as an imaging biomarker of Hoffa disease progression. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1348–1355, 2015.     

″Silent” transverse patellar fracture following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Patellar fracture is a rare but specific complication of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft. When this complication occurs, early internal fixation is recommended and need not compromise the outcome. We report 2 cases of displaced transverse patellar fracture occurring after reconstruction but which were not diagnosed and presented with late sequelae.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 9 (November-December), 2001: pp 997–999