感染性心内膜炎120例临床分析

目的 探讨感染性心内膜炎(IE)的基础病因、致病微牛物和临床特征,提高IE的诊治水平.方法 回顾件分析北京协和医院1997年10月-2007年9月确诊的120例IE患者的临床资料.结果 120例IE患者中,108例(90.0%)为自然瓣膜心内膜炎(NVE),12例(10.0%)为人工瓣膜心内膜炎(PVE);29例(24.2%)无基础心脏病变,79例(73.1%)NVE患者存在各种基础心脏病,其中先天性心血管畸形30例(38.0%),其次为特发性二尖瓣脱垂(23例,29.1%)和风湿性心脏病(11例,13.9%).临床主要表现为发热(100.0%)、贫血(65例,54.2%)和栓塞(58例,48.3%).有83例(69.2%)细菌培养阳性,其中43例(51.8%)致病菌为链球菌.结论 IE最常见的基础心脏病前3位是先天性心血管畸形、二尖瓣脱垂和风湿性心脏病.不明原因长期发热患者应想到心内膜炎?鬃 的町能,血培养和超声心动图检查有助于IE的诊断.     

感染性心内膜炎应用人工瓣膜和自体瓣膜的病原菌及赘生物附着的临床分析

目的:研究感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床特点及病原菌的变迁,比较人工瓣膜心内膜炎(PVE)及自体瓣膜心内膜炎(NVE)在致病微生物及赘生物附着部位方面的特点.方法:检索我院2003-05到2008-05符合Duke标准的266例住院治疗的IE患者,进行回顾性分析,并分为PVE(n=37)及NVE(n=229)两组进行比较.结果:91.4%(243/266)的IE患者存在基础心脏疾病,包括先天性心脏病101例,非风湿性瓣膜病77例,风湿性心脏病62例,肥厚型梗阻性心肌病3例.82.0%(218/266)发现赘生物,常见附着部位依次为主动脉瓣、二尖瓣、主动脉瓣合并二尖瓣.血培养阳性率49.5%(103/208).致病菌中革兰氏阴性杆菌及真菌呈增长趋势.PVE组常见致病菌依次为革兰氏阴性杆菌,葡萄球菌及真菌;NVE组为链球菌,葡萄球菌及革兰氏阴性杆菌.PVE组与NVE组相比赘生物检出率低(P<0.01),但血培养阳性率高(P<0.01).链球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌及革兰氏阴性杆菌,在两组培养致病菌间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).早期和晚期PVE细菌谱不同.PVE组的住院总病死率高于NVE组.结论:IE患者的疾病谱及致病菌与既往报道相比均有较明显改变,PVE与NVE常见致病菌及赘生物检出率不同,应及时行血培养及经食管超声心动图检查,根据药物敏感试验结果应用有效的抗生素,同时应积极预防医源性感染.     

长期发热的感染性心内膜炎35例临床分析

目的:分析感染性心内膜炎的临床特征,提高感染性心内膜炎的诊断意识.方法:回顾分析我院近13年35例感染性心内膜炎的患者的临床特征及诊断.结果:①35例患者中33例为自体心脏瓣膜心内膜炎,2例为人工瓣膜心内膜炎.33例自体瓣膜心内膜炎中,基础心脏病占78.8%(26/33),其中先天性心脏病占53.8%(14/26)、原发性二尖瓣脱垂占26.9%(7/26)、风湿性心脏病占19.2%(5/26).②35例患者临床表现包括发热100%(35/35),寒颤40.0%(14/35),贫血65.7%(23/35).脾大54.3%(19/35),脏器栓塞17.1%(6/35).③血培养阳性率为65.7%(23/35),其中13例为链球菌属.④35例患者中28例(80.0%)患者经单纯抗感染治疗后治愈,6例(17.1%)患者经手术联合药物抗感染治疗后治愈,有1例(2.9%)真菌感染患者死亡.⑤35例感染性心内膜炎患者中,无基础心脏病患者7例,有基础心脏病患者28例.7例无基础心脏病患者中有明确感染途径的占6例,28例有基础心脏病患者中有明确感染途径的占7例,两者感染途径阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.006).结论:感染性心内膜炎常见的基础心脏病是先天性心脏病、风湿性瓣膜病,二尖瓣脱垂;对于长期不明原因发热,应想到感染性心内膜炎的可能,尤其对于无基础心脏病、但有明确感染途径而长期发热者应高度怀疑感染性心内膜炎.超声心动图有助于感染性心内膜炎的诊断.     

小儿及少年感染性心内膜炎20例临床分析

目的 :为少儿感染性心内膜炎 (IE)的诊治及预防寻找对策。方法 :对 2 0例少儿 IE的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 :IE2 0例中 ,非青紫型先天性心脏病 1 0例 ,均为室间隔缺损 (VSD) ,其中 5例合并主动脉瓣关闭不全 (AI) ;青紫型先天性心脏病 2例 ;风湿性心脏病 6例 ;心脏结构正常 2例。部分患者伴有明显的免疫功能紊乱。血培养阳性 1 0例。超声心动图检查发现瓣膜赘生物1 7例。治疗主要用青霉素等。死亡 5例。结论 :1心脏结构异常是 IE的主要基础病因 ;2先天性心脏病 VSD合并 AI、风湿性心脏病有二尖瓣脱垂和联合病变者为发生 IE的高危儿 ,对这些患儿应定期用抗生素积极预防 ;3超声心动图检查对 IE的诊断有重要价值。4对确诊或高度疑诊的 IE患儿 ,首先应内科治疗。     

二尖瓣心内膜炎早期死亡率和远期生存率的决定因素

方法 24年间共96例单纯二尖瓣感染性心内膜炎接受手术治疗。患者平均52(20～78)岁;女性44例(46％);术前48例心功能NYHAⅣ级。自身瓣膜性心内膜炎(NVE)72例(75％),人造瓣膜性心内膜炎(PVE)24例(25％);按手术时间划分,60例在心内膜炎活动期(AE),36例在恢复期(HE)。主要手术指证包括:抗生素治疗无效而难以控制     

人工瓣膜心内膜炎25例临床分析

目的 总结人工瓣膜心内膜炎(PVE)的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院1992年1月至2008年12月收治的25例PVE患者的临床表现、基础心脏病、致病菌、超声心动图发现、治疗及转归特点.结果 全部病例为符合Duke标准的确诊病例.(1)多数患者的心脏基础病为风湿性心脏病及先天性心脏病,但10例(40%)PVE患者因合并感染性心内膜炎而接受前次换瓣手术,其中4例患者因PVE而接受2次换瓣手术.(2)11例(44%)PVE患者发生在前次心脏换瓣手术2个月内.发热(100%)、大血管栓塞(48%)、贫血(36%)是最常见的临床表现.14例(56%)培养出15株致病菌,为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌5株(其中3株对甲氧西林耐药)、真菌4株、肠球菌2株、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌2株、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌及链球菌各1株.(3)超声心动图检查的主要异常发现为人工瓣膜赘生物、瓣周漏、反流.13例经胸壁超声心动图检查(TFE)未发现PVE的病例经食道超声心动图检查(TEE)确诊.(4)18例(72%)PVE合并瓣周并发症(瓣周漏12例、瓣膜分离3例、瓣周脓肿2例、心内瘘1例),此外,大血管栓寒和充血性心力衰竭(16%)亦常见.尽管经过积极治疗,9例PVE在住院期间死亡.结论 PVE是心脏换瓣手术后的严重并发症,临床表现和自然瓣膜心内膜炎类似,但致病菌以匍萄球菌及真菌常见,容易并发严重并发症,病死率高.     

老年人感染性心内膜炎的防治和预后

感染性心内膜炎(IE)具有诊断困难、处理棘手、病死率高等特点，预防IE在老年人中十分重要。根据心脏病发生IE的危险性分为3类：即高、中和低及可忽略的危险性。基于C级证据的I类建议，目前仅对高、中危患者才给予预防用药。2004年欧洲心脏病学会IE指南指出，需要预防性应用抗生素的心脏病有人工瓣膜植人、复杂的紫绀型先天性心脏病、既往有IE史、外科重建的动脉导管、获得性瓣膜性心脏病、二尖瓣脱垂伴返流或严重瓣膜增厚、非紫绀型先天性心脏病、     

成人感染性心内膜炎基础心脏损害的改变

近年来随着人群中风湿性心脏病减少,其占据感染性心内膜炎(IE)基础心脏损害的突出地位业已改变,二尖瓣脱垂、二尖瓣与主动脉瓣的退行性变相对地占据了较重要位置。既往依靠物理检查诊断IE基础心脏病相当困难,且不准确,超声心动图和其它诊断技术改善提高了IE基础心脏病诊     

老年感染性心内膜炎16例诊治体会

2002年8月~2006年8月,我院收治老年感染性心内膜炎患者16例。现回顾性分析其临床特征．并探讨诊治体会。 临床资料：16例患者全部符合老年感染性心内膜炎的诊断标准．男11例．女5例;年龄60～81（69±3）岁。其中老年钙化性心瓣膜病5例．风湿性心脏病4例．先天性心脏病2例．心脏手术后2例．起搏器术后1例．二尖瓣脱垂1例．无心脏疾病1例。     

感染性心内膜炎病因分析

目的调查感染性心内膜炎(infectious endocarditis,IE)的基础心脏病和致病菌。方法回顾分析本院1999年1月～2004年12月诊断为IE 46例病人(调查组)的基础心脏病和致病菌,并与1989年1 月～1994年12月IE 41例(对照组)作比较。结果调查组的基础心脏病的构成比以先天性心脏病最多 (28％),其次为无器质性心脏病的静脉毒瘾者(24％)和风湿性心脏病(21％),而对照组的构成比为依次为先天性心脏病(49％)、风湿性心脏病(44％)和瓣膜退行性变(5％),差异有统计学意义。调查组病例血培养阳性有29例(63％),主要致病菌为链球菌(41％)和金黄色葡萄球菌(28％),而10年前血培养阳性率 46％,主要致病菌为链球菌(74％)和金黄色葡萄球菌(16％)。结论 IE的基础心脏病中,治疗组静脉毒瘾构成比增加,而先天性心脏病、风湿性心脏病比例下降,致病菌中链球菌比例下降而金葡菌的比例上升。     

215例感染性心内膜炎临床分析

目的探讨感染性心内膜炎的临床特征,提高感染性心内膜炎的诊治水平.方法回顾性分析了215例感染性心内膜炎的基础病因、临床表现及并发症等.结果感染性心内膜炎基础病因中风湿性心脏病比例(30.2%)有所下降,而先天性心脏病比例(34.9%)相对升高,无基础心脏病比例(16.7%)比以往报道明显增加.发热(占87.9%)为感染性心内膜炎常见临床表现及首发症状,其次是贫血(61.9%)及脏器栓塞(21.9%).血培养阳性率为57.7%,其中主要致病菌是草绿色链球菌(32.4%)和表皮葡萄球菌(15.5%).134例(62.3%)超声心动图检查发现赘生物.17例早期人工瓣膜心内膜炎有8例死亡,占47.1%.住院期间死亡率为10.6%,死亡原因主要是心力衰竭和脑血管意外.结论感染性心内膜炎基础病因和致病菌发生较明显变化,早期人工瓣膜心内膜炎死亡率高,应尽早手术治疗.     

Retrospective study on 100 cases of infective endocarditis, Rabta University Hospital, Tunis, from 1980 to 2004

This retrospective study describes 100 cases of infective endocarditis (IE), collected between 1980 and 2004. Patients were subdivided into 2 groups, according to the use of trans-esophageal echocardiography (TOE) in the institution where the study was performed: group A (GA=55 patients, between 1980 and 1991) and group B (GB=45 patients, between 1992 and 2004). The IE cases of 59 men and 41 women were analyzed. Patients had a mean age of 33 years (range 15-75 years). An underlying heart disease was involved in all cases, mainly rheumatic heart disease (93% of cases). Native valve endocarditis (NVE) was seen in a majority of cases (93%), and the localization of IE was aortic in 36 cases, mitral in 36 cases, mitro-aortic in 26 cases and mitro-aortic-tricuspid in 2 cases. Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) occurred in 12 cases. Blood cultures were positive in 31 cases, with 14 staphylococcal infections (3 in GA and 11 in GB) (p < 0.05), of which 6 were coagulase-negative; 13 were streptococci and 4 were Gram negative bacilli. All patients had a transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and patients in group B also had a TOE. Seventeen patients had a favorable outcome without need of a surgical intervention. Early surgery was necessary in 71 cases (85.5%), and elective surgery in 12 cases (14.5%). Mortality while awaiting surgery was 27%, and has been decreasing for the past decade (41.8% in GA and 8.9% in GB) [p < 0.05]. Postoperative mortality after early surgery intervention was 13.6% (6 among 44 patients), and it was 8.3% (1 among 12 patients) after elective surgery intervention. Overall mortality was 34%: 27 deaths with NVE (30.7% [27/88]), and 7 deaths with PVE (58.3% [7/12]) [NS]. Predictors of mortality in this observational study were positive blood cultures involving staphylococci, the presence of valve mutilations, unstable prostheses, and heart failure.     

Surgical therapy of infective endocarditis

Therapy of infective endocarditis (IE) remains a particular challenge due to a relative high morbidity and mortality. Cardiac surgery is established as a cornerstone in therapy for native valve endocarditis (NVE) as well as for prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) and is required in 30% of patients with active IE. The basic aim of surgery in IE is the radical debridement of infected tissue and reconstruction of valve function either by reconstructive valve surgery or valve replacement. Indication for surgery depends on several clinical variables, the main indication remains heart failure due to severe heart valve defects or prosthetic valve dysfunction. Surgical therapy of NVE can be performed with good clinical results in the early and late follow-up. Surgical therapy of PVE is still associated with quite high mortality up to 80% in some risk groups. This indicates the particular importance of focus evaluation and antibiotic prophylaxis after primary surgery for infective endocarditis.     

Native versus primary prosthetic valve endocarditis: comparison of clinical features and long-term outcome in 353 patients

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aim was to compare preoperative and intraoperative features, and long-term outcome of patients operated on for native (NVE) and primary prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). METHODS: Between January 1978 and December 2002, 258 patients (mean age 47.5 +/- 16 years) were referred for NVE, and 95 for PVE. Demographics, clinical preoperative conditions, indications to surgery, microbiological data, surgical pathology, early postoperative course and long-term outcome were compared via hospital chart review and outpatient clinic follow up. RESULTS: Female sex prevailed in the PVE group (49.5%) versus NVE (27.1%; p < 0.0001). Mitral valve involvement was more common in PVE (46.3% versus 24.8%, p = 0.0001), and multivalvular in 16.3% of NVE patients versus 4.2% of PVE (p = 0.001). Active endocarditis (80.6% versus 58.9%, p = 0.00004) and preoperative embolism (29.5% versus 11.6%, p = 0.0002) were significantly prevalent in the NVE group. Emergency operation (21.1% versus 10.5%, p = 0.009) and preoperative NYHA class IV or V (40% versus 19.8%, p < 0.0001) were significantly more frequent in PVE. Overall hospital mortality was 11.3% (n = 40), with 6.6% among NVE patients and 24.2% among PVE (p < 0.0001). Mean follow up (94% complete) was 5.8 +/- 5.3 years (6.0 +/- 5.5 years for NVE versus 5.1 +/- 4.6 years for PVE, p = 0.191), and total follow up was 1,707.85 patient-years. Actuarial survival at 1, 5, 10 and 15 years was respectively 91, 82, 67.5 and 48.8% in NVE, and 79.7, 64.2, 33.5 and 33.5% in PVE (p = 0.0016). A significantly lower survival in PVE versus NVE was found for the mitral site subgroup (p = 0.018), but not for the aortic site (p = 0.14). Actuarial freedom from reoperation for recurrent endocarditis at 1, 5, 10 and 15 years was 97.5, 91.4, 80.5 and 49.4% in NVE versus 90.8, 84.9, 59.4 and 43.9% in PVE (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: PVE patients were older, presented with more compromised clinical conditions, and had worse early and long-term outcomes than NVE patients. PVE had a higher incidence of recurrence and worse prognosis, especially if the mitral valve was involved.     

A 10-year retrospective study of infective endocarditis at a university hospital with special regard to the timing of surgical evaluation in S. viridans endocarditis.

A total of 154 episodes of infective endocarditis (IE) in 149 patients were studied retrospectively with special regard to the major aetiological groups and the surgical evaluation. There were 136 episodes of native valve endocarditis (NVE) (88%) and 18 episodes of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) (12%). Three major groups of NVE crystallized: Streptococcus viridans in 37 (27%), Staphylococcus aureus in 39 (29%) and culture negative IE in 28 (21%) episodes. In these groups surgery during the active phase was required in 41, 28 and 18%, respectively. At the operation myocardial abscess was found in as many as 7/15 cases with S. viridans, but in only in 3/11 cases with S. aureus and 1/5 cases with culture negative IE. The mean duration of preoperative antibiotic treatment was 34 d. This long period of unsuccessful pharmacotherapy, preceded by a mean of 47 d from start of symptoms to admission to hospital, has probably resulted in the high frequency of myocardial abscess in S. viridans NVE. Surgical evaluation should be considered when fever persists beyond 10 d of adequate treatment, even in the absence of clinically apparent complications. Among the PVE episodes, 11/18 were managed with pharmacological treatment alone. Uncomplicated PVE may thus often be successfully treated with antibiotics alone.     

Bacterial endocarditis in patients with native or prosthetic heart valves: bacteriological and clinical findings

The clinical course of 12 episodes of native valve endocarditis (NVE) and 15 episodes of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) was studied. The mortality in NVE was 3/12 episodes and in PVE 5/15. No significant differences in prognosis were observed in relation to the bacterial taxonomy, which was stated in all cases. Though surgical valve replacement was performed on the relative indications heart failure, resistance to treatment, or major embolism, the regimen was primarily conservative, and the results comparable to the reports in the literature of a more surgically active attitude.     

Nosocomial endocarditis in a tertiary hospital: an increasing trend in native valve cases

INTRODUCTION: Changes in the etiology, epidemiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) have been observed in recent years. Newer invasive therapeutic interventions have increased the risk of bacteremia and nosocomial endocarditis in the population at risk. A retrospective analysis of hospital-acquired IE cases was performed in a tertiary hospital during 1985 to 1999. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cases included were those classified as "probable" or "definite" by the IE diagnostic criteria of Durack. Nosocomial acquisition was considered if diagnosis was made > 72 h after hospital admission and there was no evidence that IE was present at the time of admission. Patients receiving a diagnosis within 60 days of a previous hospital admission were also classified as nosocomial, when a risk procedure for bacteremia was performed, or when any predisposing factor for IE was present during hospitalization. Early prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) cases (< 1 year) were excluded from the analysis. Clinical characteristics, etiology, predisposing cardiac condition, source of infection, and outcome were analyzed. Results were compared with those obtained in community-acquired cases. RESULTS: Of 493 cases of IE diagnosed over 15 years, 38 were considered to be hospital acquired. Twenty-eight cases were native valve endocarditis (NVE) in non-IV drug user patients, and 10 cases were late PVE. Overall, the most frequent microorganisms involved were staphylococci (58%). The main sources of infection were intravascular procedures or catheter-related infections (55%). When nosocomial NVE cases were compared with community-acquired cases, mortality was greater (29% vs 9.7%) in hospital-acquired endocarditis. Analysis of time trends showed an increased rate of nosocomial cases in NVE throughout the years of the study. CONCLUSIONS: In NVE, the number of cases that are hospital acquired has been increasing during the last 15 years. These cases are frequently associated with invasive intravascular procedures or IV catheter-related infections. Most patients have a previous valvulopathy that predisposes to IE. The spectrum of microorganisms involved is different from the community-acquired cases. Also, the outcome of endocarditis is worse in nosocomial NVE patients.