脂多糖和地塞米松对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞BAG-1表达的影响

目的 探讨脂多糖(LPS)和地塞米松(Dex)作用于大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(AMs)后BAG-1表达变化及其核移位机制.方法 将LPS和Dex作用后的原代培养大鼠AMs 随机分为:6h组、12h组和24h组,采用Western blot法检测细胞总蛋白及核蛋白中BAG-1的表达;免疫共沉淀法检测核蛋白中BAG-1与糖皮质激素受体(GR)的相互结合;通过转染RNA干扰重组质粒psilencer 3.1-GR抑制GR表达后,Western blot法检测细胞核蛋白中BAG-1的表达变化.结果 细胞总蛋白中BAG-1L表达增加,BAG-1S表达无变化;核蛋白中只能检测到BAG-1L,表达量在LPS作用24h内逐渐增加;在LPS和Dex作用后胞核内BAG-1L与GR相互结合;抑制GR表达后,核蛋白中BAG-1L表达量与未转染组同时相点相比明显下调(P＜0.01).结论 LPS和Dex作用于大鼠AMs后,BAG-1蛋白表达增加并且协同GR转核,该机制可能与炎症条件下糖皮质激素抵抗密切相关.     

KGF-2与PRO2605蛋白相互作用的初步研究

目的：利用酵母双杂交系统筛选KGF-2的相互作用蛋白，为阐明其分子作用机制提供有益线索。方法：通过聚合酶链反应从人胎肝cDNA文库中钓取KGF-2 cDNA，构建诱饵蛋白载体pAS2-1-KGF-2，并对其自身转录激活活性进行鉴定，利用酵母双杂交系统筛选人胎肝cDNA文库，挑选双阳性克隆。将KGF-2和候选蛋白分别克隆至哺乳动物细胞双杂交的BD、AD质粒中，共同转染COS-7细胞，通过CAT分析验证KGF-2和候选蛋白之间的相互作用。结果：VDNA序列分析和同源检索显示所获候选蛋白为PR02605。以KGF-2和PRO2605 cDNA共转化酵母宿主Y190后可激活报道基因，但共转染COS-7细胞后，CAT分析结果阴性。结论：KGF-2和PRO2605在酵母体内存在相互作用，但在COS-7细胞中未能检测到两者的相互作用。     

hPer1 bHLH-PAS结构域酵母双杂交系统的构建

目的构建hPer1 bHLH-PAS结构域的酵母双杂交系统,以寻找与hPer1相互作用的新蛋白.方法构建pGBKT7-hPer1 bHLH-PAS重组诱饵质粒及pGADT7-Rec-脑cDNA文库质粒;将两种质粒顺序转染至酵母细胞AH109中,进行营养缺陷筛选阳性克隆株.结果经酶切和基因测序鉴定,证实重组诱饵质粒pGBKT7-hPer1 bHLH-PAS构建成功.脑cDNA文库转化效率为1.2×106/3 μg pGADT7-Rec.结论酵母双杂交文库筛选得到24个阳性克隆.这为寻找脑组织中与hPer1相互作用的未知蛋白奠定了基础.     

人前列腺癌cDNA文库的构建和筛选

目的:PC1基因是与前列腺癌相关的新基因,在雄激素非依赖和转移的前列腺癌晚期细胞系C42中高表达。为了进一步研究PC1基因的功能及作用机制,构建C42细胞的cDNA文库,寻找与前列腺癌相关基因PC1相互作用的蛋白。方法:从前列腺癌细胞系C42中提取总RNA,进而分离poly(A)+RNA,用poly(A)+RNA进行反转录并以SMARTⅢTM和CDSⅢoligo(dT)为引物进行PCR扩增,得到两端具有同源臂的PCR片段,以此同源臂为基础在酵母中实现同源重组。通过文库片段、线性化的pGADT7Rec和诱饵质粒pGBKT7PC1C共转化酵母AH109菌株,在文库构建的同时进行与PC1相互作用蛋白的筛选;或先将文库片段,线性化的pGADT7Rec转化AH109,再利用AH109和Y187两种酵母菌株的接合生殖进行筛选。最后用Far Western印迹方法进一步从体外论证了PC1蛋白可与自身相互作用形成二聚体。结果:构建了具有基因多样性和库容量足够大的人前列腺癌cDNA文库,双链cDNA片段的长度大小范围为250～5000bp。共转化的效率为4.3×105,重组效率为1.9×106,筛选的克隆数为4.3×105。接合法筛选时的接合效率为32%,筛选的克隆数为1.0×106。筛选到4个与PC1蛋白相互作用的阳性克隆。从体外证明了PC1蛋白可形成二聚体。结论:此文库的多样性和库容量均符合筛选需求。可用于前列腺癌相关基因     

酵母双杂交技术研究与内皮抑制素相互作用的蛋白质

目的：应用酵母双杂交技术研究与内皮抑制素(endostatin)发生相互作用的蛋白，有助于阐明其本身抑制血管生成作用的分子机制。方法：应用酵母双杂交系统3，以内皮抑制素为诱饵，筛选人肝cDNA文库，寻找能与之相互作用的蛋白。利用生物信息学技术，一对一酵母回复性杂交，β-GAL实验等提供的信息，筛除假阳性克隆。结果与结论：经过酵母双杂交共获得281个克隆，经过验证，有6个阳性克隆，这些蛋白基因有可能与内皮抑制素的作用过程有关。     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白5B结合蛋白的酵母双杂交筛选研究

目前认为丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV)的非结构蛋白 5B(NS5B)是病毒复制酶 ,但是对其生物学特性还不十分清楚 ,我们应用酵母双杂交系统 3,构建NS5B诱饵质粒 ,转化酵母AH10 9,与含人肝细胞cDNA文库质粒的酵母Y187进行配合 ,于涂有X α gal营养缺陷型培养基(SD/ Trp Leu His Ade)上筛选生长。挑选蓝色克隆 ,筛选出 33个与NS5B特异性相互作用的克隆 ,其中有 31个已知功能基因及 2个未知功能基因。所克隆到的基因对以后研究NS5B的功能有一定的提示作用 ,并为研究这些能与NS5B相互作用的基因在肝细胞中的生理功能奠定了基础。     

HLH缺失型Id2候选相互作用蛋白

目的:筛选可以与螺旋-环-螺旋(HLH)结构域缺失的Id2相互作用的蛋白.方法:用重叠延伸PCR方法将Id2中的HLH结构域缺失,并插入到pGBKT7载体,构建 BD∶ Id2-DBM-δHLH融合诱饵质粒;构建MCF-7细胞的ds cDNA文库;采用共转化方法进行Id2-DBM-δHLH相互作用蛋白的酵母双杂交筛选,采用PCR方法扩增阳性克隆中的AD∶ cDNA序列并测序;将获得的AD∶ cDNA质粒分别与BD∶ Id2-DBM-δHLH诱饵质粒共转化酵母进行配对验证.结果:酵母双杂交方法共筛选到19个阳性克隆,PCR方法在这19个克隆中共扩增到28条片段,序列测定证实含18个不同的基因,对其中的13个进行配对验证后证实了其中8个与HLH缺失型Id2相互作用,这8个基因分别是:UXT、VIM、KRT7、FHL2、SEI1、PCBP1、SIVA和LSM2.结论:本研究首次利用HLH缺失型Id2作为诱饵,利用酵母双杂交技术筛选识别了一族新的Id2相互作用蛋白,为进一步研究Id2的功能调控以及非HLH依赖的功能活性奠定基础.     

hPer1相互作用蛋白的筛选

目的 应用酵母双杂交系统筛选血液中与人体生物钟蛋白Per1相互作用的新蛋白.方法 以人Per1的basic HLH-PAS结构域为诱饵,在人血液cDNA文库中筛选与之相互作用的新蛋白.阳性克隆送测序后用生物信息学分析.结果 酵母双杂交文库营养缺陷筛选得到114个阳性克隆,β-半乳糖苷酶检测报告基因获得46个蓝色克隆.通过测序和生物信息学分析,其中之一能与Per1相互作用的蛋白为LSMD1.结论 通过酵母双杂交系统证明Per1能够与LSMD1发生相互作用.     

运用酵母双杂交系统筛选与埃博拉病毒GP、VP30、NP、L蛋白存在相互作用的宿主蛋白

目的 运用酵母双杂交技术从人肝cDNA文库中筛选出与埃博拉病毒(EBOV)GP、VP30、NP、L蛋白存在相互作用的宿主蛋白,用于研究GP、VP30、NP、L蛋白在EBOV传染病中的生物学功能.方法 利用重组PCR技术构建诱饵质粒pGBKT7-GP、pGBKT7-VP30、pGBKT7-NP、pGBKT7-L,将诱饵菌株与人肝cDNA文库菌株进行杂交筛选,对筛选到的阳性克隆进行DNA测序和生物信息学分析,然后再利用酵母回复性实验进一步验证,排除假阳性结果.结果 成功构建了诱饵质粒pGBKT7-GP、pGBKT7-VP30、pGBKT7-NP、pGBKT7-L,筛选出6个可能与GP、VP30、NP、L蛋白有相互作用的宿主蛋白,分别是COMMD1、ALB、PSMD8、APOA2、CYP2E1、HP.酵母回复性实验进一步说明了COMMD1和APOA2与NP蛋白可能存在相互作用.结论 酵母双杂交筛选出多个可能与EBOV的GP、VP30、NP、L蛋白存在相互作用的捕获蛋白,为研究EBOV的致病机制提供了参考.     

Stress MR imaging for evaluation of popliteal artery entrapment

The popliteal artery entrapment (PAE) syndrome has been recognized as a cause of arterial occlusion in young people. It is the result of an anomaly of the relationship between the popliteal artery and the gastrocnemius muscle. Eight young healthy volunteers (16 legs) and six patients (10 legs) with suspected PAE underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Gradient-echo images were obtained in axial planes with the leg at rest and during active plantar flexion against resistance. Imaging at rest allowed identification of PAE signs in only one leg, which had an anomalous medial course of the popliteal artery. In the other cases, only the stress technique was able to show signal loss in the popliteal artery due to muscular compression (two legs) or the presence of accessory muscle slip around the vessel (two legs), as confirmed at surgery. MR imaging is therefore a useful technique for the diagnosis of PAE because of its capability of combining information obtainable with other modalities.     

MR imaging of muscle and tender points in fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a syndrome manifested by chronic, diffuse muscu-loskeletal aching and soreness, palpable muscle tender points, and other symptoms. Standardized clinical diagnostic criteria have recently been developed. Skeletal muscle has been postulated as the end organ in this disease. Biochemical, histologic, electromyographic, and conventional radiographic studies have demonstrated no definitive abnormality. This study sought to establish whether magnetic resonance (MR) imaging could demonstrate any abnormality in these patients. Eighteen patients were entered in the study, 14 of whom were able to complete their examinations. T1 -weighted, T2-weighted, gradient-echo, and STIR (short-tau inversion-recovery) sequences were performed in all patients, with selected patients examined with T1weighted, gadopentetate dimeglu-mine-enhanced sequences. The trapezius and suboccipital regions were imaged in patients who, clinically, had active fibro-myalgia. No abnormalities could be detected. The authors conclude that the conventional MR imaging used in this study was unable to depict any primary skeletal muscle abnormality in fibromyalgia.     

MR angiography of congenital heart disease: Value of segmented two-dimensional inflow technique and maximum-intensity-projection display

Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography of the cardiovascular system was evaluated in 41 patients with congenital heart disease by using a two-dimensional (2D) inflow technique based on a magnetization-prepared gradient-echo pulse sequence with segmented k-space data acquisition and electrocardiographic gating at 0.5 T. Inversion and saturation prepulses were used to suppress stationary tissue and enhance intravascular signal. Presaturation slabs were applied where certain vascular structures had to be suppressed. Sequence parameters were optimized by evaluating signal intensity and contrast characteristics for various flip angles and inversion and saturation delay times. The heart and intrathoracic vasculature were encompassed with 40–50 overlapping sections. Both 2D angiograms and maximum-intensity-projection images were evaluated. Combining data sets acquired in the sagittal and transverse orientations provided the most satisfactory information about the pulmonary arteries. The highest signal-to-noise ratios were obtained with a flip angle of 65° and short prepulse delay times. Two-dimensional MR angiography can provide useful diagnostic information but requires a thorough understanding of in-plane and hemodynamically induced signal intensity changes.     

MR imaging of disorders of the brachial plexus

The authors evaluated 64 consecutive patients with suspected brachial plexus (BP) abnormalities of diverse cause with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, using the body coil and a standardized protocol. Of the 43 patients for whom follow-up was available, 25 were suspected of having neoplastic involvement of the BP, nine had sustained injuries, and nine presented with BP symptoms of uncertain cause. MR imaging was 63% sensitive, 100% specific, and 77% accurate in demonstrating the abnormality in this diverse patient population. When patients with neoplastic and traumatic disorders were considered separately, sensitivity increased to 81%, accuracy to 88%, and specificity remained unchanged. In the patients with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic or viral plexitis, the MR imaging findings were normal, serving to exclude other structural abnormalities. It is concluded that MR imaging is valuable in the assessment of a wide range of BP disorders.     

MR imaging characteristics of noncancerous lesions of the prostate.

Radical prostatectomy specimens from 53 men with clinical stage A or B prostate cancer were retrospectively reviewed and compared with correlative axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained just before surgery. Non-cancerous lesions were evaluated for signal intensity and location. Focal high-signal-intensity areas (n = 72) were present in 81% of patients. The 26% of lesions seen in the central gland all correlated with cystic atrophy. Of the 53 lesions seen in the peripheral prostate, 47 (89%) were cystic atrophy without associated cancer, four (7.5%) cystic atrophy with cancer, and two (3.8%) focal inflammation. Focal low-signal-intensity areas (n = 42) were present in 60% of patients. Of the 31% of lesions in the central prostate, one-fifth correlated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and four-fifths with fibrous tissue. Of the 69% of peripheral lesions, 83% corresponded to fibrous tissue, 10% to BPH, and 7% to normal tissue. Mixed lesions (n = 42) were present in 64% of patients; 86% of these were located centrally and 14% peripherally. All mixed central lesions were BPH; the peripheral lesions were areas of combined cystic atrophy and fibrosis. BPH of low or mixed signal intensity can extend into the peripheral prostate and mimic cancer. High-intensity cystic atrophy associated with cancer can mimic normal tissue.     

肾细胞癌的MRI研究进展

肾细胞癌是最常见的成人肾脏恶性肿瘤。近年来，多种功能MRI成像技术（如扩散加权成像、灌注加权成像等）、多参数MRI联合分析以及影像组学等新兴影像处理技术被证实在肾细胞癌的诊断中具有较大的价值。目前，研究热点多集中于良恶性肿瘤的鉴别、组织学亚型的区分、肿瘤分期、预测核分级及判断预后。就MRI新技术及图像处理技术在肾细胞癌中的研究进展予以综述。     

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging assessment of vascularized free fibular grafts

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be a noninvasive method for assessing perfusion of vascularized bone grafts placed for treatment of avascular necrosis. One proximal femur of seven beagles was devascularized, with insertion of a vascularized fibular graft. MR imaging at 1 week (seven dogs) and 6 weeks (five dogs) after surgery included pre- and postcontrast spin-echo sequences, unenhanced twodimensional time-of-flight (TOF) vascular imaging, and dynamic gradient-echo imaging during infusion of gadolinium. Relative signal intensity values of selected regions obtained from the dynamic gradientecho images were plotted as percent enhancement versus time. In the operated hip, MR imaging did not show enhancement in six of seven femoral heads and greater trochanters at 1 week after surgery, with similar results after 6 weeks. MR imaging of fibular grafts 6 weeks after surgery showed an initial rapid increase in enhancement and a subsequent slower increase in five of five dogs, although no enhancement was seen in six of seven dogs at 1 week. These findings contrasted with a rapid initial increase in enhancement followed by slow decline in non-operated hips. Two-dimensional TOP imaging did not show the vascular pedicle of the graft in any dog. Findings of radionuclide bone scanning performed 1 week after surgery were consistent with devascularization of the operated femur and fibular graft. However, tetracycline distribution and histologic findings confirmed the viability of five of five grafts within the devascularized femurs 6 weeks after surgery. Thus, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging at 6 weeks after surgery is valuable for assessing vascular bone graft perfusion, while similar imaging at 1 week may suggest otherwise.     

Influence of in vivo copper on MR images of the liver in rats

To investigate the effects of in vivo copper on magnetic resonance (MR) images, the authors studied Long-Evans cinnamon rats, which develop hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma as a result of abnormal copper metabolism. The livers of the rats were imaged before hepatitis developed; the absence of hepatic disease was confirmed histopathologically. The copper that accumulated in the liver of the rats was thought to exist in the form of divalent ions, which were suspected of reducing the T1 and T2 of neighboring protons. However, the signal intensities of the liver on T1- and T2*-weighted images did not change, suggesting that in vivo copper, even when accumulated abnormally, does not influence the signal intensity of MR images.     

Techniques for high-resolution MR imaging of atherosclerotic plaque

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in the United States. Investigation of atherosclerotic plaque morphology and composition is important because the findings may be useful in predicting prognosis or response to therapy. This study presents high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques developed on a 1.5-T whole-body imager with a custom-built surface coil, for characterizing the composition and morphology of plaque removed at carotid endarterectomy. The initial comparison of MR imaging and histologic results showed good correlation. In conjunction with MR angiography, these techniques could be used in in vivo imaging to define the size, location, and contents of atherosclerotic plaque at the carotid bifurcation.     

Dynamic MRI of the gallbladder lesions: Differentiation of benign from malignant

Forty-nine pathologically proven gallbladder lesions were evaluated in 45 patients using dynamic MRI with a spoiled gradient pulse sequence (SPGR), to access the ability of this technique to differentiate benign from malignant gallbladder lesions. The studies were reviewed retrospectively. Signal intensity of the lesions were measured. Twenty-one malignant and 28 benign lesions were classified into three categories: polypoid, diffuse wall thickening, and exophytic. Early and delayed enhancement patterns were evaluated. For the polypoid masses, malignant lesions (n = 9) demonstrated early and prolonged enhancements, whereas benign lesions (n = 14) had early enhancement with subsequent washout (P < .05). For diffuse gallbladder wall thickening, malignant lesions (n = 6) demonstrated early and prolonged enhancement and benign lesions (n = 14) showed relatively slow, prolonged enhancement (P < .05). The exophytic masses (n = 6) all were malignant and demonstrated early and prolonged enhancement. Dynamic MRI can help differentiate benign from malignant gallbladder lesions.