小肾癌25例的诊治体会

目的 探讨直径小于4cm的小肾癌的诊治效果。方法 对25例直径小于4cm的小肾癌的诊治进行回顾性总结。结果 25例均行B超、CT检查，B超明确诊断16例，准确率64％(16／25)；CT明确22例，准确率88％(22／25)。16例行根治性肾切除术，9例行保留肾单位手术。随访10-102个月，平均56．6个月。9例行保留肾单位手术中，发生术后出血1例，局部复发1例。结论 小肾癌的诊断主要依据B超、CT等影像学检查综合分析作出，其中CT是最有价值的检查万法。根治性肾切除术治疗小肾癌疗效可靠、安全，仍是首选手术方式。     

肾错构瘤的诊断与治疗(附31例报告)

目的：探讨肾错构瘤的诊断与治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析31例肾错构瘤的临床资料，其中30例行B超检查；25例行CT扫描；7例行MRI扫描；15例行IVP检查；2例行DSA检查。27例行手术治疗，其中7例术前诊断明确且肿瘤直径远大于4cm，行肾切除术；7例因肾破裂出血而争诊手术切除病肾；2例肾破裂出血者病情稳定，于次日明确诊断后进行手术切除；1例术前不能完全明确诊断，术中快速切片确定为肾错构瘤后行肿瘤剜除术；另4例作随访观察。结果：所有患者均经病理检查诊断为肾错构瘤，未发现有肿瘤恶变者。27例手术患者术后病情稳定。结论：CT和MRI是肾错构瘤最好的影像学诊断方法。对肿瘤直径＞4cm且逐渐增大伴明显症状者，应积极进行手术治疗，手术治疗应尽量保留有功能的肾组织。     

应用深静脉穿刺针穿刺引流肝脓肿47例体会

1987年7月至1996年12月我院采用深静脉穿刺计经皮穿刺肝脓肿置管引流法，治疗直经＞5．0cm的肝脓肿患者47例，其方法简便，疗效满意，现报道如下。亚临床资料本组47例，男32例，女15例，年龄10～75岁，平均42岁。本组病例均经B超或CT检查，结果：单发脓肿历例（74．5％），多发脓肿12例（25．5％）；脓肿直径为5．5－18．0cm；脓肿位于右肝33例，左肝12例，左右肝2例。47例患者均在B超引导下，采用深静脉穿刺针行肝脓肿穿刺置管引流，其脓液行细菌培养。结果：细菌性肝脓肿38例，阿米巴肝脓肿9例。经该法治疗，全组病例均痊愈，平均留管时…     

肾错构瘤的诊断与治疗(附32例报告)

目的：探讨肾错构瘤（AML）的诊断和治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析32例AML患者的诊治情况。结果：32例中，22例CT检查提示有脂肪组织，其中17例CT值为－9－98Hu,5例为20－40Hu；10例作MRI检查，T1加权像较低，T2加权像极高。22例手术标本经病理检查证实。对10例肿瘤直径＜4cm患者作门诊观察，10例作肾切除术，4例作肾部分切除术，8例作原位冷冻肿瘤剜除术。结论：CT对高密度的AML的分辨性较B超更敏感，MRI对AML的诊断有较高价值；对肿瘤直径＜4cm患者可作门诊观察；对肿瘤直径＞4cm的患者可作肾部分切除术及原位冷冻下肿瘤剜除术。     

肾错构瘤破裂出血的急诊处理

目的：探讨肾错构瘤(RAML)破裂出血的诊治方法。方法：回顾性分析11例RAML破裂出血的急诊处理过程。结果：11例患者均经病理明确诊断，4例行患肾切除术，2例行肾部分切除术，5例行肿瘤切除术。11例患者均恢复良好。结论：B超和CT检查为术前确诊主要依据；对RAML破裂出血应采取积极的治疗态度；手术治疗仍为主要治疗方法。     

肾错构瘤自发性破裂10例报告

目的：探讨肾错构瘤自发性破裂出血的诊断与治疗。方法：10例肾错构瘤自发性破裂的患者。均行B超检查,9例行CT或MRI检查。结果：8例术前CT或MRI提示为肾错构瘤破裂出血,1例MRI诊断为肾肿瘤破裂出血,1例B超诊断为肾占位病变并肾周血肿。所有患者肿瘤直径均大于6cm,9例行患侧肾切除术。结论：CT和MRI是诊断肾错构瘤破裂出血的较好方法,并能提示病变的性质以及确定出血的范围。对于肿瘤直径大于4cm,且靠近肾包膜生长的肾错构瘤应积极治疗,手术治疗时应尽量保留有功能的肾组织。     

肾皮质化脓性感染(附27例报告)

目的　提高肾皮质化脓性感染的诊治效果。　方法　回顾性分析肾皮质化脓性感染2 7例 ,其中急性细菌性肾炎 16例 ,肾皮质脓肿 11例。　结果　 14例急性细菌性肾炎及 7例肾皮质脓肿经抗炎治疗治愈 ;4例肾皮质脓肿 (直径 >5cm)经手术引流治愈 ;2例急性细菌性肾炎行肾切除术。　结论　此两种疾病可经临床表现、辅助检查及试验性治疗诊断 ,CT及B超等影像学检查对诊断有很大价值。两者均有肿块表现 ,故需与肾癌鉴别。急性细菌性肾炎及直径 <5cm的肾皮质脓肿可保守治疗 ,>5cm的脓肿需手术引流     

射频消融治疗大肝癌的安全性和近期疗效

目的：探讨射频消融（RFA）治疗大肝癌的安全性和疗效。方法：采用可扩张的集束电极对不能耐受或无法手术切除的大肝癌患者进行RFA治疗。本组共治疗大肝癌患者43例，肿瘤直径5－10cm，平均7．5cm，其中8例于RFA治疗时间、次数和住院时间，RFA治疗后的并发症以及肿瘤完全坏死率，并随访患者的生存情况。结果：43例患者共行RFA治疗67次，每例1－3次，平均1．6次；每次治疗时间为55－150min，平均75min；住院时间3－15d，平均8．7d。RFA治疗的主要并发症包括电极板局部皮肤烧伤2例（4．7％），中到大量的胸腔积液3例（7．0％），总的发生率为11．6％；RFA治疗后6个月以上的CT复查，肿瘤完全坏死率为41．0％，AFP阳性的31例患者在RFA治疗后6－12个月内有3例转阴，5例明显下降。43例中有39例经12－18个月的随访，其1年生存率为69．2％。结论：RFA对大肝癌的治疗是一种微创、安全有效的方法。     

肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗(附22例报告)

目的：探讨提高肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗水平。方法：回顾性分析22例肾错构瘤的诊断和治疗结果：男10例，女12例，年龄16～67岁。肿瘤位于右侧9例，左侧13例；肿瘤大小0．4cm×0．6cm×0．7cm～13．5cm×14．3cm×15．2cm。主要临床症状为腰部不适、胀痛、包块、出血性休克等。结果：B超诊断准确率为86．4％（19／22），CT诊断准确率为90．9％（20／22），肿瘤小于4cm而无症状的7例采用B超、CT定期随访。手术15例，其中肿瘤直径小于4cm伴患侧腰痛或肉眼血尿的7例行肿瘤剜除术；直径大于4cm者8例，行肾部分切除术4例，肾切除术2例，因误诊为肾癌而行肾根治性切除术2例。结论：B超、CT、MRI等影像学检查对肾错构瘤的诊断准确率较高，必要时可作针刺活检及术中冷冻病理检查，关键是治疗方法的选择，即如何尽最大可能选择保留肾单位手术，其中选择性肾动脉栓塞术、肿瘤剜除术、肾部分切除术应作为首选。     

非特异性肾周围炎及肾周围脓肿诊治分析（附20例报告）

目的：报道我院近五年来收治的20例肾周围炎及肾周围脓肿病例,并对其诊断和治疗作出分析。方法：回顾性分析了自2005年1月～2010年8月期间住院的20例肾周围炎及肾周围脓肿患者的病例资料。收集分析的资料包括：临床症状及体征、合并症、影像学检查、实验室检查、细菌培养、治疗及预后。结果：20例病例中,肾周围炎5例,肾周围脓肿15例。最主要的临床表现是腰腹部疼痛、发热、腰腹部肿块,分别为16例（80％）、12例（60％）、5例（25％）。另外少见临床表现有血尿3例（15％）、尿频尿急尿痛2例（10％）、恶心呕吐腹胀1例（5％）。合并症可见糖尿病、泌尿系结石、慢性肾盂肾炎、输尿管移行细胞癌、腹膜后纤维化及肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄,分别为5例（25％）、5例（25％）、7例（35％）、1例（5％）、1例（5％）、1例（5％）。有7例患者做血、尿、脓培养,其中5例阳性（71．4％）,致病菌主要为：大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌、变形杆菌,混合感染为2例（28．6％）。在所有患者中,单纯抗生素治疗者5例（25％）,B超引导下穿刺引流者6例（30％）（4例复发需再次手术,其中3例行切开引流,1例肾切除）,开放切开引流者5例（25％）,行。肾切除者4例（20％）。19例患者痊愈出院,1例患者形成窦道,迁延不逾,无死亡病例。结论：随着B超、CT等影像学技术的进步和普及,肾周围炎及肾周围脓肿的诊断和治疗已有较大的改善,尽早行彻底引流及有力的抗生素治疗是疾病痊愈的关键。     

Immediate percutaneous drainage compared with surgical drainage of renal abscess

Purpose To compare immediate percutaneous drainage of renal abscess via ultrasonographic guidance to surgical drainage. Procedures This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of 27 patients (mean age of 59.37 ± 12.25 years) with renal abscesses. Immediate percutaneous catheter drainage was performed in patients with pus-containing cavities greater than 3 cm who consented in the emergency section (n = 12). Other patients underwent surgical drainage (n = 11). Both groups were also treated with empirical antibiotic therapy. Four patients were treated exclusively with antibiotics and were excluded from the analysis. Findings Abscess size on computer tomography (CT) was similar between the percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) patients and open surgical drainage patients (7.47 ± 1.75 cm vs. 8.67 ± 1.87 cm; P = 0.13). There was no significant difference in mean duration of hospitalization (PCD, 19.5 ± 10.5 days; surgical drainage, 14.55 ± 4.52 days. P = 0.15). Larger abscess size and higher C-reactive protein levels were important prognostic factors in both groups. Microbiological analysis revealed Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in most abscesses. Conclusions Patients treated with percutaneous drainage for renal abscess had outcomes comparable to those treated with surgical drainage.     

Renal and perirenal abscesses in patients with otherwise anatomically normal urinary tracts

PURPOSE: We characterized evaluation, management and outcomes in a group of patients diagnosed with renal and perirenal abscesses who had otherwise anatomically normal urinary tracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed our experience with renal/perirenal abscesses at University of Texas Medical Branch from 1991 to 2002. Treatment was determined by physician preference in each individual. RESULTS: Of 70 patients with renal/perirenal abscesses 26 had otherwise anatomically normal urinary tracts, 24 (92%) had at least 1 possible contributory factor, such as diabetes mellitus, and only 38% had the correct diagnosis at initial presentation. The abscess was intranephric in 39% of cases, intranephric and perinephric in 19%, and perinephric only in 42%. Of the 26 patients 18 were treated with percutaneous drainage or aspiration of the abscess and 12 (66.7%) had positive cultures. Eight of the 12 patients (67%) with positive abscess cultures had the same organism in urine and/or blood. All 26 patients were treated with broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics. In most patients abscess size influenced additional treatments, such as percutaneous needle aspiration or catheter drainage. None of the patients required open surgical drainage, nephrectomy or nephrostomy tube placement. At a mean followup of 10 months all patients had complete radiographic resolution of the abscess without further complications except 1 who had pyelonephritis and another who was found to have a poorly perfused kidney. CONCLUSIONS: With accurate diagnosis and minimally invasive therapy patients with renal and/or perirenal abscesses and otherwise anatomically normal urinary tracts have excellent functional and anatomical outcomes.     

Renal and Perinephric Abscesses: Analysis of 65 Consecutive Cases

Objective The objective was to describe the last 10 years’ experience of the diagnosis and treatment of renal, perinephric, and mixed abscesses in an academic reference center. Patients and Methods The medical records of 65 patients with renal, perinephric, and mixed abscesses treated at our hospital from January 1992 to December 2002 were reviewed. The data collected included predisposing factors, symptoms, physical examination, initial diagnosis, laboratory and radiologic evaluation, treatment, and clinical outcome. Results Perinephric abscesses were found in 33 (50.8%) patients, renal abscesses were found in 16 (24.6%), and 16 (24.6%) had mixed abscesses. Urolithiasis (28%) and diabetes mellitus (28%) were the most common predisposing conditions. The duration of symptoms before hospital admission ranged from 2 to 180 days (mean 20 days). Urine culture was positive in 43% of patients and blood culture was positive in 40% of patients. Most of the perinephric abscesses received an interventional treatment: surgical drainage (24%), percutaneous drainage (42%) or nephrectomy (24%). Most patients were cured (73.3%) on discharge from hospital. Mixed (renal and perinephric) abscess treatment was similar: percutaneous drainage (37.5%), surgical drainage (18.75%) or nephrectomy (37.5%). Most patients were cured (60%) on discharge from hospital. Renal abscesses, however, were treated medically in 69% of patients and 73% were cured on discharge from hospital. Conclusions Perinephric and mixed abscesses are successfully managed by interventional treatment. Renal abscesses can be managed by medical treatment only, reserving interventional treatment for large collections or patients with clinical impairment. Early diagnosis is an important factor in the outcome of renal and perinephric abscesses.     

Percutaneous management of pyogenic hepatic abscesses

Twelve patients (9 men, 3 women) with a mean age of 65 (54-78) years, with pyogenic hepatic abscesses were managed by percutaneous drainage between 1979 and 1987. Biliary origin was most common (4 patients), followed by hepatic abscesses as a late postoperative complication (seen in 3 patients) and hepatic abscesses occurring in association with acute appendicitis (2 patients). The origin was unknown in 3 patients. Diagnosis was reached by computed tomography or ultrasonography with a diagnostic delay of in mean 11 days. Seventeen abscesses were found among the 12 patients. The median abscess size (maximal diameter) was 7 (1-12) cm. Nine patients were treated with percutaneous drainage with an indwelling catheter within the abscess cavity for up to 3 weeks, while 3 patients were managed with percutaneous puncture and aspiration alone. The most commonly isolated organism from the drained hepatic abscess was E. coli. The course following percutaneous treatment was uneventful, without mortality and recurrence of the hepatic abscess during follow-up. One patient required surgical drainage of an additional hepatic abscess. Percutaneous drainage of hepatic abscesses, independent of origin, thus seems as a safe and reliable method, which should be considered as the treatment of choice if facilities and knowledge of percutaneous management are provided.     

Retroperitoneal abscesses--analysis of a series of 66 cases

OBJECTIVE: To analyze our experience with the management of retroperitoneal abscesses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was made of 66 patients with retroperitoneal abscesses treated at our hospital from January 1975 to July 2001 for the purpose of analyzing the diagnosis and treatment of these rare infections. In each case, we analyzed patient characteristics, abscess location and origin, predisposing factors, clinical presentation, microbiology, radiographic findings, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS: In our series, the most frequent type of abscess was perinephric (45.4%), and the most frequent origin was the kidney (72.7%), generally renal lithiasis or previous urological surgery. Gram-negative bacilli were the microorganisms most often involved as causal agents of abscesses. CT had the best diagnostic performance (95%). Percutaneous drainage resolved the abscess in 86.3% of the patients in which it was used, compared with 87.5% for traditional surgical drainage. In 4 cases, the only treatment was administration of antibiotics. In all these cases the abscesses were smaller than 3 cm and patients were in good general condition. The mortality rate was excellent (1.5%), probably due to the low rate of comorbidity in our patients. CONCLUSIONS: Gram-negative bacilli were the most frequent microorganisms in our retroperitoneal abscesses. CT was the imaging technique that produced the most reliable and rapid diagnosis. Radiographically-guided percutaneous drainage was a safe and effective therapeutic alternative when used as definitive treatment or preoperatively.     

Perinephric abscesses in the neurologically impaired

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. OBJECTIVES: To document the occurrence and management of large perinephric abscesses in neurologically impaired patients at high risk for this infectious complication. SETTING: US Veterans Affairs hospital. METHODS: The records, radiographs, operative findings and outcomes of all patients who presented with perinephric abscesses evident on physical exam within the last 5 years were reviewed. RESULTS: Four patients presented with large perinephric abscesses evident on physical examination. All had severe neurologic impairment with high sensory levels; three had spinal cord injuries, one had advanced multiple sclerosis. All had neurogenic bladders and recurrent urinary tract infections. The diagnosis was made through a combination of history, physical examination and computed tomography (CT) examination. All were found to have upper tract obstruction. All were managed with immediate abscess drainage and three had elective nephrectomy once the infection had resolved. No patients died of their perinephric abscess. CONCLUSIONS: These four cases illustrate that although advances in antibiotics, imaging and percutaneous management have improved the speed of diagnosis and reduced the mortality in patients with perinephric abscesses, the neurologically impaired population continues to remain at significant risk for the development and the delayed diagnosis of these morbid renal infections.     

Percutaneous drainage of perisigmoid abscesses of diverticular origin

STUDY AIM: The aim of this multicentric retrospective study was to report the results on the percutaneous drainage of perisigmoid abscesses during acute sigmoid diverticulitis in 12 patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Between January 1993 and March 2000. 12 patients with a perisigmoid diverticular abscess were treated by antibiotic therapy and percutaneous drainage of the abscess. The patient population consisted of eight males and four females (mean age: 50.2 years). The diagnosis was established in two out of seven cases by enema, in four cases out of seven by abdominal ultrasonography, and in eight cases out of 11 by CT scan. Percutaneous drainage was carried out in all cases, and was guided by ultrasonography (n = 3) and CT scan (n = 9). The mean duration of drainage was 6.5 days. RESULTS: No drainage-associated complications were observed. Drainage combined with antibiotic treatment provided satisfactory results in ten out of 12 cases. Two cases of failure of the method occurred, and the patients involved were operated on day 4 and week 5 by colectomy with protective lateral ileostomy. There was an early recurrence of the abscess in three patients, who were treated by the Hartmann procedure in one case, and by one-stage colectomy in two cases. Five patients underwent a secondary one-stage colectomy. Two patients in whom no residual abscess was detected were not operated on at the time of the study. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous drainage of perisigmoid diverticular abscesses combined with antibiotic therapy provided efficient treatment in ten out of 12 cases. Secondary one-stage colectomy was performed in seven out of the eight patients requiring further surgery.     

Severe emphysematous pyelonephritis in diabetic patients: diagnosis and aspects of surgical management

PURPOSE: Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a rare, severe gas-forming infection of renal parenchyma and surrounding tissues seen mostly in diabetic patients. Diagnosis and adequate therapeutic regimen are controversial. We reviewed the clinical presentation, diagnosis and aspects of surgical management of patients presenting with severe EPN. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with EPN managed in our unit between 1996 and 2004 were reviewed. Diagnosis was confirmed by CT scan appearance of gas in the renal or perirenal area in a very ill patient. We compared the outcome of immediate nephrectomy with drainage of perinephric abscesses in patients presenting with severe EPN. RESULTS: Seven patients were managed in our unit during the 8-year period. All patients were diabetic and women outnumbered men (6:1). Renogram in all 7 patients showed renal function of affected kidney to be less than 15% in 6 patients. Escherichia coli was isolated in all patients from either urine, blood or perinephric pus. Management consisted of intensive resuscitation, control of blood glucose and use of intravenous antibiotics. Emergency nephrectomy was performed in 3 patients, delayed nephrectomy after an initial period of percutaneous drainage in 2 patients, incision and drainage in one patient and immediate percutaneous drainage was performed in one patient. One patient died 5 days post-nephrectomy of myocardial infarction. Patients who had immediate nephrectomy recovered quicker (18-21 days) and had no postoperative complications. Patients who had incision and drainage, or percutaneous drainage presented with recurrent discharging sinuses or perinephric abscesses requiring further surgical interventions and spent longer time in hospital (28-37 days). CONCLUSION: Patients with severe EPN often present in extremis and require intensive medical treatment. The diagnosis must be entertained in diabetic women presenting with flank pain and septicemia. The function of the affected kidney is often very poor and early nephrectomy offers the best outcome. Percutaneous drainage or incision and drainage of the abscess may be performed in patients too ill for immediate formal nephrectomy.     

The long-term results of percutaneous drainage of diverticular abscess

INTRODUCTION

Diverticulitis is a common condition occasionally complicated by abscess formation. Small abscesses may be managed by antibiotic therapy alone but larger collections require drainage, ideally by the percutaneous route. This minimally invasive approach is appealing but there is little information regarding the long-term follow-up of patients managed in this way. To address this question, we looked at a consecutive series of patients who underwent percutaneous drainage in our institution.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective study was performed of patients undergoing percutaneous drainage of a diverticular abscess from 1999–2007.

RESULTS

A total of 26 abscesses were identified in 16 patients. In 69% of cases, the abscess was located in the pelvis. The mean size of the abscesses was 8.5 ± 0.9 cm. Drainage was performed under CT (83%) or ultrasound guidance. The mean duration of drainage was 8 days. Fistula formation following drainage occurred in 38% of cases. Eight patients (mean age, 71 years) underwent subsequent surgical resection 9 days to 22 months (mean, 7 months) following initial presentation. Eight patients with significant co-morbid conditions were managed by percutaneous drainage only. The 1-year mortality was 20% and resulted from unrelated causes. The long-term stoma rate was 13%.

CONCLUSIONS

Percutaneous drainage can safely be performed in patients with a diverticular abscess. It can be used as a bridge before definitive surgery but also as a treatment option in its own right in high-risk surgical patients. We believe percutaneous drainage reduces the need for major surgery and reduces the risk of a permanent stoma.