血管内皮生长因子与肿瘤血管生成的研究进展

肿瘤的无限制侵袭性生长及转移依赖于血管的生成。肿瘤血管生成是一个复杂的多步骤过程,且有众多生长因子的参与,其中血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)是最重要的促血管生长因子,与肿瘤的生长、转移及预后有关,也是抗肿瘤血管生成治疗的重要靶点之一。本文旨在对VEGF与肿瘤血管生成的研究进展作一综述。     

血管内皮生长因子与胃癌侵袭和转移关系的研究进展

胃癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，死亡率在各种恶性肿瘤中占首位，诊治水平的提高使早期胃癌患者的长期生存率有了很大提高，但是进展期胃癌患者的预后仍然很不理想。肿瘤转移是胃癌患者死亡的主要原因。而恶性肿瘤的发生、发展、侵袭及转移的各个阶段均有赖于新生血管的生成。血管生成是恶性肿瘤生长和转移的基础。血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF）是机体最重要的刺激血管生成的生长因子，能特异结合于血管内皮细胞，在体内外都能促进血管内皮细胞增殖，而成为近年来研究的热点。     

VEGF在胃癌中的表达及临床意义

血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)具有高度特异性、在生理性及病理性血管生成中具有重要作用，而且还促使癌细胞脱落进人血管或向邻近纤维蛋白和结缔组织基质扩散，为肿瘤浸润转移创造条件。本文选取消化道常见肿瘤胃癌，应用SP免疫组化法，检测人胃癌组织中VEGF表达与胃癌临床病理指标的关系，为预测胃癌预后和肿瘤抗血管生成疗法，提供理论依据。     

血管内皮细胞生长因子与肿瘤的研究现状

恶性肿瘤的无限制侵袭性生长及其转移依赖于血管生成.因此,目前阻断血管形成探索抑制肿瘤的新途径之一.而血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)是高度特异性的血管内皮细胞促分裂素,是重要的血管形成因子,从而支持肿瘤的生长.研究血管生成对了解恶性肿瘤发生、发展、侵袭、转移的生物学特性及针对肿瘤血管生成的基因治疗有重要的意义.     

VEGF/VEGFR信号转导通路在肝癌靶向治疗中的研究进展

肝细胞肝癌(Hepatocellular Carcinoma,HCC,简称肝癌)是典型的多血供恶性肿瘤,肝癌细胞的生长、转移、侵袭都依赖新生血管的形成.血管内皮细胞生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)及其受体(Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)的信号转导通路的活化可刺激血管内皮细胞增殖、迁移、在肝癌血管生成并促进肿瘤生长和转移中发挥了重要作用. Folkman首先提出"肿瘤生长是血管依赖性的",并认为肿瘤血管新生是由肿瘤血管生长因子(Tumor angiogenesis factor,TAF)所引起的,从而提出了"抑制血管生成而抑制肿瘤生长的假说".     

抗肿瘤血管生成主动免疫治疗研究进展

肿瘤血管生成在肿瘤生长、侵袭、转移中具有十分重要的作用。调控血管生成的因子很多,包括血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）、成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF）、表皮细胞生长因子（EGF）等。近年来抗血管生成的肿瘤治疗已经取得较大进展,特别是抗肿瘤血管形成主动免疫治疗,已经成为抗肿瘤研究的热点。因而,以异种同源分子和非异种同源分子为疫苗的研究很有意义。     

血管内皮生长因子对肿瘤血管生成的影响

血管生成对于实体肿瘤的生长和转移十分重要。肿瘤可通过血管生成从机体获得大量营养,并通过生成的血管转移到身体其他部分继续生长繁殖。在肿瘤血管生成中各种细胞因子起着极为重要的作用,其中血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)又叫血管通透因子(Vascular permeability factor,VPF)特异地作用于内皮细胞,升高细胞内Ca~(2 )浓度,促进内皮细胞迁移增殖,增加血管通透性,诱导细胞外基质形成。     

Vasohibin-1在常见肿瘤发生发展中作用的研究进展

肿瘤的形成、生长和侵袭转移依赖于肿瘤血管的生成。抑制肿瘤血管形成是阻止肿瘤进展的重要途径。肿瘤血管的生长受多种促进因子(如血管内皮生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、胸苷磷酸化酶等)和抑制因子(如血管抑素、内皮抑素、血管生成抑制蛋白等)的共同调节。Vasohibin-1(VASH-1)作为一种新型血管抑制因子,受VEGF诱导表达于内皮细胞,发挥负性调控作用。近年来越来越多的研究发现VASH-1在多种肿瘤组织中异常表达并发挥作用。该文旨在对VASH-1在一些常见肿瘤发生、发展中的作用及机制作一综述。     

抗血管生成抑制剂疗法研究进展

1　抗血管生成抑制剂的研究　　肿瘤血管形成的主要过程目前认为是:诱发因素→肿瘤细胞被活化分泌可能性血管生成刺激因子,如VEGF(血管内皮生长因子)、FGF(成纤维细胞生长因子)→激活内皮细胞和金属蛋白酶→基底膜被破坏,内皮细胞收缩,趋化,迁移,增殖,形成血管芽→血管芽吻合成血管。因为肿瘤血管及其生长过程的某些特殊性使得其更有利于肿瘤生长和转移,而抗血管生成的所有方法都是靶定内皮细胞而不是肿瘤细胞,这样使得抗血管疗法具有不产生耐药性,而广泛性、毒副作用小等优点。目前抗血管生成抑制剂疗法主要有三种:1.1　“血管生成抑制…     

血管内皮生长因子在肝癌中的表达及其与肝癌转移的关系

肿瘤的生长和转移是一个多步骤的复杂过程，其中肿瘤血管的生成起重要的作用。迄今为止，血管内皮生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ）被认为是肿瘤组织中促血管生成的最主要的血管生长因子。我们应用免疫组化和Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交技术从蛋白质水平和ＲＮＡ水平对ＶＥＧＦ在人原发...     

IGF-1、IGF-1R及VEGF在胃癌中的表达及其与浸润转移的关系

目的 探讨胃癌组织中IGF-1、IGF-1R及VEGF的表达及其与浸润转移的关系.方法 应用免疫组化法检测80例胃癌手术切除标本中IGF-1、IGF-1R及VEGF的表达,并分析其与胃癌病理特征的相关性.结果 胃癌组织中IGF-1、IGF-1R及VEGF的阳性表达率显著高于癌旁正常组织(P<0.05).IGF-1、IGF-1R及VEGF表达与临床分期、组织分化程度、浸润深度和有无淋巴结转移显著相关(P<0.05).结论 IGF-1、IGF-1R及VEGF与胃癌的发生发展相关,参与了肿瘤的浸润转移过程,可作为评价胃癌生物学行为的参考指标.     

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene amplification status and its clinicopathologic significance in gastric carcinoma

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 is a member of receptor tyrosine kinase family, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene amplification or missense mutation has been observed in various human cancers, including gastric carcinoma. Recent studies have shown that anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 agents inhibit tumor progression in various human cancers, such as endometrial carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, which remains one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death worldwide. We considered that knowledge of the status of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene amplification in gastric carcinoma might aid in targeted cancer therapy. In this study, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification status was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization in 313 surgically resected gastric carcinoma tissues, and the results were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, potential associations between clinicopathologic parameters and the presence of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification were investigated, and survival analysis was performed. Of the 313 cases, 14 (4.5%) showed fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification was found to be associated with a higher pT stage (P = .023), higher pN stage (P = .038), and distant metastasis (P = .009) and to be significantly associated with lower cancer-specific survival by univariate analysis (P = .012). Gastric carcinoma with fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification was found to be associated with advanced disease and a poor prognosis. We believe that the determination of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 amplification status could allow the identification of a subset of cancers sensitive to targeted fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor-based therapy.     

Immunohistochemical study of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta in the penetrating type of early gastric cancer.

We report that the penetrating type of early gastric cancer (PEN) is a specific type of early gastric cancer and that the poorly differentiated PEN type could be considered an initial lesion of linitis plastica-type cancer. We performed an immunohistochemical study to clarify the role of growth factors (epidermal growth factor [EGF] and transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-beta]) in the PEN type of early gastric cancer. The results indicated that the PEN type of early gastric cancer has a high growth capacity. Moreover, it was suggested that EGF was involved in its specific infiltrative growth and that both EGF and TGF-beta were involved in its specific scirrhous growth. From these findings, it was assumed that the immunohistochemical staining of EGF and TGF-beta in endoscopic biopsy specimens was useful for the diagnosis of the PEN type of gastric cancer and also for the diagnosis of the initial lesion of linitis plastica-type gastric cancer.     

胃癌术前适形放疗的蛋白表达谱变化及意义

目的：探讨胃癌术前适形放疗作用后的蛋白表达谱变化及意义。方法：选择有病理诊断的胃癌患者,随机分组行单纯手术和适形放疗+手术,术后收集肿瘤组织标本。以固相pH梯度等电聚焦（IPG-IEF）为第一向、垂直平板十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）为第二向进行胃癌组织蛋白质分离;用图像分析软件PDQuest 8.0 分析电泳图谱,寻找有意义的差异蛋白点;运用MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定,并对其中差异显著蛋白采用Western blotting和RT-PCR进行鉴定,检测蛋白表达谱变化。结果：胃癌适形放疗组与对照组的蛋白表达谱明显不同,发现3个有意义的差异蛋白质点,适形放疗组肿瘤细胞血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、c-erbB-2和表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）的表达降低,与对照组比较差异显著（P<0.01）。结论：胃癌术前适形放疗可以降低胃癌细胞相关表皮蛋白表达。这些蛋白可能成为胃癌治疗新的靶点。     

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with angiogenesis and apoptosis in gastric cancer tissue

In vitro studies suggest that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induces angiogenesis by stimulating angiogenic growth factors while inhibiting apoptosis in cancer cell lines. A series of 107 gastric adenocarcinoma cases that had undergone gastrectomy was studied to determine the correlation between COX-2 expression, angiogenesis, and apoptosis in human gastric cancer tissue. COX-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and Bcl-2 were stained by single and dual immunoassaying methods. Microvessel density was determined by immunostaining for CD34. Apoptosis was evaluated with the TUNEL assay. COX-2 expression was positive exclusively in cancer cells in 46 cases (43%). COX-2 expression significantly correlated with VEGF and PDGF expression. Dual staining for COX-2 and VEGF showed that colocalization of these proteins was most frequent at the advancing edge of cancer cells. Microvessel density was higher in COX-2-and VEGF-positive cases than in COX-2- and VEGF-negative cases. In addition, COX-2 expression correlated with Bcl-2 expression. The apoptotic index was lower in COX-2-positive cancer cells than in COX-2-negative cases. Multivariate analysis revealed that coexpression of COX-2 and VEGF, age, lymph node status, and serosal invasion were independent prognostic factors for overall survival in gastric cancer patients. Therefore, these data suggest that COX-2 contributes to gastric cancer development by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis.     

Expression of complement regulating factors in gastric cancer cells.

AIMS: To investigate the deposition of complement components, C3d and C5b-9, and the expression of complement regulating factors (S protein, membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46), protectin (CD59), decay accelerating factor (DAF; CD55), and type 1 complement receptor (CR1; CD35)) in gastric cancers. METHODS: Specimens of gastric cancer were examined by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. RESULTS: Four complement regulating factors (S protein, MCP, protectin, and DAF) were expressed on gastric cancer cells, in ultrastructurally localised areas on the cell membrane. CR1 was not expressed. The staining intensity of DAF in both differentiated and undifferentiated adenocarcinomas was significantly higher than in histologically normal gastric epithelium. Furthermore, the staining intensity of DAF in gastric cancers showing a diffusely infiltrating growth pattern was higher than in gastric cancers showing an expanding growth pattern. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that DAF may play a role in cancer cell infiltration and resistance in tumour cells.     

胃癌组织中SIRT-1、VEGF的表达及临床意义

目的探讨胃癌组织中沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT-1)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达及临床意义。方法选取2016年6月至2018年6月本院胃癌患者120例,均接受胃癌手术切除术。采用免疫组化检测胃癌组织及其癌旁正常组织中SIRT-1、VEGF的表达。结果胃癌组织SIRT-1、VEGF表达阳性率明显高于癌旁正常组织,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);胃癌组织SIRT-1、VEGF的表达与TNM分期、浸润深度、浆膜受侵、淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),与性别、年龄、肿瘤位置、分化程度、肿瘤直径无关(P>0.05);胃癌组织SIRT-1与VEGF表达呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论胃癌组织中SIRT-1、VEGF呈高表达状态,且与胃癌的发生发展有关,可能共同促进了胃癌的生长、侵袭、转移等生物学行为。     

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treatment of advanced gastric cancer: cyclooxygenase-2 is involved in hepatocyte growth factor mediated tumor development and progression

Surgical treatment of gastric cancer patients is dismal because advanced tumor is often noted at diagnosis. In order to obtain better adjuvant therapy for gastric cancer patients after operation, it is important to understand the mechanism of invasion and metastasis. It is well known that binding of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to its receptor (c-Met) regulates gastric cancer progression and metastasis. Recently, HGF was found to up-regulate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene and increase prostaglandin (PG)synthesis in gastric mucosa cells. Over-expression of COX-2 and increased PG secretion have also been found to be involved in the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer. These results together suggest that the signaling pathway of HGF and c-Met may be mediated through ERK2 activation, up-regulation of COX-2 and increased production of PGE(2)in gastric cancer cells. In view of the fact that c-Met is over-expressed in the majority of gastric cancer patients with poor prognosis, COX-2 specific inhibitors may provide beneficial effects in these patients.     

胃癌中uPA、PAI-1表达及其与血管生成的关系

目的 观察胃癌组织中uPA、PAI-1mRNA及蛋白的表达，并探讨它们与肿瘤分化、血管生成及临床病理因素之间的关系。方法 用原位杂交及免疫组化S-P法检测110例胃癌组织中uPA、PAI-1的表达，根据CD34阳性的血管内皮细胞计数肿瘤组织微血管密度（MVD）。结果 （1）胃癌组织中uPA mRNA和蛋白、PAI-1 mRNA和蛋白阳性表达定位于胞质；uPA的表达随分化程度的降低有逐渐升高的趋势，PAI-1的表达随分化程度的降低有逐渐降低的趋势。（2）110例uPA mRNA及蛋白表达阳性组MVD值显著高于阴性组，差异均具有显著性（P值均＜0．05）。（3）uPA mRNA及蛋白的表达与临床分期呈正相关（P＜0．05），PAI-1的表达与临床分期和淋巴结转移无相关性。（4）uPA mRNA／蛋白与PAI-1 mRNA／蛋白的表达无相关性。结论uPA与促进胃癌的血管生成密切相关，阻断uPA的分泌和作用途径有望对胃癌浸润转移起抑制作用；胃癌组织中PAI-1可能担当重要的调节剂或者是肿瘤细胞防止自身降解的保护剂而不是这个系统的单纯抑制剂。