肺癌性淋巴管播散的CT表现

分析肺癌性淋巴管播散的CT表现，讨论诊断与鉴别诊断以及CT检查对本病的诊断价值。材料和方法：分析问例肺癌性淋巴管播散的有关资料，原发灶12例是肺癌，正例原发灶不明。且11例有常规CT扫描，其中8例加作高分辨率CT（HRCT）扫描：另2例单作HRCT检查。结果：10例有支气管血管束增厚，大部分呈边缘不规则状。9例显现多为均匀的小叶间隔增厚。胸膜病变有叶间胸膜增厚（8例）、胸膜结节（3例）、胸水（4例）。心包积液4例。9例有胸内淋巴结肿大，其中7例累及肺门淋巴结。结论：常规CT加HRCT能清晰显示肺癌性淋巴管播散的影像学表现而有利于正确诊断。考虑到的鉴别诊断有胸部结节病、间质性肺水肿。     

胸膜凹陷征在孤立性肺结节MSCT诊断中的价值

目的:评价胸膜凹陷征在孤立性肺结节定性诊断中的价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术、病理或临床随访证实的60例周围型肺癌和40例良性结节的MSCT资料,并行MPR、VR、SSD等显示结节与胸膜之间关系的影像表现。结果:胸膜凹陷发生于肺肋胸膜面46例,纵隔面11例,膈面22例,叶间胸膜面13例,壁胸膜与叶间胸膜同时发生8例。图像后处理技术对胸膜凹陷征的检出率均显著高于轴位图像(P0.05)。周围型肺癌典型胸膜凹陷征和伴相关结节切迹的出现例数显著高于良性结节组(P0.05);良性结节粗线影和伴胸膜粘连增厚的检出例数高于周围型肺癌(P0.05)。结论:MSCT图像后处理显示胸膜凹陷征对孤立性肺结节的定性诊断具有指导意义。     

肺泡微石症的影像学诊断

目的：探讨肺泡微石症的影像学特征。方法;报道肺泡微石症6例,全部病例均行胸部X线检查,2例行常规CT,1例行HRCT。并对全部影像学表现进行了回顾性分析。结果：6例胸片表现为弥漫粟粒样微细结节（2例）。“鱼子样”或“暴风沙样”（2例）、“白肺样”（1例）及高密度“面纱样”改变（1例）,CT可明确肺内微细结节的钙化密度,肺尖部气肿样改变及支气管血管束增粗并呈钙化密度,HRCT则可进一步显示肺野磨砂玻璃样改变,小叶间隔,叶间胸膜及支气管血管束钙化密度与串珠状增厚,小叶中心分布的微细结节与胸膜下蜂窝,结论：肺泡微石症是一种罕见病,其影像学表现具有特征性,影像学检查尤以HRCT检查对该病的诊断有决定性作用。     

肺癌性淋巴管炎的高分辨率CT诊断价值

目的探讨肺癌性淋巴管炎（PLC）高分辨率CT的影像学表现及诊断价值。方法经临床病理和随访证实8例肺癌性淋巴管炎的肺部HRCT影像学资料进行回顾性分析。结果 8例中,PLC的HRCT影像表现为支气管血管束周围间质不规则形及串珠状增厚5例,小叶间隔增厚,呈网格状改变5例,小结节状影沿胸膜下间质、小叶间隔、支气管血管束蔓延6例,肺门纵隔淋巴结肿大4例,胸腔积液4例;胸椎椎体及附件溶骨性破坏2例。结论小叶间隔结节状增厚是PLC较为特征性CT表现。HRCT对PLC诊断与鉴别诊断具有一定价值。     

肺癌早期胸膜转移的螺旋CT检查

目的 评价螺旋CT检查肺癌早期胸膜转移与其手术病理分级、解剖分布部位关系。资料与方法 回顾分析43例经手术病理确诊原发肺癌胸膜转移的CT表现,并将其与手术病理表现作对照研究。结果 43例中合并胸腔积液8例,手术病理分为Ⅰ级25例、Ⅱ级13例、Ⅲ级5例。术前CT仅诊断5例Ⅲ级,3例Ⅱ级。而CT实际显示胸膜转移结节28例,检出率为65．1％（28／43）,其Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级CT检出率分别为40％（10／25）、100％（13／13）、100％（5／5）,叶间胸膜、膈胸膜、肋胸膜、纵隔胸膜转移CT检出率分别为100％（12／12）、45．5％（10／22）、56．5％（13／23）、70％（14／20）。结论 CT能准确诊断中晚期胸膜转移,CT检出早期胸膜转移与其分级及分布的胸膜解剖部位密切相关,对Ⅰ级转移有明显局限性,显示叶间胸膜病灶最敏感,对膈胸膜、肋胸膜敏感性较差。     

多排螺旋 CT 对早期周围型小肺癌的诊断价值分析

目的：探讨多排螺旋 CT 对早期周围型小肺癌的诊断价值。方法收集近4年我院经穿刺活检或手术切除病理证实,同时具有完整多排螺旋 CT 检查资料的43例周围型小肺癌患者,对该疾病影像学特点（分叶征、毛刺征、支气管充气征、血管集束征、空泡征、胸膜凹陷征）进行系统的分析。结果本组43例病变均为直径≤20 mm 的孤立性结节,均行胸部多排螺旋 CT 扫描、横断面高分辨 CT（HRCT）扫描、动态 CT 增强扫描及胸部容积多平面重建（MPR）,所有患者病变至少具有该疾病影像学特点中的2-3个征象,可作为该病影像及临床诊断的可靠依据。结论多排螺旋 CT 对周围型小肺癌能够准确定位,具有较高的检出率和应用价值,能够为临床诊断及治疗提供客观的参考及依据。     

尘肺与粟粒性肺转移瘤的CT鉴别特征

目的:探讨尘肺和粟粒性肺转移瘤的常规CT及高分辨CT(HRCT)特征,以提高肺内多发小结节的CT鉴别诊断。方法:回顾性分析44例尘肺和30例粟粒性肺转移瘤的CT资料,观察小结节的特点及其它并发征象。结果:尘肺组CT表现:①小结节特点:大小不均匀35例(79.55%)、密度不均匀40例(91.00%)、分布不均匀40例(90.91%),边界清晰38例(86.36%),结节钙化28例(63.64%);②其它伴发征象:团块28例(63.64%),肺气肿36例(81.82%),小叶间隔增厚36例(81.82%),磨玻璃密度12例(27.27%),胸膜增厚30例(68.18%)、其中叶间裂增厚20例(45.45%),肺门和纵隔淋巴结增大25例(56.82%)、钙化32例(72.73%)。粟粒性肺转移瘤组的CT表现:①小结节特点:大小不均匀18例(60%)、密度不均匀13例(43.30%)、分布不均匀16例(53.33%),边界清晰21例(70%),多发结节内空洞28例(93%);②其它伴发征象:小叶间隔增厚25例(83.33%),胸膜增厚16例(53.33%),肺门和纵隔淋巴结增大18例(60%)、钙化5例(16.67%)。结节密度、分布不均匀、结节钙化及肺气肿、叶间裂增厚、淋巴结钙化在尘肺的发生率高于粟粒性肺转移瘤(P0.05);多发结节小空洞在粟粒性肺转移瘤的发生率高于尘肺(P0.05)。结论:尘肺和粟粒性肺转移瘤的CT表现有一定特征;有助于对两者的鉴别诊断。     

23例肺转移瘤的影像学诊断

目的 提高对肺部转移性肿瘤的影像学诊断水平。方法 回顾性分析23例经临床病理证实为肺转移瘤的影像学特征。结果 将影像学表现分为五型：(1)单发结节型3例；(2)多发结节型15例；(3)粟粒结节型3例；(4)淋巴结肿大型4例；(5)胸膜转移型6例。结论 传统X线与胸部CT检查均为诊断肺转移瘤的主要方法，特别是后者对0．5cm以下病灶的检出率以及发现肺门、纵隔淋巴结肿大和胸膜转移效果更好。     

64层螺旋CT多向调整多平面重组对周围型肺癌征象的检出

目的 探讨64层CT多向调整多平面重组(MPR)对周围型肺癌征象的检出.方法 收集病理证实的周围型肺癌45例,64层CT胸部各向同性扫描后行肿瘤靶重建及多向调整MPR重组,并与横断薄层重建图像对比分析.结果 (1)MPR对CT支气管征、血管集束征、深分叶征、叶间胸膜凹陷征及破坏征的检出率高于薄层横断面重建图像;对细短毛刺征、叶间裂以外胸膜凹陷征的检出与横断薄层重建图像无差别.(2)MPR对空泡征和CT支气管征的判别有优势.(3)MPR对3种及以上CT征象的显示率高于横断薄层重建图像.结论 64层CT多向调整MPR有利于提高周围型肺癌征象的检出.     

肺癌胸膜早期种植转移:螺旋CT与手术病理对照研究

目的:评价CT诊断肺癌胸膜早期种植转移的价值,并分析漏诊原因。方法:回顾性分析43例经手术病理确诊肺癌胸膜种植转移的CT、手术病理资料,作对照研究。结果:43例中,术前CT仅诊断8例,其中Ⅲ级5例,Ⅱ级3例,诊断符合率19%(8/43),CT实际显示胸膜转移结节28例,其中Ⅰ级10例、Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级5例,未显示Ⅰ级15例,CT检出率为65%(28/43)。28例中,术前CT漏诊Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级各10例,漏诊率71%(20/28)。20例中,CT漏诊叶间胸膜、肺表面脏层胸膜、纵隔胸膜、肋胸膜、膈胸膜转移,漏诊率分别为0%、33%、36%、43%、80%。结论:CT能准确检出、诊断肺癌中晚期胸膜转移,但检出胸膜早期微小病灶有明显局限性,在CT诊断中,忽视对膈胸膜、肋胸膜、肺表面脏胸膜上Ⅰ、Ⅱ级较早转移灶的观察,是导致漏诊的原因之一。     

Presence of local pleural adhesion in CT screening-detected small nodule in the lung periphery suggests noncancerous, inflammatory nature of the lesion

PURPOSE: Differential diagnosis of small nodules in the lung periphery detected by low-dose chest CT screening is important before surgery. The aim of the study was to discriminate between benign and malignant lesions, identified in our preoperative imaging work-up examinations and confirmed during surgery, for nodules detected on CT screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is based on 106 patients (46 men and 60 women, median age: 61.5 years) with 123 CT screening-detected and histologically confirmed nodules smaller than 30 mm in the lung periphery identified between 2002 and 2005 at Azumi General Hospital, Japan. Lesions were classified into three groups according to histological findings: adenocarcinoma, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) and inflammatory focal lesions. We examined the visceral pleura during surgery at a location close to lung nodules. RESULTS: The median diameter of resected lung nodules on high-resolution CT (HRCT) was 9.0 mm. Nodules were nonsolid in 42, partly solid in 51 and solid in 30. Histopathological diagnosis was lung cancer in 69, AAH in 21, other noninflammatory tumours in 6 and inflammatory lesions in 27. Fifty-four lesions were located in the subpleural zone. Eight of 123 nodules showed local pleural adhesions (LPA), while 2 were buried in extensive pleural adhesion. LPA was noted more frequently in inflammatory nodules than in cancer nodules (P<.01). CONCLUSION: The presence of LPA in close proximity to a small nodule is indicative of noncancerous lesion. This feature allows the discrimination of pulmonary peripheral inflammatory lesion from peripheral small cancer on chest low-dose CT screening.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎儿童高分辨率CT表现

目的 探讨儿童新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现。方法 回顾性分析2020年1月25日至2月5日华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院22例经临床及核酸检测确诊为COVID-19患儿的胸部HRCT表现。其中男12例,女10例,年龄2个月~14岁,中位年龄4岁,5岁以下患儿14例。由2名放射科医师共同观察肺部病变分布、形态、密度等特征及有无肺门、纵隔淋巴结肿大及胸膜改变。结果 22例患儿中,3例(3/22)肺部CT正常,19例(19/22)肺部HRCT见病灶浸润,其中单侧肺病变7例,双侧肺病变12例。HRCT表现为:磨玻璃影6例,其中淡磨玻璃影4例、典型铺路石征磨玻璃影2例;4例呈肺实变改变,表现为局限性条索影、斑片状高密度影;6例表现为实变影与磨玻璃影共存,呈斑片状致密影夹杂周围磨玻璃影改变,其中1例呈右侧白肺表现;3例呈类支气管肺炎改变,表现为肺叶内散在点状或斑片状密度不均高密度影。下叶病灶较上叶为重,肺外后带较肺尖部、中央区多见。全部患儿均未见肺门淋巴结增大和胸腔积液,1例见叶间胸膜增厚。结论 儿童COVID-19的HRCT表现多样化,需结合流行病学资料、临床表现及实验室检测综合判断,但肺部CT表现可作为临床早期诊断和防控干预的重要依据。     

胸腺瘤的CT和平片分析

目的　探讨胸腺瘤的X线与CT诊断价值。方法　分析 30例经手术病理证实的胸腺瘤X线和CT表现 ,并与病理对照。结果　 18例非侵袭性胸腺瘤 ,胸片仅发现 15例 ,CT扫描 10例 ,均为前纵隔软组织肿块 ,边界清楚 ,密度均匀。 12例侵袭性胸腺瘤 ,肿瘤侵犯邻近器官 ,CT显示纵隔胸膜受侵 3例 ,心包受侵 2例 ,大血管结构受侵 2例 ,胸膜种植 3例 ,胸腔积液 2例 ,腹腔受侵和纵隔淋巴结转移各 1例 ;胸片仅能显示 1例肿瘤侵犯纵隔胸膜和 1例胸膜种植。结论　CT扫描在胸腺瘤的发现和判别侵袭性方面明显优于X线平片并且是可靠预测胸腺瘤侵袭性的检查方法。     

Apical opacity associated with pulmonary tuberculosis: high-resolution CT findings

To elucidate the nature of the apical opacity that is commonly seen in patients with tuberculosis--usually referred to as an "apical cap" or "apical pleural thickening"--18 patients with upper lobe tuberculosis were studied with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). All had a homogeneous apical opacity at least 1 cm thick on chest radiographs. Fifteen of the 18 had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis of more than 5 years duration, and nine showed evidence of ipsilateral pleurisy. HRCT scans at the apex of the thorax in all nine patients scanned at this level showed that extrapleural fat with interspersed vessels accounted for most of the plain radiographic opacity. Scans obtained at a level slightly above visible aerated lung showed extrapleural fat 3-25 mm thick peripherally and atelectatic lung centrally. At more caudal levels, at which both aerated lung and "thickened pleura" were visible on plain radiographs, HRCT showed extrapleural fat (3-20 mm thick), thickened pleura (1-3 mm thick), and atelectatic lung peripherally and areas of emphysematous bullae, bronchiectasis, and atelectatic lung centrally.     

Costal pleura: appearances at high-resolution CT

The appearance of the costal pleura at high-resolution computed tomography (CT) was evaluated with a cadaver and 25 normal subjects. This was contrasted with the high-resolution CT appearance of the costal pleura in 15 patients with mild pleural thickening, 13 of whom had been exposed to asbestos. On high-resolution CT scans in the normal subjects, a 1-2-mm-thick line of soft-tissue attenuation at the point of contact between lung and chest wall represents the visceral and parietal pleura, pleural contents, endothoracic fascia, and innermost intercostal muscle. In a paravertebral location, the innermost intercostal muscle is lacking, and a thin line seen on high-resolution CT scans reflects pleura and endothoracic fascia. Transverse thoracic and subcostal muscles and extrapleural fat pads can be seen as tissue internal to a rib and may be confused with pleural thickening. In 13 of the 15 patients with mild pleural thickening, the 1-3-mm-thick pleura was separable from the underlying normal intercostal muscle by a layer of extrapleural fat. High-resolution CT was more sensitive than CT with 1-cm collimation in depicting this degree of pleural abnormality.     

Malignant pleural mesothelioma: CT manifestations in 50 cases

Malignant pleural mesothelioma, a rare and usually fatal neoplasm that is associated with asbestos exposure, is being encountered with increasing frequency. Pretreatment CT findings from 50 patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma are illustrated. Pleural thickening was found in 46 (92%) of the 50 patients, thickening of the pleural surfaces of the interlobar fissures in 43 (86%), pleural calcifications in 10 (20%), and pleural effusions in 37 (74%). The volume of the involved hemithorax varied appreciably. Contractions of the involved hemithorax was noted in 21 (42%) of 50 patients and contralateral mediastinal shift in seven (14%). Disease beyond the parietal pleura was found in the chest wall (nine patients), mediastinum, lymph nodes, and diaphragm.     

肺郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症的临床、X线、CT表现(2例报告并文献复习)

目的探讨肺郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症(PLCH)的临床、X线及CT表现,以提高对该病的影像学认识。方法回顾性分析2例病理证实的PLCH患者的临床、X线和CT资料。2例患者均行胸部螺旋CT、高分辨CT(HRCT)扫描及X线胸部平片摄影,1例行头颅CT扫描。结果 2例患者CT及HRCT均为双中上肺野广泛分布的高密度小结节状影、纤维条索影及囊状和蜂窝状影。1例头颅CT示右枕骨局限性骨质破坏;胸部平片示双肺野透光度减低,双肺纹理模糊;另1例胸部平片示双肺纹理紊乱,右肺中野可见多个小囊状低密度区;纵隔影明显增宽。结论 PLCH的X线、CT及HRCT表现有一定的特征性,尤其是HRCT显示病变更加清晰,结合临床资料可提高对此病的诊断,确诊仍需病理学诊断。     

HRCT in miliary lung disease.

PURPOSE: To analyze high resolution CT (HRCT) features of a miliary pattern in different diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight HRCT studies with a miliary lung pattern were retrospectively reviewed with the diagnoses tuberculosis (n=3), Candida albicans (n=1), sarcoidosis (n=3), and metastatic adenocarcinoma (n=1). RESULTS: In all cases, HRCT showed diffusely disseminated nodules up to 3 mm. In 2 cases of tuberculosis and 1 of sarcoidosis, the lesions predominated in the upper/middle lung zones. In the case of metastatic adenocarcinoma the nodules were more sparse in the lung periphery while in 1 case of sarcoidosis, HRCT revealed a predominance of the lesions in the outer third of the lungs. Cyst-like lesions of 12 mm were observed in 2/3 cases of tuberculosis and in metastatic adenocarcinoma. Notably thickened interlobular septa and interlobar fissures were each seen in 2/3 cases of sarcoidosis. In general, a random relationship of miliary nodules to secondary lobular structures and bronchovascular bundles was observed, despite the co-existence of centrilobular, subpleural and paraseptal nodules. CONCLUSION: HRCT features that potentially contribute in making a differential diagnosis are: a) A peripheral distribution of nodules, an increased number of thickened interlobular septae, and a notable thickening of interlobar fissures, all of which are indicative of sarcoidosis; and b) Multiple cyst-like lesions which should direct attention to tuberculous or metastatic origin. The predominance of miliary nodules in relation to cephalocaudal axis, their margin and size are not helpful features to the differential diagnosis of diseases presenting a miliary pattern.     

艾滋病合并非结核分枝杆菌肺病的胸部影像表现

目的 探讨艾滋病合并非结核性分枝杆菌肺病的胸部影像表现.方法 10例艾滋病合并非结核性分枝杆菌肺病患者均行胸部X线检查,其中7例行胸部HRCT检查.结果 10例患者X线胸片显示:9例有明显病变,1例只有轻微病变;6例为双肺受累,4例为单肺受累(其中右肺3例,左肺1例);其中5例为大面积实变并空洞形成(4例伴对侧肺野散发病灶).在病变形态上有斑片状渗出实变(6例)、大片状(叶、段分布)实变(5例)、空洞(5例)、小结节病灶(3例)、粟粒病灶(2例)、纤维索条(1例).7例患者HRCT显示:斑片状渗出实变(7例)、小结节病灶(6例)、大面积(肺叶、段)实变(5例)及随实变吸收消散而出现的空洞、支气管扩张(各5例),纵隔淋巴结肿大(4例),磨玻璃密度影(3例),粟粒病灶及树芽征(各2例),胸腔积液、心包积液、纤维索条(各1例).结论 大面积实变合并空洞、结节病灶、支气管扩张及纵隔和肺门淋巴结肿大是艾滋病合并非结核性分枝杆菌肺病的胸部影像特点.