高通量血液透析对终末期肾病患者透析充分性及细胞免疫功能的影响

目的观察高通量血液透析(HFHD)对终末期肾病(ESRD)患者透析充分性及细胞免疫功能的影响。方法选择本院2017年10月至2018年10月诊断为ESRD的患者96例为研究对象,按随机数字表法将其分为观察组与对照组,各48例。观察组采用HFHD治疗,对照组采用常规血液透析(HD)治疗。比较两组的透析充分性指标、治疗前、后细胞免疫功能指标。结果观察组的Kt/v、URR高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组细胞免疫功能各指标水平均升高,且观察组高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论HFHD较HD能显著提高ESRD患者的透析充分性,改善细胞免疫功能,值得临床推广及应用。     

Supportive and palliative care for the patient with end-stage renal disease

As the numbers of patients presenting with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) increases, more are opting to withdraw from dialysis, often due to increased suffering and poor prognosis related to other comorbidities. Concurrently, other renal patients are deciding to forgo dialysis, recognizing that the burden of frequent dialysis may outweigh likely survival and quality-of-life benefits. Renal nursing is concerned with the health needs of individuals and their carers who are experiencing a progressive decline in renal function or who have lost renal function completely, and there is a focus on the provision of renal replacement therapy such as haemodialysis. As more patients decide to withdraw from, or not to embark on, dialysis, an enhanced approach to assessment and control of symptoms, as well as supportive management is required, including effective and high-quality palliative care. There is a necessity for renal nurses to change from disease management through interventions of a physiological nature to that of providing support and symptom management. This article discusses the supportive and palliative nursing care needs of a population largely unheard in the literature - patients with ESRD - and highlights the need for further patient and carer-centred research in this area.     

透析前教育对终末期肾病患者透析时机选择的研究

目的 研究探讨透析前教育对终末期肾病(ESRD)患者透析时机选择的影响.方法 选择血肌酐(Scr)＞442μmol/L、内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)＜20 ml/min的慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)患者129例,随机分为实验组70例和对照组59例.实验组行规范化透析前教育,对照组行常规宣教.比较2组患者入组时基本状况、透析时机的选择、开始透析及透析后6,12个月的抑郁状况及生活质量.结果 2组患者入组时年龄、性别、文化程度、医疗付费方式、就业、Scr、Ccr均无显著差异,透析时机的选择实验组Ccr为(9.49±0.77)ml/min,对照组Ccr为(4.54±1.79)ml/min,2组比较有显著差异,开始透析及透后6,12个月2组的抑郁状况及生活质量比较有显著差异.结论 加强透析前教育有利于ESRD患者适时开始透析并可有效提高患者透析后的生活质量.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the predialysis education on dialysis timing of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods 129 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and serum creatinine(Scr)＞442μmol/L, endogenous creatinine clearance rate (Ccr)＜20 ml/min were randomly divided into the experimental group(70 cases) and the control group(59 cases), the experimental group received predialysis education, the control group received routine care.The basic situation, dialysis timing, depression and quality of life on the 6th,12th months after dialysis were assessed. Results There was no significant difference in age, sex, education background, health care payment manners, employment, serum creatinine, endogenous creatinine clearance rate before education.For the timing of dialysis, Ccr for the experimental group was (9.49 ± 0.77)ml/min, Ccr for the control group was (4.54 ±1.79) ml/min,the difference was significant, depression and quality of life between two groups after 6,12 months of dialysis was also statistically different. Conclusions Strengthening predialysis education is conducive to a timely start of dialysis and can effectively improve the quality of life in patients with ESRD.     

Validity of a standard information protocol provided to end-stage renal disease patients and its effect on treatment selection.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of a standard information package, comprising written and audiovisual aids, for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in a predialysis program. STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter study comprising patients entering a predialysis program. Three questionnaires were developed to gather data in this study: (1) a pre-information package questionnaire that evaluates the patient's initial knowledge of ESRD and the treatment options available (pre-informed patients); (2) a post-information package questionnaire that evaluates the patient's knowledge of ESRD and treatment options after being informed according to the protocol (post-informed patients); (3) a "start of the treatment" questionnaire that deals with the patient's choice of treatment at the time of starting dialysis, as well as the reasons leading to that choice. In all three questionnaires the patient's age, gender, level of creatinine clearance (Ccr), and hematocrit were recorded. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Any patient who was on a predialysis program in the participating centers. RESULTS: Three hundred and four patients were evaluated across 14 participating centers. Initial knowledge was assessed in 216 pre-informed patients (questionnaire 1). Patients were then guided through the information package. One hundred and fifty-eight patients answered the post-information package (questionnaire 2). During the course of the study, 174 patients (of the initial 304) started renal replacement therapy. Of these, 49.4% (86 patients) had received predialysis information according to our study protocol. All the patients who received the information throughout the trial improved their knowledge of ESRD and treatment options; this improvement was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment options least well known at the start of the study were the peritoneal dialysis techniques. After receiving the information package, patients had an equal knowledge of all the different treatments, although hemodialysis was still the most familiar. This improvement in knowledge enabled patients who started a dialysis treatment to choose a therapy according to their own preferences. Their selections were as follows: 44% of the patients chose hemodialysis, 40% chose continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and 16% chose automated peritoneal dialysis. The standard information package, used as a patient education program, effectively resulted in patients having a significantly improved level of knowledge and understanding of ESRD and the different treatment options available.     

The Role of Exercise in Rehabilitation for Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a major health problem in the United States. Many patients with ESRD experience a decline in physical functioning as a result of the disease process and its associated sequelae. Cardiovascular changes, anemia, and skeletal muscle weakness contribute significantly to this decreased capacity, leading, in many instances, to a primarily sedentary lifestyle. Studies conducted on the effectiveness of exercise training for patients with ESRD reveal numerous physiological and psychological benefits, particularly when training is continued for several months. However, the number of structured exercise programs available as part of a rehabilitation program for ESRD patients is limited. This article provides an overview of the role of exercise for patients with renal disease, and a case study illustrates how nurses, in collaboration with the interdisciplinary team, can be effective in preventing continued deconditioning and in maintaining a more positive outlook in patients with ESRD.     

跨理论模型结合动机性访谈对终末期肾病行腹膜透析患者肾功能的影响

目的 探讨跨理论模型结合动机性访谈对终末期肾病(ESRD)行腹膜透析患者肾功能的影响.方法 选取我院2015年8月—2018年2月ESRD腹膜透析患者120例为研究对象,按照组间均衡可比的原则分为观察组与对照组,各60例.对照组给予常规护理,观察组给予跨理论模型结合动机性访谈,干预时间为4周.比较两组肾功能、治疗依从性...     

终末期肾脏病患者透析方式选择的影响因素

目的回顾性调查终末期肾脏病（ESRD）患者透析前透析方式的选择情况，探讨终末期肾脏病患者透析方式选择的影响因素，为今后开展患者透析前宣传教育提供科学依据。方法采用方便取样法，选择规律透析治疗6～18月的患者（包括血液透析和腹膜透析）共60例，用自设问卷回顾性调查分析北京大学人民医院患者透析前的原发病及就诊情况、有无急诊透析及其透析原因、最终透析方式、透析方式决定者、透析知识了解情况等。结果①40例（66．7％）患者曾进行过急诊透析，而未进行过急诊透析患者的透析知识总分显著高于急诊透析组。②最终选择血液透析的患者中，急诊透析发生率显著高于最终选择腹膜透析的患者。③43．3％患者参与决定最终的透析方式，36．7％患者由医生决定透析方式，20．0％患者由家人和医生决定透析方式。本人参与决定透析方式的患者其信息获取主动性评分、透析知识总分和腹膜透析知识评分显著高于医生决定组。结论患者透析前对透析知识的掌握程度、患者获取信息的主动性、及是否有过急诊透析经历是影响患者选择最终透析方式的主要因素。     

漫画式健康教育对腹膜透析患者治疗依从性的影响

目的 探讨漫画式健康教育对腹膜透析患者治疗依从性的影响。方法 选取2016年1月-2018年1月于我院接受治疗的76例腹膜透析患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将所有患者分为对照组与观察组各38例。对照组采取常规的腹膜透析健康教育,观察组在对照组的基础上加以漫画式健康教育,2组均干预1个月。比较2组患者依从性及疾病知识掌握程度。 结果 观察组患者饮食依从性、液体限制依从性、用药依从性、透析方案依从性以及自我护理依从性量表得分均高于对照组(P<0.05),患者腹膜透析操作技术、用药知识、饮食与水盐控制、疾病监测以及并发症管理得分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。 结论 漫画式健康教育有利于提高腹膜透析患者治疗依从性,提高患者对疾病知识的掌握程度,有利于患者生活质量的提高。     

早期低剂量腹膜透析对尿毒症患者残存肾功能的保护及微炎症状态的影响

目的 探讨早期低剂量腹膜透析对尿毒症患者残存肾功能的保护及微炎症状态的影响.方法 将2008年3月至2011年2月收治的68例慢性肾功能衰竭患者分为两组,其中腹透组34例,接受常规药物治疗,并给予间歇性腹膜透析,每日4000～6000 ml,每周4～5 d;对照组34例,只接受常规药物治疗.所有患者每3个月行残存肾功能测定(RRF)及C-反应蛋白(CRP)检测,研究前后检测肌酐清除率(Ccr)、血钾、血红蛋白,并记录血压和24 h尿量.结果 研究结束时,早期低剂量腹膜透析组和对照组的收缩压、舒张压、血红蛋白、血钾水平差异均无统计学意义;腹透组Ccr高于对照组,但对照组较腹透组减少明显(P<0.05).前6个月两组RRF的明显下降,6个月后腹透组下降变缓,研究结束时腹透组RRF较对照组高(P<0.05).而从第3个月时腹透组CRP较对照组高(P<0.05).结论 早期使用低剂量腹膜透析可以延缓尿毒症患者残存肾功能的丢失及降低尿毒症患者微炎症状态.     

Peritoneal dialysis: better than, equal to, or worse than hemodialysis? Data worth knowing before choosing a dialysis modality.

Technological advances such as those that allow the delivery of an adequate dialysis dose to a larger percentage of patients, minimization of peritoneal membrane damage with more biocompatible solutions, and lower peritonitis rates will undoubtedly improve retention of patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) for longer periods. Currently, only 15% of the world dialysis population is managed by PD. Peritoneal dialysis has many advantages over hemodialysis, and if end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are fully informed about them, the proportion of patients who would prefer this treatment would rise to 25%-30%. An integrated approach to the treatment of ESRD could start with PD in a large percentage of patients, especially those who will receive a kidney transplant within 2 - 3 years. With the present epidemic of ESRD, this approach could lead to a significant saving, relieve the pressure on dialysis units, and allow a larger number of ESRD patients to be treated.     

医院与居家护理互动模式对腹膜透析患者依从性的影响研究

目的:探讨医院与居家护理互动对腹膜透析患者依从性的影响。方法:将60例终末期肾脏病(ESRD)患者随机分对照组和干预组各30例。对照组采用常规指导,干预组在此基础上采用系统的医院居家互动式护理干预,比较两组患者干预后治疗依从性。结果:两组患者对透析方案及门诊复诊的依从性比较无统计学意义(P>0.05),而对透析操作不规范未按时充分评估、水盐控制不理想方面比较干预组低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:对腹膜透析患者实施医院居家互动式护理干预可提高患者治疗的依从性。     

一对一协同家庭支持干预对居家腹膜透析病人依从性影响的研究

[目的]探讨一对一协同家庭支持干预对居家腹膜透析病人依从性的影响。[方法]将入选的76例居家腹膜透析病人随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组除接受常规腹膜透析治疗和护理外,同时接受一对一协同家庭支持干预。对照组接受常规腹膜透析治疗和护理。两组病人在入组时及干预3个月、6个月时进行终末期肾病依从性问卷（ESRD AQ）测评。[结果]两组干预后3个月、6个月 ESRD AQ得分比较,试验组各维度得分及总分均高于对照组（P＆lt;0.05）,且随着干预时间延长逐渐升高,但试验组升高趋势较对照组明显。[结论]一对一协同家庭支持干预可提高居家腹膜透析病人的透析方案依从性、服药依从性、液体限制依从性及饮食依从性,具有较好的可行性和有效性。     

Recovery of renal function and the discontinuation of dialysis in patients treated with continuous peritoneal dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD) have better preservation of endogenous renal function than patients treated with hemodialysis (HD). We wondered if this better preservation of endogenous renal function seen with CPD patients translates into the improved likelihood of recovery of endogenous renal function in those patients with potentially reversible causes of renal failure. METHODS: To evaluate this question, we reviewed the records of all 1200 patients that completed CPD training at a large, freestanding peritoneal dialysis center in New Haven, Connecticut, between 1979 and 1999, and the records of all patients completing CPD training in New England between 1993 and 1998. In New Haven, about half the new patients with ESRD were started on CPD compared to only 15% in New England. We then compared the chances of recovery of renal function in these two cohorts of CPD patients to the chances of recovery of renal function in two groups of HD patients. The first group consisted of all patients that started on HD in New England between 1993 and 1998.The second group consisted of all patients that started HD in our HD unit in New Haven, Connecticut, between 1993 and 1999. The data on the New England patients were provided by the ESRD Network of New England. All patients entered into the present study had to have been on dialysis for a minimum of 3 months, as in the United States Renal Data System database, and had to have recovered sufficient renal function to be able to be maintained off dialysis for a minimum of 30 days. RESULTS: 29 of 1,200 CPD patients (2.4%) trained in New Haven recovered sufficient renal function to permit the discontinuation of dialysis for a minimum of 30 days. In comparison, only 305 of 19,032 patients (1.6%) managed with HD in New England (p < 0.05 compared to New Haven CPD patients) and 3 of 430 patients (0.7%) in our HD center (p < 0.05 compared to New Haven CPD patients) recovered sufficient glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to allow the discontinuation of dialysis for at least 30 days. If only those CPD patients that initiated dialysis between 1993 and 1999 in New Haven were analyzed, 15 of 369 (4.1%) recovered sufficient GFR to allow discontinuation of dialysis for at least 30 days (p < 0.025 compared to both groups of HD patients). Of the 2,924 patients completing CPD training in New England, 60 (2.1%) recovered renal function; this percentage is not significantly different from the percent of HD patients in New England recovering renal function. CONCLUSION: Although the present study is a retrospective study and the actual criteria for selection of CPD and HD therapy are not controlled for, the data raise the question of whether there may be a therapeutic advantage to treating newly diagnosed ESRD patients, that have a potentially reversible cause of renal failure, with CPD.     

心理护理及健康指导对肾脏疾病透析期患者依从性和负性情绪及透析效果的影响

目的 探讨心理护理及健康指导对肾脏疾病透析期患者依从性和负性情绪的影响,并观察透析效果。 方法 选取2014年6月-2016年6月在血液透析室接受透析治疗的肾脏疾病患者128例,将患者随机分为对照组和实验组各64例。对照组给予常规护理,实验组在对照组基础上加强心理护理及健康指导。采用焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)和抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scale,SDS)评估2组患者的负性情绪;检测患者血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Cr)值,比较2组患者透析效果;比较2组患者依从性、透析知识和自护技能、满意度。 结果 实验组SAS和SDS评分分别为(51.23±8.19)分和(52.60±7.58)分,低于对照组的(56.42±8.70)分和(58.28±7.93)分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),透析效果好于对照组,差异有统计学意义(Z=-1.968,P=0.049),患者依从性、透析知识和自护技能及满意度分别为(95.20±10.17)分、(93.49±11.28)分和(97.62±11.22)分,均高于对照组的(82.36±10.43)分、(87.16±11.05)分和(90.51±10.74)分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 对肾脏疾病透析期患者加强心理护理及健康指导,能够提高患者获取知识及自我护理技能的能力及依从性,显著改善患者的负性情绪,提高透析效果。     

Levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation markers in patients with end-stage renal disease having peritoneal dialysis treatment

ObjectivesIn this study, we aimed to investigate the activities of paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), nitric oxide (NO), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), ceruloplasmin (CP), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and lipids in serum of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) having continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) treatment and controls living in the Antalya region, Turkey.Design and methodsFifty-three patients with ESRD were enrolled in this study and were treated by CAPD. As the control group (n = 32), subjects with normal renal function were included.ResultsSerum PON1 activity and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were decreased in ESRD patients whereas ADMA, NO, oxLDL, CP, TBARS, MDA and HNE levels and NOS activity were increased with regard to control group. In CAPD patients, ADMA positively correlated with NO, CP, oxLDL, TBARS and MDA levels whereas negatively correlated with PON1 activity. On multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors associated with ESRD included CP, TBARS, triglycerides (TG) and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels.ConclusionsOur data have demonstrated that ESRD patients on CAPD treatment exhibit increased lipid peroxidation reactions and decreased antioxidant protection. The assay of serum HNE and MDA may be useful to evaluate the individual accumulation of these toxic aldehydes to test the efficiency of new dialysis strategies in removing them.     

终末期肾脏病患者甲状腺功能的变化

目的 探讨终末期肾脏病患者的甲状腺功能变化.方法 选取2009～2011年烟台市毓璜顶医院住院治疗的慢性肾衰竭患者78例,终末期肾脏病患者非透析组42例;血液透析组36例,用电化学发光法分别检测血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺激素(FT4)、超敏促甲状腺激素(uTSH)水平,在血液透析组中有12例患者血液透析前后测定其血清甲状腺激素;随机选30例同期健康体检者的血清甲状腺功能作为对照.结果 ①终末期肾脏病患者非透析、血液透析组血清FT3、FT4显著低于正常对照(F=3.27和4.31,P＜0.05),uTSH高于正常对照,差异有统计学意义(F=7.56,P＜0.01),终末期肾脏病患者非透析组与血液透析组之间甲状腺激素各项指标变化差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);②血液透析组中12例患者血液透析前后甲状腺激素各项指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);③终末期肾脏病患者非透析组、血液透析组甲状腺功能减退明显高于对照组(P＜0.01),而甲状腺功能亢进与对照组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 终末期肾病患者常伴有甲状腺功能异常,主要表现为甲状腺功能减退,普通血液透析不能改变终末期肾脏病患者甲状腺激素水平.     

终末期肾病患者血液透析前后血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白的改变及意义—附10例报告

目的：探讨中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（neutrophil gelatinase-asso-ciated lipocalin,NGAL）在终末期肾病（end-stage renal disease,ESRD）患者血液透析前后的变化及其临床意义。方法：以10例符合K／DOQI专家组标准的慢性肾衰竭患者为观察组,分别于血液透析治疗前在未流经透析器的动脉端、透析后回输血液前静脉端采血,检测其血清NGAL、血清肌酐、血尿素氮、胱抑素C、超敏C-反应蛋白（hypersensitive C-reative protein,hsCRP）,同时与15名健康人（对照组）的血清NGAL水平作对比,并分析血液透析前后血清NGAL水平与血清肌酐、血尿素氮、胱抑素C、hsCRP的相关性。结果：血液透析前观察组血清NGAL水平明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）;血液透析后观察组血清NGAL水平比血液透析前有所下降（P〈0.05）,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。血液透析后观察组的血尿素氮、血清肌酐均比血液透析前明显下降（P〈0.01）,胱抑素C则略有升高（P〈0.05）,hsCRP无明显改变（P〉0.05）。血清NGAL与血清肌酐、血尿素氮、胱抑素C、hsCRP均无关（均为P〉0.05）。结论：ESRD患者血清NGAL水平明显高于正常人群。血清NGAL值明显升高有望作为血液透析适应证指标之一。经单次、普通血液透析后,血清NGAL水平明显下降,其下降幅度可作为评估血液透析充分性的参考指标之一。     

腹膜透析治疗糖尿病肾病尿毒症患者的临床分析

目的　探讨影响糖尿病终末期肾病 (ESRD)患者腹膜透析生存率的因素。方法　对糖尿病ESRD患者 2年存活组与死亡组开始透析时的肾功能、营养状态及合并症情况进行对比分析。结果　糖尿病ES RD患者 2年死亡组开始透析时的尿素氮 (BUN)、血肌酐 (Scr)高于存活组 ,内生肌酐清除率低于存活组 ;与存活组相比 ,2年死亡组开始透析时的血红蛋白 (Hb)、血浆白蛋白 (Alb)明显较低 ;2年死亡组开始透析时的合并症数目多于存活组。结论　糖尿病ESRD患者的腹膜透析生存率与开始透析时的肾功能、营养状态及合并症情况密切相关 ,应根据患者透析前肾功能、营养状态及合并症情况综合考虑 ,选择适当的透析时机。