儿童躯体虐待在家庭中的现况和预防

儿童虐待是一个严重的公共卫生问题。儿童躯体虐待是儿童虐待中的一种,对儿童的影响主要包括躯体、心理和社会能力影响。影响躯体虐待发生的因素主要包括性别、年龄、家庭因素及代际相传性。目前应主要从立法执法、社会组织及宣传教育三个方面对儿童躯体虐待进行预防和干预。     

影响儿童行为问题的家庭因素分析

为了解影响儿童行为问题的家庭因素 ,对 4所幼儿园的 2 138名 4～ 6岁入托儿童进行了调查。结果在2 138名儿童中 ,发生行为问题的总频率共 15 2例次 ,外向化行为问题 6 8例次 ,内向化行为问题 84例次。有行为问题的儿童 136名 ,有两种以上行为问题的儿童检出率为 6 .36 % ,个体户家庭的儿童行为较外向 ,知识型家庭的儿童行为比较内向。说明不同的教育方式及抚养人对儿童行为有一定的影响     

广州市儿童家庭虐待现状及其影响因素分析

【目的】 了解广州市儿童家庭虐待发生情况及其影响因素,为制定干预策略提供科学依据。 【方法】 用自填式问卷对7 475名儿童就家庭虐待问题进行回顾性调查。 【结果】 在被调查的7 475名儿童中,情感虐待、躯体虐待、性虐待发生率分别为59.41%、31.51%、17.94%,女生情感虐待分量表得分及发生率高于男生(t=4.755,H=24.410),男生躯体虐待、性虐待分量表得分及发生率均高于女生(t=8.356,H=82.211;t=8.784,H=52.452),差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.001)。性别、年龄、家庭结构、居住环境、父母亲饮酒频率是儿童情感虐待、躯体虐待和性虐待共同的影响因素。 【结论】 广州市儿童虐待问题并不少见,儿童虐待的发生受到多种因素的影响,不同类型虐待的影响因素存在差异,家庭环境在儿童期虐待的发生中起重要作用。     

儿童的饮食及影响因素调查分析

儿童的饮食与儿童的营养状况有着密切的关系。为了解福建省边远地区儿童的饮食情况及其影响因素，从而提出改善措施，我们于１９９７年１１月在福建省的屏南、上杭两县对６岁以下已断乳的儿童进行调查。１材料与方法对上杭、屏南两县６岁以下已断奶的儿童，向其家长询问儿...     

学习障碍儿童的家庭影响因素分析

目的:调查深圳市福田区儿童学习障碍(LD)发生情况及家庭影响因素,为制定有效干预措施提供参考依据。方法:对264名学习障碍儿童的家庭因素进行分析。结果:学习障碍儿童检出率为12.21%,其中男17.08%,女7.39%,比例2.3∶1,性别差异显著(P<0.05);父母亲文化程度及家庭收入越低,儿童LD检出率越高;父亲职业为农民、工人、公职人员以及母亲职业为工人、农民、公职人员、家务其子女LD检出率依次递减,差异有显著性;单亲家庭LD检出率显著高于家庭人口≥3人的家庭。结论:家庭因素对学习障碍的影响不可忽视,创造和改善家庭教育环境,加强对儿童的关心注意,改良教育方式是降低儿童学习障碍的有效措施。     

农村学龄前儿童营养状况及影响因素分析

目的:了解山东省农村学龄前儿童营养状况,为促进儿童生长发育提供科学依据。方法:通过分层整群随机抽样方法获得样本,并用自制调查表获得数据资料,通过SPSS17.0软件统计分析。结果:山东省农村学龄前儿童生长迟缓率、超重或肥胖率、消瘦率分别为5.84%、9.04%、3.89%。儿童生长迟缓的影响因素为:接受营养讲座或义诊、注重儿童饮食搭配、独生子女、偏食挑食。超重或肥胖的影响因素为:边吃边玩、家庭食品支出、留守儿童、母亲年龄。消瘦的影响因素为:认为饮食重要、服用保健品。结论:山东省农村学龄前儿童营养状况不容乐观,应加大农村地区膳食营养知识的宣传力度,改善儿童营养状况。     

兰州市儿童血铅水平及影响因素分析

目的 了解兰州市儿童血铅水平及其影响因素,为进一步防治儿童铅中毒提供科学依据.方法 采用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析方法,对随机抽取兰州市某综合医院1 510例儿童血铅的可能的危险因素进行回顾性分析.结果 兰州市儿童血铅的几何均数为50 μg/L,铅中毒率为10.13％,引入logistic回归模型的因素有:居家附近的工厂(OR=1.814,95％ CI=1.282～2.567)、住所装修(OR=-0.472,95％ CI=0.435 ～0.896)、食用膨化食品(OR=0.234,95％CI=1.050 ～1.521)、进食前洗手(OR=-0.305,95％CI =0.558～0.974)、看图书(OR=-0.172,95％CI =0.711 ～0.996).结论改善儿童居住环境、改善饮食结构、鼓励儿童进食前洗手是控制儿童铅中毒的有效措施.     

济南市学龄前儿童肥胖及影响因素分析

目的 了解济南市学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖情况及影响因素。方法 以实测体重超过标准体重120％，并排除继发性肥胖作为诊断标准，随机抽查济南市区9所幼儿园2－6岁的2117名学龄前儿童进行调查分析。结果 在调查的2117名学龄前儿童中，肥胖儿童34人，单纯肥胖率为1．61％，其中男童肥胖检出率（1．98％）明显高于女童（1．19％），P＜0．01。4岁以上儿童肥胖检出率最高。结论 不良饮食习惯与遗传是影响儿童单纯性肥胖的主要因素，预防儿童肥胖重点应放在学龄前期。     

深圳市儿童接种率调查及影响因素分析

目的通过对深圳市儿童接种率进行调查,分析影响儿童接种率高低的因素,为控制相关传染病提供相关依据。方法在深圳市随机抽取115间预防接种门诊,共调查2572名8月～4岁的儿童,入户调查儿童免疫接种状况及相关信息。结果儿童卡介苗、乙肝疫苗、脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百白破疫苗、麻疹疫苗、乙脑疫苗基础疫苗接种率分别为94.0%、93.8%、94.6%、93.6%、94.3%、93.1%,"六苗"基础免疫的全程接种率为89.4%,影响"六苗"全程接种率的主要因素包括:婴儿的出生地点、户口性质。结论通过实施住院分娩政策,加强对流动儿童的管理,不断提高儿童的接种率。     

广州市初中生家庭躯体虐待现状及影响因素分析

目的探讨广州市初中生家庭躯体虐待的流行状况及影响因素,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法在广州市8个城区中随机抽取16所中学4 582名学生,使用自填式问卷了解学生遭受家庭躯体虐待及社会人口学特征、学习表现、学习压力以及学校/亲友支持等情况。结果4 582名初中生近0.5 a在家庭遭受躯体虐待的总发生率为27.3%,其中轻、中、重度躯体虐待发生率分别为11.5%,13.1%和2.7%,平均每人遭受2.54种虐待方式;单因素及多元线性回归分析显示,低年级、学习压力、单亲或重组家庭、母亲大学及以上学历、无单独房间、非汉族是家庭躯体虐待发生的危险因素,亲友支持和学校支持是保护因素。结论广州市11～17岁初中生遭受家庭躯体虐待现象十分普遍。应重点针对学习压力、学校/亲友支持、家庭模式、有无单独房间等可控因素制定保护策略和干预措施。     

Factors Associated with Hospitalization in Confirmed Cases of Physical Child Abuse

Selected characteristics of twenty-seven confirmed cases of physical child abuse requiring hospitalization were compared with 105 confirmed cases of physical abuse not requiring hospitalization. Results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the age of the abused child and whether or not that child was hospitalized. Children under the age of three were most likely to be hospitalized as a result of abuse. Sex of child, total number of children in the family, age of the alleged perpetrator, sex of alleged perpetrator, and relationship of child to the alleged perpetrator were not found to be significantly related to hospitalization of the child. Implications are discussed for identifying children most in need of services in human service settings.     

Factors Associated with Hospitalization in Confirmed Cases of Physical Child Abuse

Selected characteristics of twenty‐seven confirmed cases of physical child abuse requiring hospitalization were compared with 105 confirmed cases of physical abuse not requiring hospitalization. Results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the age of the abused child and whether or not that child was hospitalized. Children under the age of three were most likely to be hospitalized as a result of abuse. Sex of child, total number of children in the family, age of the alleged perpetrator, sex of alleged perpetrator, and relationship of child to the alleged perpetrator were not found to be significantly related to hospitalization of the child. Implications are discussed for identifying children most in need of services in human service settings.     

Sexual Abuse in Childhood and Physical and Mental Health in Adulthood: An Australian Population Study

Although childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with a wide range of health problems later in life, there is also evidence of substantial individual differences. This study describes the mental and physical health of a population sample of Australians, randomly selected from the Commonwealth electoral roll, who have reported their CSA histories. Some 58% of those located from the electoral roll agreed to a telephone interview (n=1,784). Health status was measured using the Short Form 36 questionnaire. Men who had experienced non-penetrative and penetrative sexual abuse in childhood had 2.25 (95% CI=1.32-3.82) and 5.93 (95% CI=2.72-12.95) times respectively the rate of impaired mental health, but no higher rates of impaired physical health. Women who had experienced non-penetrative and penetrative sexual abuse in childhood had 1.87 (95% CI=1.19-2.95) and 3.15 (95% CI=1.87-5.33) times respectively the rate of impaired mental health and 1.87 (95% CI=1.19-2.92) and 2.31 (95% CI=1.34-3.97) times respectively the rate of impaired physical health. However, participants who had experienced CSA were no less likely than those who had not experienced CSA to be in optimum physical and mental health. None of the possible confounding or moderating variables tested appeared to mitigate the impact of CSA on health outcomes. Those with the highest levels of mental and physical health appear to be unaffected by the experience of CSA.     

Pathway From Child Sexual and Physical Abuse to Risky Sex Among Emerging Adults: The Role of Trauma-Related Intrusions and Alcohol Problems

PurposeSome evidence suggests that risk reduction programming for sexual risk behaviors (SRB) has been minimally effective, which emphasized the need for research on etiological and mechanistic factors that can be addressed in prevention and intervention programming. Childhood sexual and physical abuse have been linked with SRB among older adolescents and emerging adults; however, pathways to SRB remain unclear. This study adds to the literature by testing a model specifying that traumatic intrusions after early abuse may increase risk for alcohol problems, which in turn may increase the likelihood of engaging in various types of SRB.MethodsParticipants were 1,169 racially diverse college students (72.9% female, 37.6% black/African-American, and 33.6% white) who completed anonymous questionnaires assessing child abuse, traumatic intrusions, alcohol problems, and sexual risk behavior.ResultsThe hypothesized path model specifying that traumatic intrusions and alcohol problems account for associations between child abuse and several aspects of SRB was a good fit for the data; however, for men, stronger associations emerged between physical abuse and traumatic intrusions and between traumatic intrusions and alcohol problems, whereas for women, alcohol problems were more strongly associated with intent to engage in risky sex.ConclusionsFindings highlight the role of traumatic intrusions and alcohol problems in explaining paths from childhood abuse to SRB in emerging adulthood, and suggest that risk reduction programs may benefit from an integrated focus on traumatic intrusions, alcohol problems, and SRB for individuals with abuse experiences.     

影响学龄儿童自我意识的家庭环境因素研究

目的 了解学龄儿童自我意识的现状和家庭环境影响因素，为促进儿童自我意识的正常发展提供科学依据。方法 采取整群随机抽样的方法抽取武汉市4所小学三、四年级学生，应用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)和自行设计的儿童自我意识影响因素调查表，对l326名9～12岁儿童进行问卷调查，用FoxPro建立数据库，在SAS软件包中进行统计分析。结果 父母的化程度、性格、教育方式和家庭气氛对儿童自我意识有明显影响。结论 家庭环境对学龄儿童自我意识的形成和发展起重要作用。     

伊克昭盟流动儿童免疫接种状况及影响因素分析

为了解边远少数民族地区流动儿童的免疫状况和影响免疫接种率的因素，在伊克昭盟东胜市和两个镇，按设计随机对０～４ 岁儿童做了调查。结果是：流动儿童占东胜市当地同龄儿童的９．９５％ ；占两个镇的４．１７ ％ ；流动儿童四种疫苗的全程覆盖率为６３．５％ ，比常住儿童低２３．８ 个百分点，及时接种率为１７．９ ％ ～３６ ．５％ 。影响接种率的因素有：儿童家长的主观意愿（态度），家长是否知道当地的接种地点，父母的工作性质，免疫服务质量及宣传力度等。因此，加强宣传教育，提高群众接受免疫接种的主动性，改善服务质量是提高流动儿童免疫接种率的关键。     

家庭环境与儿童期性虐待发生的单因素分析

目的了解家庭环境与儿童期性虐待发生的关系,为儿童期性虐待的预防提供依据。方法对某学院18岁以上的701名女生进行自填式问卷调查。结果生活在重组家庭中的儿童性虐待的报告率高于核心家庭,父、母亲经常在家庭中使用暴力、有不良嗜好、体弱多病、家庭关系紧张(父母之间、父母与祖父母之间、父母与孩子之间)是性虐待发生的危险因素;女童也是性虐待发生的危险因素。结论家庭环境在儿童期性虐待发生中起重要作用。     

家长对儿童性虐待的认识及与子女交流状况调查

目的了解幼儿园儿童的家长预防儿童性虐待知识、态度以及与子女交流情况,为在幼儿园和社区中开展预防儿童性虐待教育提供依据.方法用自填式问卷,在某幼儿园以班级为单位整群抽取2个大班的57名儿童家长就儿童性虐待问题的认识及与孩子交流情况进行不记名调查.结果在被调查的家长中,91.1%的家长赞成学校开展预防儿童性虐待教育,40.4%的家长担心这种教育可能会导致儿童对"性"知道得太多.50%的家长与孩子谈论过人体的隐私部位不能随便被人看或触摸,如果有人要看或触摸要坚决说"不",并迅速离开.只有1.8%的家长给孩子看过有关预防儿童性虐待的书刊或音像制品.结论应重视对幼儿园儿童的家长普及预防儿童性虐待知识;重视幼儿园预防儿童性虐待教育的研究,尽快出版相关书籍和音像制品.     

Child Abuse: Focus on a Team Approach for School Teachers and Counsellors

Although laws protecting children from abuse have become commonplace at least since the colonial era, the legal concept of “mandatory reporting” is relatively new in Africa. The author argues that child abuse refers to more than physical injuries—the term encompasses a compilation of significant events, that interact with the child's ongoing development to interrupt, alter, or impair her or his psychological development. This article provides a selective review of child abuse and emphasizes the need for standard procedures for referral, medical provisions, and legal reporting. Toward this end, issues of establishing the dimensions of child maltreatment were reviewed in order to understand the social and cultural nature of child abuse. Recommendations are offered for integrating critical issues for the present and future development of child abuse into practica training, legislation and scope of practice.     

Sexual Abuse in Childhood and Sexual Dysfunction in Adulthood: An Australian Population-Based Study

This study examined self-reported adult sexual functioning in individuals reporting a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in a representative sample of the Australian population. A sample of 1793 persons, aged 18–59 years, were randomly selected from the electoral roll for Australian states and territories in April 2000. Respondents were interviewed about their health status and sexual experiences, including unwanted sexual experiences before the age of 16 years. More than one-third of women and approximately one-sixth of men reported a history of CSA. Women were more likely than men to report both non-penetrative and penetrative experiences of CSA. For both sexes, there was a significant association between CSA and symptoms of sexual dysfunction. In assessing the specific nature of the relationship between sexual abuse and sexual dysfunction, statistically significant associations were, in general, evident for women only. CSA was not associated with the level of physical or emotional satisfaction respondents experienced with their sexual activity. The total number of lifetime sexual partners was significantly and positively associated with CSA for females, but not for males; however, the number of sexual partners in the last year was not related to CSA. CSA in the Australian population is common and contributes to significant impairment in the sexual functioning of adults, especially women. These consequences appear not to extend to the other areas of sexual activity considered in this study.