Reducing Cardiometabolic Risk in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: Role of the Dialysis Solution

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a well-established form of therapy for stage 5 chronic kidney disease requiring renal replacement therapy. d-Glucose has been used successfully for several decades as the osmotic agent employed in dialysis solutions to achieve adequate fluid removal. The absorption of 100–200 grams of glucose per day has been suggested as potentially increasing cardiometabolic risk, particularly in patients with diabetes. Supporting and undermining evidence for this hypothesis is reviewed, with a focus on the role of glucose absorption in changes in body composition, dyslipidemia, and glycemic control in diabetic PD patients. Clinical strategies to optimize fluid removal while minimizing the metabolic impact of glucose absorption are also discussed.     

Important causes of hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes on peritoneal dialysis.

AIM: Diabetes is now the commonest cause of end-stage renal failure, so there are many diabetic patients receiving dialysis therapy. There are several important ways in which dialysis practice can impinge unfavourably on glucose control. This study focuses on the interaction between maltose-derived metabolites in a new peritoneal dialysis fluid and blood glucose measurements using reagent sticks that depend on the glucose dehydrogenase method. CASE REPORT: We report the cases of three patients, with insulin-treated diabetes and end-stage renal disease treated with peritoneal dialysis, who experienced symptomatic hypoglycaemia with inaccurate glucose readings on reagent strips when converted to icodextrin. CONCLUSION: Careful teamwork between diabetes and renal physicians and specialist nurses is highly desirable to achieve good glucose control in a group of patients at particular risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications.     

Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis in Slovenia

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare complication in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), the prevalence of which increases with the time spent on PD. Various causative factors have been proposed, but the pathogenesis still remains unclear. The aim of our retrospective study was to analyze the basic clinical characteristics and outcomes of five patients diagnosed with EPS out of 423 patients treated with PD between January 1983 and December 2003. One patient was admitted due to ultrafiltration failure of the peritoneal membrane, and four patients were admitted for acute peritonitis. All of our patients presented with clinical symptoms suggestive of obstructive ileus. We confirmed the diagnosis of EPS with a computer tomography scan, a diagnostic laparotomy or laparoscopy, and a biopsy of the parietal peritoneum. We treated all of our patients with catheter removal, transferal to hemodialysis, antibiotics, complete parenteral nutrition, methylprednisolone, and tamoxifen for 6 months. One patient was treated with surgical enterolysis and died of septic complications, another patient died of sudden cardiac death during treatment. Three patients were doing well for 4–7 months after the treatment was started. The incidence of EPS was 1.2% and the mortality rate was 40%. EPS is a rare complication in longstanding PD patients in our institution. Despite treatment with hemodialysis, complete parenteral nutrition, steroids, tamoxifen and surgical intervention, the mortality rate is high and comparable to other reports.     

Low‐Volume Tidal Peritoneal Dialysis Is a Preferable Mode in Patients Initiating Urgent‐Start Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: A Randomized,Open‐Label,Prospective Control Study

The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of low‐volume tidal peritoneal dialysis (TPD) and intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) in ESRD patients initiating automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) after an acute catheter insertion. Clinical outcomes of patients who received either TPD or IPD using an APD system were compared in a randomized, open‐label, prospective control study in a single‐center setting. From May 2011 to May 2013, 49 patients were enrolled and 27 patients received low‐volume TPD treatment, whereas 22 patients underwent low‐volume IPD right after Tenckhoff catheter insertion. The incidence of complications during the 14‐day APD treatment were observed. After APD treatment, all the patients were transferred to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and followed up for 2 years. The IPD group demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of catheter‐related complications (omental wrapping 27.3% vs. 0% and suction pain 18.2% vs. 0%) than the TPD group after adjusting for age, gender, baseline diabetes, systolic blood pressure , BMI, and the experience of the operators. However, the short duration of APD treatment with either IPD or TPD mode did not affect the long‐time technical survival. In patients immediately after catheter insertion, low‐volume TPD mode demonstrated a lower incidence of catheter‐related complications compared to IPD. Although our results provided evidence that TPD is a preferable APD mode for this specific population, definitive conclusions about TPD benefit cannot be made, owing to early termination of the trial.     

腹膜透析在局灶节段性肾小球硬化伴急性肾损伤治疗中的应用

目的:观察腹膜透析(PD)治疗伴急性肾损伤(AKI)的局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)的临床疗效和安全性.方法:19例经肾活检明确诊断为特发性FSGS合并AKI患者,改良PD管置入方法,选用Swan-Neck直管,术后即采取日间非卧床腹膜透析(DAPD)模式透析,每日交换量1-8L,透析3个月以上,观察临床疗效、并发症、血生化及透析相关指标.结果:19例患者均随访3个月以上,总有效率73.7%(14/19).其中10例(52.6%)达完全缓解,4例部分缓解,5例未缓解.70%以上患者经PD治疗能满意控制水肿、高血压,末次随访时血清肌酐(SCr)降至基础值的65.6%(P＞0.05),尿素氮(BUN)降至基础值的47.9%(P＜0.01),白蛋白(Alb)、前白蛋白均回升(P＜0.01),尿量增加(P＜0.01),尿蛋白、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)下降(P＜0.01),视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)亦略下降(P＞0.05).进一步动态观察发现,浮肿多于PD 4周内消退,尿量,SCr,BUN多于PD12周内恢复.PD疗程2-10月,平均(5.0±2.9)月,肾功能恢复至正常的时间为PD后1-6月,80%患者于PD后4月内达完全缓解.PD相关并发症8例(42.0%),其中腹膜炎5例,腹膜炎发生时间为(3.13±1.44)月.4例培养出大肠埃希菌,1例为金黄色葡萄球菌,导管出口处感染1例,1例出现透析液引流不畅,1例并发透析液胸腔渗漏.无漂管、管周渗液、腹腔脏器损伤等.无1例死于PD相关并发症.24h透析液总蛋白含量为0.73 g/L.结论:短期[平均透析(5.0±2.9)月]PD可作为FSGS伴有AKI的有效辅助治疗手段,尤其适用于临床表现为高度水肿、大量腹水、AKI患者,疗效显著(总体有效率达73.7%),不良反应少.     

Use of icodextrin solution to evaluate peritoneal transport capacity

Peritoneal equilibration test (PET) is the gold standard for evaluating peritoneal transport, and measurement of the drain volume after 4-h dwell time with glucose 4.25% is a simple means of evaluating failure of ultrafiltration. The study objective was to verify if the measurement of the volume drained after 4 h dwell of icodextrin at 7.5% (ICO), has a better correlation with the parameters of PET. Patients in a peritoneal dialysis program (N = 35) underwent three procedures: PET; determination of the drain volume after a 4-h dwell with glucose 4.25%; and determination of the drain volume after a 4-h dwell with ICO. Among patients who were classified as high transporters, the ultrafiltration volume was greater after ICO use. The ICO ultrafiltration volume correlated negatively with the ratio between the 4- and 0-h dialysate glucose concentrations (D4/D0 ratio, r = ?0.579; P = 0.002), correlating positively with the dialysate-to-plasma ratio for creatinine (D/PCr ratio, r = 0.474; P = 0.002). For ICO, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.867 and 0.792 for the D/PCr and D4/D0 ratios (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.004, respectively), compared with 0.738 and 0.710 for glucose 4.25% (P = 0.020 and P = 0.041, respectively). A cut-off volume of 141 mL discriminated high/high-average transporters from low/low-average transporters. Volume drained after ICO use better predicts peritoneal transport patterns than does that drained after the use of glucose 4.25%.     

自动腹膜透析充分性研究及其影响因素分析

目的探讨腹膜转运功能对自动腹膜透析(APD)充分性的影响。方法选择2009年1月至12月在北京大学人民医院肾内科住院的腹膜透析患者14例,先后行CAPD和APD治疗,并进行PET试验测定腹膜溶质转运功能。分别比较不同腹膜功能患者APD与CAPD充分性差异的异同。并比较不同腹膜功能患者延长存腹时间对APD充分性的影响。结果 APD小分子溶质清除充分性指标——尿素清除指数(KT/V)1.77±0.57,内生肌酐清除率(Ccr/w)(46.6±19.9)L——可达标,超滤量与CAPD无差异。虽APD总Ccr/w(46.6±19.9)KT/V较CAPD(63.8±29.4)KT/V下降,但亚组分析显示,此差异主要来自低转运、低平均转运者。这部分患者APD 14 h KT/V(1.67±0.50)较10 h(1.45±0.48)增加。结论 APD尤其适用于腹膜高转运、高平均转运患者;低转运、低平均转运者小分子溶质清除充分性差,需延长存腹时间或增加透析剂量。     

腹膜保护——透析液以外的影响因素

腹膜透析(PD)是终末期肾病的主要肾脏替代疗法之一.尽管新型透析液具有良好的生物相容性,但其腹膜的保护作用尚未被临床证实,究其原因在于PD患者存在除PD液以外,同样能影响腹膜结构的其他因素.本文主要综述除PD液影响腹膜结构和功能危险因素,为腹膜保护找到新的方法.     

腹膜透析和血液透析患者与正常人群体液状况的比较

目的　比较并分析持续性非卧床腹膜透析 (CAPD)及血液透析 (HD)患者的体液状况。方法　通过无创性方法 (Xitron 42 0 0生物电阻抗分析仪 )分别测定 45例CAPD患者、44例HD患者和 46例正常人的细胞外液 (ECW )、细胞内液 (ICW )和总体液量 (TBW ) ,用标准体重 (身高 -10 5 )进行标准化后比较。结果　CAPD组标准化细胞外液 (nECW )比HD透析前、HD透析后及对照组均高。HD透析前组nECW比对照组高 ,但透析后组与其比较无显著性差异。HD透析前与透析后组的标准化细胞内液 (nICW )没有显著变化 ,但是与CAPD组及对照组比较均有显著性差异 ;而CAPD组与对照组间比较 ,无显著性差异。在体液分布 (ECW /TBW )上 ,各组间比较均有显著性差异。CAPD组与HD组患者间干体重比较无显著性差异 ;CAPD组患者体重与干体重之差为 ( 2 .6± 2 .4)kg ,与HD透析前组比较差异无显著性 ,而与HD透析后组 [( 0 .3± 2 .5 )kg ]比较 ,有显著性差异。结论　慢性腹膜透析患者普遍存在比血液透析患者更严重的容量超负荷。而腹透患者体液过多的原因可能与其过多水分摄入有关     

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统与腹膜透析

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的激活可引起腹膜形态结构发生改变,造成腹膜透析效能下降。本文综述了RAAS在腹膜损伤中的作用机理及阻断RAAS对腹膜透析患者腹膜和残余肾功能的保护作用。     

The Association between Peritoneal Dialysis Modality and Peritonitis

Background and objectives

There is conflicting evidence comparing peritonitis rates among patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) or automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). This study aims to clarify the relationship between peritoneal dialysis (PD) modality (APD versus CAPD) and the risk of developing PD-associated peritonitis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This study examined the association between PD modality (APD versus CAPD) and the risks, microbiology, and clinical outcomes of PD-associated peritonitis in 6959 incident Australian PD patients between October 1, 2003, and December 31, 2011, using data from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry. Median follow-up time was 1.9 years.

Results

Patients receiving APD were younger (60 versus 64 years) and had fewer comorbidities. There was no association between PD modality and time to first peritonitis episode (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for APD versus CAPD, 0.98; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.91 to 1.07; P=0.71). However, there was a lower hazard of developing Gram-positive peritonitis with APD than CAPD, which reached borderline significance (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.00; P=0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in the risk of hospitalizations (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.35; P=0.22), but there was a nonsignificant higher likelihood of 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.93 to 1.88; P=0.11) at the time of the first episode of peritonitis for patients receiving APD. For all peritonitis episodes (including subsequent episodes of peritonitis), APD was associated with lower rates of culture-negative peritonitis (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.81; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.94; P=0.002) and higher rates of gram-negative peritonitis (IRR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.46; P=0.01).

Conclusions

PD modality was not associated with a higher likelihood of developing peritonitis. However, APD was associated with a borderline reduction in the likelihood of a first episode of Gram-positive peritonitis compared with CAPD, and with lower rates of culture-negative peritonitis and higher rates of Gram-negative peritonitis. Peritonitis outcomes were comparable between both modalities.     

Low Triiodothyronine Syndrome and Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcome in Incident Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Background and objectives

A direct association between low triiodothyronine (T3) syndrome and cardiovascular (CV) mortality has been reported in hemodialysis patients. However, the implications of this syndrome in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients have not been properly investigated. This study examined the association between low T3 syndrome and CV mortality including sudden death in a large cohort of incident PD patients.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This prospective observational study included 447 euthyroid patients who started PD between January 2000 and December 2009. Measurement of thyroid hormones was performed at baseline. All-cause and cause-specific deaths were registered during the median 46 months of follow-up. The survival rate was compared among three groups based on tertile of T3 levels.

Results

In Kaplan–Meyer analysis, patients with the lowest tertile were significantly associated with higher risk of all-cause and CV mortality including sudden death (P<0.001 for trend). In Cox analyses, T3 level was a significant predictor of all-cause mortality (per 10-unit increase, adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.86; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.78 to 0.94; P=0.002), CV death (per 10-unit increase, adjusted HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.98; P=0.01), and sudden death (per 10-unit increase, adjusted HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.86; P=0.001) after adjusting for well known risk factors including inflammation and malnutrition. The higher T3 level was also independently associated with lower risk for sudden death (per 10-unit increase, adjusted HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.90; P=0.01) even when accounting for competing risks of death from other causes.

Conclusions

T3 level at the initiation of PD was a strong independent predictor of long-term CV mortality, particularly sudden death, even after adjusting well known risk factors. Low T3 syndrome might represent a factor directly implicated in cardiac complications in PD patients.