降糖甲胶囊薄层定性和定量方法的研究

目的 建立降糖甲胶囊的薄层定性和定量方法。方法采用薄层色谱法对处方中的黄芪、黄精、地黄进行鉴别；同时采用薄层扫描法测定黄芪甲苷的含量。结果薄层斑点显色清晰，阴性对照无干扰；黄芪甲苷平均回收率为97．56％，RSD=1．20％。结论结果准确，方法重复性好，可作为该制剂的质量控制指标。     

益肾胶囊的质量标准

目的：建立益肾胶囊的质量标准。方法：采用薄层色谱法对黄芪、山茱萸、丹参进行定性鉴别；用双波长锯齿扫描法测定黄芪中黄芪甲苷的含量。结果：黄芪甲苷含量在1．012－9．108μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0.9991)，平均回收率为97．7％，RSD为1．81％（n＝4）。结论：制定的质量标准可以保证益肾胶囊的质量。     

骨蚀扶正胶囊的制备及主药含量测定

目的：探讨骨蚀扶正胶囊的制备及其主要成分黄芪甲苷含量的测定方法。方法：采用水煮醇沉法制备胶囊；采用双波长薄层扫描法测定该制剂中黄芪甲苷的含量，结果：得膏率为22．50％；黄芪甲苷的平均回收率为97．26％，RSD为2．30％（n=5）。结论：制备工艺简单，得膏率高；含量测定方法灵敏，准确，专属性强。     

复方黄芪口服液质量标准的研究

目的：建立复方黄芪口服液的质量标准。方法：采用TLC法对处方中的何首乌，枸杞子进行定性鉴别；用薄层扫描法测定黄芪甲苷的含量。结果：在TLC色谱中均能检出何首乌，枸杞子；黄芪甲苷在1．001～8．008μg范围呈良好的残性关系，r=0．9991，平均回收率95．5％，RSD为1．4％。结论：所建立的方法能够准确地进行定性，定量检测，可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

薄层扫描法测定肾特康胶囊中黄芪甲苷含量

目的 建立测定肾特康胶囊中黄芪甲苷含量的薄层扫描法。方法 采用薄层扫描法测定黄芪甲苷含量，硅胶G板，氯仿-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水（15：40：22：10）10℃以下放置过夜的下层溶液为展开剂，测定波长510nm，参比波长700nm。结果 黄芪甲苷点样量在O．4-2μg之间和吸收度积分值呈良好的线性关系，平均回收率为98．3％，RSD=1．20％。结论 薄层扫描法便捷、灵敏、准确，可作为肾特康胶囊的质量控制方法。     

三消丹的定性定量分析

目的：建立三消丹的定性定量分析方法。方法：采用薄层色谱法对制剂中丹参、葛根、黄芪和玄参进行定性分析；用薄层扫描法对黄芪中的黄芪甲苷进行定量分析。结果：黄芪甲苷在1．025～5．125斗g范围内线性关系良好(r=0．9995)，平均回收率为98．4％，RSD=0．57％。结论：该方法可作为该制剂的质量控制。     

五黄膏质量标准研究

本文对五黄膏中黄芩、黄芪、防已进行了薄层色谱鉴别研究，结果表明方法简便、易操作、重现性好，无干扰；同时用薄层扫描法测定了黄芪中黄芪甲苷的含量，结果表明方法可靠、稳定、灵敏度高。其平均回收率为95．85％，RSD为1．25％。     

益气通脉口服液的薄层鉴别及黄芪甲苷的含量测定

目的：建立益气通脉口服液的鉴别及含量测定方法。方法：采用薄层色谱法对其中丹参，延胡索，当归进行鉴别，并用薄扫描法测定其中黄芪甲苷的含量。结果：黄芪甲苷线性关系良好，线性范围1．03－5．15μg，加样回收率95．1％，RSD＝1．1％（n=5)。结论：该方法简便，重复性好，可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

薄层扫描法测定当归补血口服液中黄芪甲苷含量

目的用薄层扫描法测定当归补血口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量。方法采用以1％羧甲基纤维素钠作黏合剂的硅胶G薄层板,以10℃以下放置过夜的氯仿-甲醇-水（13：6：2）下层溶液为展开剂,双波长（As=520nm,An=700nm）扫描法测定当归补血口服液中黄芪甲苷的含量。结果黄芪甲苷点样量在1．006—8．048μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系（n=0．9993）,平均加样回收率为98．28％,RSD=1．76％（n=6）。结论所用方法简单、准确、重现性好,可用于当归补血口服液的质量控制。     

前列复通颗粒的制备及质量控制

目的：研究提供前列复通颗粒的质量控制方法。方法：采用薄层色谱法（TLC）进行定性鉴别、薄层扫描法（TLCS）测定成品中黄芪甲苷的含量，并以此为指标进行方法学考察。结果：TLC鉴别专属性强，重现性好。黄芪甲苷加样回收率为98．4％；RSD为2．2％（n=5）。结论：方法操作简便，实用可行，可以有效控制成品的质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.