2002年山东省居民户食用盐现状调查

目的　掌握山东省居民户食用盐现状以评价碘缺乏病防治进程。方法　采取横断面调查方法 ,随机抽查并定量检测居民户食用盐样本。结果　调查 3 8个县的 3 0 40个居民户 ,检测食盐 3 0 40份。盐碘含量均值(2 7.8± 10 .4) mg/ kg,中位数 2 9.0 mg/ kg,范围 0～ 115.3 mg/ kg。加碘盐 2 82 6份占 93 .0 % ,合格碘盐 2 63 5份占86.7% ,非碘盐 2 14份占 7.0 % ;精制盐 2 80 6份占 92 .3 % ,原盐 2 3 4份占 7.7%。碘盐覆盖率 94.1% ,合格碘盐食用率 88.4% ,非碘盐率 5.9%。 3 8个县 (市、区 )中碘盐覆盖率≥ 90 %占 76.3 % ,合格碘盐食用率≥ 90 %占 65.8% ;非碘盐率 >10 %占 2 3 .7%。结论　山东省居民户碘盐覆盖率和合格碘盐食用率总体已经达到标准要求 ,但沿海地区存在非碘盐 ,应强化综合干预措施尤其是市场净化和健康促进加以彻底解决     

2004年山东省日照市居民户食用碘盐调查报告

目的了解山东省日照市阶段消除碘缺乏病(IDD)后居民户食用盐现状,评价IDD干预措施与效果可持续性机制。方法采取横断面抽样调查方法,随机抽查定量检测本居民户食用盐样本。结果调查3个区县27处乡镇864户居民,检测食用盐样864份。盐碘含量0 mg/kg~58.2mg/kg,均值(30.5±7.4)mg/kg,变异系数为24.3%,中位数29.7mg/kg;精制盐826份(95.6%),原盐38份(4.4%),其中碘盐859份(99.4%),合格碘盐817份(94.6%),非碘盐5份(0.6%);每个区县碘盐覆盖率均高于98%,合格碘盐食用率均高于90%。结论日照市居民合格碘盐食用率符合国家消除IDD标准要求,但对碘盐的监督、监测和宣传教育工作仍不能放松。     

2002年西藏7地(市)盐碘监测结果分析

为全面了解西藏自治区居民户合格碘盐覆盖率及碘盐食用情况 ,发现碘盐普及过程中存在的问题 ,建立可持续防治碘缺乏病的监测网络 ,确保干预措施的落实 ,加快消除碘缺乏病工作进程 ,于 2 0 0 2年 5～ 8月对全区 7地 (市 )3 5个县居民户食用盐进行了碘含量检测 ,现将结果报告如下。1　材料与方法采用单纯随机抽样方法 ,在全区 7地 (市 )抽取 3 5个县作为监测点 ,每个监测点抽取 80份盐样 ,采用直接滴定法进行检测。2　结果全区共检测居民用户盐样 2 82 5份 ,碘盐覆盖率 3 1.4% ,合格碘盐 743份 ,占 2 6.3 % ,非合格碘盐 14 5份 ,占 5.1% ,合格…     

山东省全民食盐加碘防治碘缺乏病措施现状评价

目的　监测山东省居民户食用盐现状以评价全民食盐加碘防治碘缺乏病措施。方法　采用横断面调查方法 ,在随机抽取的乡 (镇 )和村庄采集居民户食用盐样本进行碘含量检测。结果　调查了 97个县 (市、区 )、85 7个乡 (镇 )的 2 742 3个居民户 ,采集并检测食用盐 2 742 3份。加碘盐 2 6189份占 95 .5 % ,合格碘盐 2 4996份占 91.2 % ,非碘盐 12 3 4份占 4.5 % ;人口加权后的全省碘盐覆盖率为 95 .9%、碘盐合格率 94.9%、合格碘盐食用率 91.1%、非碘盐率 4.1%。81.4% (79/97)县 (市、区 )的碘盐覆盖率≥ 95 % ,88.7% (86/97)县 (市、区 )的碘盐覆盖率≥ 90 % ;76.3 % (74/97)县 (市、区 )的合格碘盐食用率≥ 90 % ;11.3 % (11/97)县 (市、区 )的非碘盐率 >10 %。非碘盐问题主要存在于沿海产盐地区。结论　山东省落实全民食盐加碘措施良好 ,居民户碘盐覆盖率在省级水平上已达到消除碘缺乏病目标 ,但在市级和县级水平还未达到标准。应加强综合性干预措施以期在县级水平实现目标。     

2011—2014年甘肃省白银市居民食用碘盐监测分析

目的分析2011—2014年甘肃省白银市居民食用碘盐监测结果,掌握居民食用碘盐质量及合格碘盐食用情况,为全市持续消除碘缺乏病提供参考依据。方法根据《全国碘盐监测方案》的要求,对甘肃省白银市居民食用碘盐采取随机分层抽样方法抽样。结果近四年全市共检测居民户食用盐5 940份,其中合格碘盐5 807份、不合格碘盐112份、非碘盐21份,碘盐覆盖率99.65%(5 919/5 940)、碘盐合格率98.11%(5 807/5 919)、合格碘盐食用率97.76%(5 807/5 940)、非碘盐率为0.35%(21/5 940)。结论甘肃省白银市居民食用碘盐监测数据表明,食用盐已经达到国家碘盐标准,应继续开展居民户碘盐监测。     

新疆生产建设兵团2011年碘盐监测结果分析

目的了解新疆生产建设兵团(简称兵团)居民食用盐碘含量状况,为制定消除碘缺乏病防治策略提供科学依据。方法根据国家相关监测方案的要求,采用随机抽样调查和重点抽样调查方法对兵团14个师居民碘盐食用情况进行监测分析。结果随机抽取14个师的115个团场,共检测盐样4 128份,盐碘含量均值为(32.42±5.66)mg/kg,中位数为32.30mg/kg,合格盐样4 048份,不合格碘盐27份,非碘盐53份,碘盐覆盖率为98.72%,合格碘盐食用率为98.06%,非碘盐率为1.28%;同时,重点抽样32个团场检测盐样9 329份,非碘盐97份,非碘盐率1.04%,碘盐覆盖率98.96%。结论兵团居民户碘盐合格率总体上已经达到标准要求,但仍有部分南疆团场存在非碘盐,应加强综合干预措施和健康促进来提高合格碘盐食用率。     

2005年山西尧都区乡村居民户盐碘定量检测结果分析

目的分析2005年山西省临汾市尧都区乡村居民户碘盐食用情况,为可持续性消除碘缺乏病提供科学依据。方法按随机抽样法对9个乡村居民用户盐碘含量进行监测。结果281份乡村居民户碘盐合格率为97.5%,盐碘均值为29.35 mg/kg、标准差为4.40 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率为100%,合格碘盐食用率为97.5%。结论尧都区乡村居民食用盐的含碘合格率达到了国家标准。     

2012年新疆沙湾县碘盐监测结果分析

目的全面了解并评价2012年新疆沙湾县居民户碘盐食用率、合格碘盐食用情况,及时发现问题并采取相应的干预措施。方法全县按东、西、南、北、中5个方位选取5个乡(镇),每个乡(镇)选取4个村,每个村采集15户居民盐样,共采集300份盐样检测其碘含量。结果 300份居民食用盐样中,合格294份,非碘盐0份,覆盖率100.0%,合格碘盐食用率98.0%。结论 2012年沙湾县碘盐检测结果与往年相比碘盐覆盖率无明显差异,已达到了国家实现消除碘缺乏病的目标。     

2008─2014年甘肃省民勤县居民户碘盐监测分析

目的了解甘肃省民勤县居民碘盐普及、食用现状,掌握食盐加碘防治碘缺乏病措施落实情况,为采取有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法依照《甘肃省碘缺乏病监测实施方案》(试行)的要求,对2008─2014年民勤县居民户食用盐随机抽样测定盐碘含量。结果共抽检居民户食用盐样2 052份,合格1 819份,不合格233份,非碘盐19份,碘盐合格率89.57%,非碘盐率0.92%;不同年份碘盐覆盖率差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.65,P0.05),而合格碘盐食用率(χ2=43.09)、碘盐合格率(χ2=42.08)差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);抽样的南部片区碘盐覆盖率最高99.54%,北部最低98.39%;实施新标准后碘盐合格率、合格碘盐食用率较旧标准平均降低7.66个百分点。结论甘肃省民勤县居民合格碘盐食用率基本达到了碘缺乏病消除标准,新标准实施后呈现出碘盐中位数下降、不合格碘盐增多、盐碘含量不均、碘盐质量下降等问题应引起有关部门的高度重视,加强碘盐的质量监管刻不容缓。     

2013年新疆喀什地区居民户碘盐监测结果分析

目的了解新疆喀什地区碘盐防治碘缺乏病措施落实情况和存在的问题。方法按照《国家碘缺乏病监测方案》和《喀什地区碘缺乏病监测实施方案》要求,监测居民户碘盐。结果 2013年喀什地区居民户碘盐覆盖率99.11%,合格碘盐食用率97.14%,全地区3 600份盐样碘含量均数28.99 mg/kg,碘含量95%的可信区间在17.68~40.30 mg/kg;精制盐碘含量低于粉洗盐,两者差异有统计学意义(u=6.08,P0.01);检出土盐20份。结论新疆喀什地区合格碘盐食用率达到了国家碘缺乏病消除标准,仍存在部分居民食用土盐的现象,建议相关部门加大执法力度和长效监管机制,确保居民都能食用合格碘盐。     

对我国5城市消费者关于普及食盐加碘政策的认知调查

目的了解消费者对普及食盐加碘(USI)政策及相关问题的认识,为碘缺乏病(IDD)防治工作提供参考。方法采用拦截访问和问卷调查相结合的方式,对我国5城市(北京、合肥、杭州、广州、武汉)共计4 797名消费者进行调查。以Epidata3.1软件录入并核对数据,SPSS 13.0软件完成统计分析。结果 95.2%的被调查者认为USI政策正确或基本正确;62.3%的消费者知晓食盐加碘是为了预防碘缺乏病;56.4%的消费者会主动选择购买碘盐;72.0%消费者希望超市同时供应碘盐和非碘盐。结论绝大多数被调查者肯定USI政策的成就和重大意义,但调查人群对碘相关知识认识不足。应结合目前正在实施盐碘浓度的调整,进一步加大相关知识的宣传力度,增强与公众间的风险沟通,按照因地制宜,分类指导,科学补碘的原则,保证人群碘营养处于适宜水平,既纠正人群碘缺乏、又避免碘过量的风险。     

The Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of the implementation of salt reduction interventions (March–August 2016)

This review aims to identify, summarize, and appraise studies reporting on the implementation of salt reduction interventions that were published between March and August 2016. Overall, 40 studies were included: four studies evaluated the impact of salt reduction interventions, while 36 studies were identified as relevant to the design, assessment, and implementation of salt reduction strategies. Detailed appraisal and commentary were undertaken on the four studies that measured the impact of the interventions. Among them, different evaluation approaches were adopted; however, all demonstrated positive health outcomes relating to dietary salt reduction. Three of the four studies measured sodium in breads and provided consistent evidence that sodium reduction in breads is feasible and different intervention options are available. None of the studies were conducted in low‐ or lower middle–income countries, which stresses the need for more resources and research support for the implementation of salt reduction interventions in these countries.     

2008～2011年凯里市居民食用碘盐监测结果分析

目的了解和掌握凯里市居民食用碘盐的基本情况,及时了解我市碘营养状况,为我市防治碘缺乏病提供科学依据,对提高我市人口素质具有重要的意义。方法依照《全国碘盐监测方案》及《黔东南州碘盐监测方案》要求进行抽样并进行监测。结果 2008～2011年共监测1 153份样品,合格1 136份,不合格17份,非碘盐1份。2008～2010年每年抽样288份,非碘盐为0份;2011年共抽样289份,非碘盐为1份。2008～2011年碘盐覆盖率为99.91%、合格率为98.61%、合格碘盐食用率为98.53%,达到国家标准。结论 2008～2011年凯里市碘盐覆盖率、居民户合格碘盐食用率达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准,但2011年市场出现了非碘食盐的供应,因而要加强我市盐业市场的管理,严格打击非碘盐的供应,杜绝非碘盐流入市场,加大对居民户碘缺乏病防治知识的宣传力度、指导居民科学食用碘盐,这样才能实现可持续消除碘缺乏病的目标。     

Monitoring and implementation of salt reduction initiatives in Africa: A systematic review

This systematic review aims to document salt consumption patterns and the implementation status and potential impact of salt reduction initiatives in Africa, from studies published between January 2009 and November 2019. Studies were sourced using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library electronic databases, and gray literature. Of the 887 records retrieved, 38 studies conducted in 18 African countries were included. Twelve studies measured population salt intake, 11 examined salt level in foods, 11 assessed consumer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, 1 study evaluated a behavior change intervention, and 3 studies modeled potential health gains and cost savings of salt reduction interventions. The population salt intake studies determined by 24‐hour urine collections showed that the mean (SD) salt intake in African adults ranged from 6.8 (2.2) g to 11.3 (5.4) g/d. Salt levels in foods were generally high, and consumer knowledge was fairly high but did not seem to translate into salt lowering behaviors. Modeling studies showed that interventions for reducing dietary sodium would generate large health gains and cost savings for the health system. Despite this evidence, adoption of population salt reduction strategies in Africa has been slow, and dietary consumption of sodium remains high. Only South Africa adopted legislation in 2016 to reduce population salt intake, but success of this intervention has not yet been fully evaluated. Thus, rigorous evaluation of the salt reduction legislation in South Africa and initiation of salt reduction programs in other African countries will be vital to achieving the targeted 30% reduction in salt intake by 2025.     

Impact of self‐monitoring of salt intake by salt meter in hypertensive patients: A randomized controlled trial (SMAL‐SALT)

Salt intake over reference level would result in elevated blood pressure (BP) and long‐term morbidity. Salt meter is a device used to detect sodium content in daily food. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of salt‐meter addition to dietary education. The authors conducted a randomized‐controlled trial in hypertensive patients with uncontrolled BP (systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg). Patients were randomized to receive salt meter plus dietary education (group A) or education only (group B), and followed up for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in 24‐h urinary sodium excretion. Changes in BP, salt taste sensitivity, cardio‐ankle vascular index (CAVI) were also analyzed. There were total number of 90 patients who had complete follow‐up, 45 in each group. Mean age was 62.9 years and 53% were females. Mean baseline 24‐h urine sodium was 151.6 mmol/24 h and mean SBP and DBP were 152.8 and 83.4 mmHg, respectively. Baseline characteristics were similar between two groups. At 8 weeks, mean change in urine sodium were –31.83 mmol/24 h and 0.36 mmol/24 h in group A and group B, respectively (p = .006). Mean decrease in BP were SBP, 14.44 versus 8.22 mmHg (p = .030), and DBP 5.53 versus 1.93 mmHg (p = .032). The salt sensitivity was improved more in group A. There was no different between change in CAVI. From this study, salt meter in conjunction with dietary education, for self‐monitoring of salt intake is superior to education alone in hypertensive patients, and provided better blood pressure control. Salt meter should be considered in uncontrolled hypertensive patients.     

全国居民户水平盐碘监测结果分析

目的　评估 1999年全民食盐加碘干预措施落实情况。方法　用 PPS法抽取 31个省 (自治区、直辖市 )各 12 0 0份居民食用盐 ,根据各省上报盐碘定量测定结果 ,利用 Epinfo6 .0软件进行资料汇总分析。结果　全国有 2 1个省碘盐覆盖率达到 90 %以上 ,而仅有 5个省的合格碘盐覆盖率达到 90 %以上。结论　适当降低加碘浓度 ,提高碘盐合格率 ,杜绝非碘盐冲击 ,才能确保居民食用合格碘盐 ,科学地防治碘缺乏病     

Assessing the Policy Landscape for Salt Reduction in South-East Asian and Latin American Countries – An Initiative Towards Developing an Easily Accessible,Integrated, Searchable Online Repository

Background:High dietary salt intake is an avoidable cause of hypertension and associated cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Thus, salt reduction is recommended as one of the most cost-effective interventions for CVD prevention and for achieving the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 25% reduction in premature non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality by 2025. However, current and comprehensive information about national salt reduction policies and related actions across different regions are difficult to access and impede progress and monitoring.Objectives:As an initial step to developing an online repository of salt reduction policies and related actions, and to track nation-wise progress towards the WHO’s 25 by 25 goal, we aimed to identify and assess salt reduction policies and actions in select countries from two of the top five most populous regions of the world- the South-East Asia and Latin America.Methods:We conducted a literature review to identify national and regional salt reduction policies in the selected South-East Asian and Latin American countries, from January 1990–August 2020, available in English and Spanish. We also contacted selected WHO country offices (South-East Asian region) or relevant national authorities (Latin America) to gain access to unpublished documents.Results:In both regions, we found only a few dedicated stand-alone salt reduction policies: Bhutan, Sri-Lanka and Thailand from South East Asia and Costa Rica from Latin America. Available polices were either embedded in other national health/nutritional policy documents/overall NCD policies or were unpublished and had to be accessed via personal communication.Conclusions:Salt reduction policies are limited and often embedded with other policies which may impede their implementation and utility for tracking national and international progress towards the global salt reduction target associated with the 25 by 25 goal. Developing an online repository could help countries address this gap and assist researchers/policymakers to monitor national progress towards achieving the salt reduction target.     

Compliance with Long-Term Dietary Salt Restriction in Hypertensive Outpatients

Eighty hypertensive outpatients were recruited for a dietary salt restriction program to examine long-term compliance. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected repeatedly (7.9±2.6 times, mean±s.d.) during a follow-up period of 6.4±1.7 years. After initial urine collection, nutritional education was carried out by dietitians to reduce dietary salt intake to 8 g/day or less. After every urine collection, the subjects were given advice by doctors on salt restriction, if necessary. The mean 24–hour urinary salt excretion (U-NaCl) and the mean urinary salt/creatinine ratio (U-NaCl/U-Cr) varied considerably both among and within individuals. U-NaCl/U-Cr, but not U-NaCl, in females was significantly higher than that in males, and in middle-aged subjects than in young subjects. U-NaCl and U-NaCl/U-Cr tended to decrease in the summer. In spite of the repeated educational effort, neither U-NaCl nor U-NaCl/U-Cr was different in the first control samples from that in the last samples. When 57 subjects were divided into three groups according to the urinary salt excretion level, U-NaCl was consistently higher during a follow-up period in the high-salt excretion group than in the mid-salt excretion group, while U-NaCl in the low-salt excretion group was initially lower than, but finally similar to, that in the mid-salt excretion group. These results suggest that: (1) multiple 24–hour urine samplings are required to assess urinary salt excretion in individuals; (2) the influence of age and sex should be taken into account in interpreting U-NaCl/U-Cr; and (3) it seems difficult to achieve long-term dietary salt restriction as a non-pharmacologic treatment of hypertension in an outpatient clinic.