健康人、单纯性肥胖和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者血清瘦素水平研究

目的研究瘦素(leptin)在健康人、单纯性肥胖和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者血清中平均水平,探讨血清leptin检测在OSAS中的临床意义。方法用ELISA法检测46例OSAS患者4、8例单纯性肥胖患者及77名健康对照者的血清leptin水平,并测定全部受试者身高、体重,计算其体重指数(BMI)。结果正常人群组中不同年龄之间血清leptin水平无显著性差异(P>0.05),正常人群组中leptin平均水平为(6.36±4.01)ng/ml。不同性别血清leptin水平差异有统计学意义:男性为(5.04±3.23)ng/ml,女性为(8.04±4.31)ng/ml(P<0.01)。leptin水平与BMI呈正相关(P<0.01)。正常组与单纯性肥胖组(13.68±8.54)ng/ml、OSAS组(14.46±8.73)ng/ml之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。单纯性肥胖组与OSAS组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。OSAS组中肥胖(14.73±8.75)ng/ml与正常体重组间(13.20±8.33)ng/ml无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论leptin在健康人与单纯性肥胖和OSAS患者血清中的水平有显著差异,并且正常人群中leptin水平与BMI呈正相关,与性别有关,与年龄无关,而OSAS中leptin水平与体重无明显相关。     

Optimal treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and excessive sleepiness

Introduction  Collapsibility of the upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) causes repeated arousals from sleep, decreased oxygen saturation of the blood, and excessive sleepiness (ES). Patients with OSA are at increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, and experience occupational and vehicular accidents more frequently than the general population. Furthermore, the life expectancy of patients with untreated OSA is significantly reduced. Methods  A MEDLINE search of articles published between 2003 and 2008 was conducted using the search terms: obstructive sleep apnea [ti/ab] AND treatment; obstructive sleep apnoea [ti/ab] AND treatment; and excessive sleepiness [ti/ab] AND treatment. Searches were limited to articles in English; clinical trials; meta-analyses; practice guidelines; randomized, controlled trials; and reviews. Results  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the reference-standard treatment for patients with OSA. CPAP addresses the symptoms of OSA and reduces the risk of heart disease and depression associated with this sleep disorder. However, the efficacy of CPAP is contingent on patient adherence, and ≥4 hours of therapy per night are required for patients with OSA to experience significant clinical benefits. However, reports of nonadherence to CPAP therapy range from 29% to 83%. Other therapies are available for patients who refuse or cannot adhere to CPAP treatment, including dental devices and surgery, but these treatments are generally considered to be less efficacious. A significant number of patients continue to experience residual ES despite CPAP treatment. Pharmacologic therapies, eg, modafinil and armodafinil, may be of use in patients with OSA to improve tolerance with CPAP or to address residual ES. Conclusion  There are a variety of treatments available for patients with OSA. Successful treatment involves encouraging patient compliance with CPAP or oral appliances. Primary-care physicians play a crucial role in recognizing this disorder and ensuring the best possible outcome through support and education.     

Paradoxical glottic narrowing in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea.

Most patients with obstructive sleep apnea have increased pharyngeal collapsibility (defined in the present study as an increased lung volume dependence of pharyngeal area), which predisposes them to upper airway occlusion during sleep. However, there are patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea who have low-normal pharyngeal collapsibility. The factors leading to nocturnal upper airway obstruction in such patients have not been ascertained. We studied 10 overweight male patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea and low-normal pharyngeal collapsibility to determine the site of upper airway pathology in these patients. We found that all 10 patients exhibited paradoxical inspiratory narrowing of the glottis during quiet tidal breathing. This phenomenon was not observed in a matched group of 10 snoring, nonapneic male controls. We conclude that paradoxical glottic narrowing may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of upper airway obstruction in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea who have low-normal pharyngeal collapsibility.     

Mean platelet volume is increased in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea

Abstract

Increased platelet activation and aggregation which are closely related to cardiovascular complications have been reported in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The aim of this study was to assess the mean platelet volume (MPV), an indicator of platelet activation in patients with OSA. The 95 subjects referred for evaluation of OSA underwent overnight polysomnography. Blood samples were taken for MPV determination. According to the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), subjects were divided into three groups; group 1: control subjects without OSA (AHI < 5, n = 24), group 2: patients with mild to moderate OSA (AHI: 5–30, n = 42), and group 3: severe OSA (AHI > 30, n = 29). Body mass index (BMI) of patients with severe OSA was significantly higher than control subjects (31.5 ± 4.0 vs. 28.2 ± 5.0; p = 0.02). The MPV was significantly higher in patients with severe OSA than in the control group (8.9 ± 1.0 vs. 8.2 ± 0.7 fl; p = 0.01). Correlation analysis within 71 patients with OSA indicated that MPV was correlated with AHI (p < 0.001, r = 0.44) and DI (p = 0.001, r = 0.37). In multivariate regression analysis, when MPV was taken as independent with other study variables which are potential confounders such as age, gender and BMI, MPV was independently correlated with both AHI (β = 0.44, p < 0.001) and DI (β = 0.38, p < 0.001). We have shown that MPV was significantly higher in patients with severe OSA when compared with control subjects and MPV was correlated with AHI and DI.     

Hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea: risk and therapy

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common form of sleep-disordered breathing that occurs due to recurrent collapse of the upper airway with inspiration. Large epidemiologic studies have established that OSA is a risk factor for developing hypertension. The pathophysiologic mechanism of this relationship is due to the distinctive pattern of intermittent hypoxia seen in OSA. This pattern increases sympathetic tone, oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. These processes can all lead to persistent elevation of blood pressure beyond the obstructive events. OSA should be considered as part of the workup of patients with hypertension. Treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure has an effect on hypertension control and risk reduction of cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses the pathophysiology and causal relationship between OSA and hypertension, along with the cardiovascular effects of treatment of OSA.     

1例淀粉样变继发重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸障碍病人的护理

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)发病率占成人的2%～4%,已日益受到重视.OSAHS病人由于长期存在夜间低氧血症、高碳酸血症和睡眠障碍,可以引起多系统、多器官的慢性损伤[1].原发性淀粉样变性是由于浆细胞产生的大量轻链免疫球蛋白沉积于各组织器官,导致组织形态学改变和器官功能衰竭,引起相应临床表现的一组器质性疾病.该病罕见,国外报道其发生率为住院病人的0.45%～0.50%,国内尚无发生率的准确统计[2].淀粉样变在舌体可表现为进行性肥大,最终导致睡眠呼吸障碍.我科于2011年2月收治1例重度OSAHS伴舌体肥大病人,舌体活检示舌体淀粉样变,后行正颌手术,由于OSAHS病人多伴有高血压、肥胖、高血脂、脂肪肝、隐性冠心病等情况,故其围术期治疗具有一定危险性和特殊性.除需加强各种预防措施外,良好的围术期护理对提高病人的安全亦具有重要的意义.现将其护理介绍如下.     

Gender, age and menopause effects on the prevalence and the characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea in obesity

BACKGROUND: In the 1970s and 80s it was believed that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was primarily a disease of men. The present study was addressed to evaluate the effect of gender and menopause on the prevalence and the characteristics of OSA and on anthropometric, clinical, respiratory and polysomnographic data in a population of obese individuals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 230 obese subjects (BMI >/= 30 kg m-2), 148 women and 82 men, aged 16-75 years, were recruited and evaluated for general and anthropometric parameters, respiratory function, sleep-related symptoms and sleep disorders of breathing. RESULTS: Respiratory disturbance index (RDI) and the prevalence of OSA were lower in women than in men (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Among subjects < 55 years, neck circumference, percentage of predicted normal neck circumference (PPNC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), PaCO2, RDI and the prevalence of OSA were lower in female subjects (P = 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.001, P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). BMI, neck circumference, PPNC, WHR, RDI and the prevalence of OSA were higher in postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that (i) the male dominance regarding the prevalence and the severity of OSA disappears in men older than 55 years, and (ii) menopause seems to play a pivotal role in modulating both the presence and the degree of sleep disorder.     

肥胖对男性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者性功能的影响

目的研究肥胖对男性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者性功能的影响,并讨论OSAS患者发生性功能障碍的可能机制。方法经多导睡眠监测确诊OSAS的男性患者,并按体重指数(BMI)分为OSAS伴肥胖组(49例)和OSAHS不伴肥胖组(22例);另选27例单纯肥胖患者以及40名健康成年男性作为对照组。所有研究对象均同步行夜间阴茎勃起监测。结果与对照组比较,OSAS伴肥胖组、OSAHS不伴肥胖组及单纯肥胖组患者勃起功能障碍(ED)发生率均明显增高,差异均有统计学意义(χ2分别=13.96、4.44、4.40,P均<0.05),但OSAS不伴肥胖组、单纯肥胖组ED患者,与OSAS伴肥胖组比较,差异均无统计学意义(χ2分别=0.88、1.28,P均>0.05)。结论引起正常男性ED的肥胖因素并非是男性OSAS患者发生ED的原因,推测可能与OSAS患者夜间反复缺氧引起的一系列神经内分泌改变有关。     

Medical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea

Guidelines for the medical therapy of obstructive sleep apnea are difficult to define precisely. While some elegant investigations have been completed, most study populations have been small. Also, the long-term effects of most forms of therapy are not known. Some patients will respond to a given form of therapy or combination of therapies while others will not. In most instances the responders cannot be recognized prior to the institution of therapy and a cycle of trial and error ensues. One of the best nonsurgical approaches appears to be weight loss, albeit unsuccessful in most cases. Almost all experts would agree, however, that in nonemergent situations weight loss should be strongly suggested. Nasal CPAP appears to be the single most promising device. Protriptyline may have a role, although in our opinion its true efficacy remains to be determined. Oxygen will probably serve more an adjunctive role in therapy, and medroxyprogesterone appears to be beneficial only in the treatment of the obesity-hypoventilation syndrome. A reasonable approach to the medical treatment of the obstructive sleep apnea patient should include, first, by history, physical examination, and appropriate laboratory testing, elimination of anatomically correctable, pharmacologic, or endocrinologic causes of OSA. If apnea length, degree of desaturation, cardiac arrhythmias, or levels of hypersomnolence are so severe as to be potentially life threatening, immediate tracheostomy is suggested. In specialized centers, nasal CPAP would be used. In less severely affected patients, medical management, as discussed above, should begin. We believe that in view of the lack of controlled trials demonstrating which form of therapy is best, the clinician must recommend therapy on the basis of local clinical experience and patient acceptance. Of fundamental importance is the need for serial reevaluation so that the impact of therapeutic failure can be minimized.     

一氧化碳等在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停变化的研究

目的：研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)，患者血浆中一氧化碳及间接胆红素（间胆）水平变化及其临床意义，方法：测定111例OSA患者和30名正常人血浆一氧化碳和间胆水平。其中20例中，重度患者使用持续气道内正压通气（continuous airway positive pressure,CPAP)呼吸机治疗30日，于治疗前，治疗第一日、治疗1个月后分别测定一氧化碳和间胆水平。结果：（1）OSA患者血浆中一氧化碳水平显著高于正常人，重度组一氧化碳水平显著高于轻，中度组，OSA合并高血压组的一氧化碳水平亦显著高于无伴高血压组（均为P＜0．05）；（2）正常人血浆中间胆水平显著高于OSA患者；轻、中度组间胆水平显著高于重度组，OSA无伴高血压组血浆间胆显著高于合并高血压组；（3）20例OSA患者血浆一氧化碳于治疗1个月后显著降低，间胆则显著升高（均为P＜0．05）；（4）OSA患者血浆中一氧化碳与舒张压和动脉血氧饱和度小于0．90占总睡眠时间比值均呈正相关，血间胆与动脉血氧饱和度小于0．90占总睡眠时间比值和呼吸暂停低吸气指数均呈负相关，一氧化碳与间胆呈负相关。结论：低血氧是引起OSA患者一氧化碳显著提高或间胆显著降低的原因，一氧化碳和间胆都可能参与了OSA的病理生理过程，患者血浆中一氧化碳和间胆水平可考虑作为考虑其是否有合并症的指标。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者行为干预的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)是以睡眠结构紊乱和出现反复呼吸暂停、低氧血症为特征,导致多系统器官功能损     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者生活质量及情绪和抑郁探讨

目的 通过阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者的健康相关生命质量(HRQoL)、日间过度嗜睡(EDS)、抑郁情绪等调查量表,研究OSAHS患者与上述量表之间的相关性.方法 入组71例,其中41例OSAHS患者为患者组,30例正常人为对照组,使用健康调查量表(SF-36)评价生活质量,用Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)评估EDS,Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)评价抑郁情绪.结果 患者组与对照组相比,其ESS评分明显升高(14.68±6.25)分vs (5.96±2.38)分(P＜0.01).其SF-36评分中有4个维度评分不同程度下降,以SF最为明显VT(59.15±22.82)分vs(80.33±11.66)分(P＜0.01);SF(80.85±14.66)分vs (90.86±6.67)分(P＜0,01);RE(76.59±15.67)分vs (92.50±6.12)分(P＜0.01).OSAHS患者组中ESS评分与SF-36评分中3个维度呈负相关(PF:r=-0.407,P＜0.01;RP:r=-0.523,P＜0.01;VT:r=-0.417,P＜0.01),其SDS评分与SF-36评分中1个维度呈负相关(SF:r=-0.381,P＜0.05).结论 OSAHS患者的生活质量较正常人群下降,并且与日间过度嗜睡、抑郁情绪明显有关.     

Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on the obesity paradox in critically ill patients

ObjectivePatients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) frequently suffer from multiple chronic diseases, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Until recently OSA was not considered as a key determinant in an ICU patient's prognosis. The objective of this study was to document the impact of OSA on the prognosis of ICU patients.MethodsData were retrospectively collected concerning adult patients admitted to ICU at two university hospitals. In a nested study OSA status was checked using the hospital electronic medical records to identify exposed and unexposed cases. The following outcomes were considered: length of stay in the ICU, ICU mortality, in-hospital mortality, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).ResultsOut of 5146 patients included in the study, 289 had OSA at ICU admission (5.6%). After matching, the overall impact of OSA on length of ICU stay was not significant (p = .24). In a predefined subgroup analysis, there was a significant impact of OSA on the length of ICU stay for patients with BMI over 40 kg/m² (IRR: 1.56 [1.05; 2.32], p = .03). OSA status had no impact on ICU or hospital mortality and VAP.ConclusionIn general, known OSA did not increase the ICU stay except for patients with both OSA and morbid obesity.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者体内相关炎症因子水平改变及其与嗜睡情况的相关性分析

目的:探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者体内炎症因子与嗜睡评分的相关性。方法:选择就诊于解放军第463医院的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者40例作为OSAHS组,另选择同期健康受试者40例作为健康组。以问答形式进行Epworth嗜睡量表(Epworth Sleepiness Scale,ESS)评分。留取晨起空腹血标本,分析两组血清肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)水平改变及其与ESS评分的相关性。结果:OSAHS组ESS评分、血清TNF-α、MDA较健康组升高(P0.05);OSAHS组血清GSH、SOD较健康组降低(P0.05)。两组受试者ESS评分与血清TNF-α(r=0.815)、MDA(r=0.528)、GSH(r=-0.433)、SOD(r=-0.607)均相关(P0.01)。结论:OSAHS患者血清TNF-α、MDA、GSH、SOD改变,其变化程度与嗜睡情况相关。     

Daytime sleepiness, sleep habits and occupational accidents among hospital nurses

AIM: This paper reports a study to determine the prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep habits among hospital nurses and to analyse associations between excessive daytime sleepiness and different types of medical error. BACKGROUND: It has been reported that sleep disorders, and the tiredness and sleepiness brought about by sleep disorders may be associated with occupational accidents. However, to our knowledge, there has so far been no report on associations between sleep disorders, excessive daytime sleepiness in particular, and occupational accidents among hospital nurses. METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional study targeting 4407 nurses working in eight large general hospitals in Japan. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used to investigate their sleep patterns and experience of occupational accidents. The data were collected in 2003. RESULTS: The prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness among hospital nurses in the present study was 26.0%. A statistically significant relationship was observed between having or not having occupational accidents during the past 12 months and excessive daytime sleepiness. Multiple logistic regression analyses on factors leading to occupational accidents during the past 12 months showed statistically significant associations between (1) drug administration errors and (2) shift work and age, between (1) incorrect operation of medical equipment and (2) excessive daytime sleepiness and age, and between needlestick injuries and age. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive daytime sleepiness is an important occupational health issue in hospital nurses. It is possible that occupational policies and health promotion measures, such as a provision of sleep hygiene advice and social support at worksites, would be effective in preventing occupational accidents among hospital nurses.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者的磨牙症研究

目的研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸障碍患者发生磨牙症的情况。方法使用多导睡眠检测技术对381例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者的磨牙事件进行分析。结果381例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者中,共有磨牙症患者238例（62.5%）,出现阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停事件2520次,在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停事件末端出现磨牙事件的有1437次（57.0%）。结论阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者常伴有磨牙症。     

Perioperative considerations of patients with obstructive sleep apnea

This article reviews the condition of obstructive sleep apnea. Various treatment modalities are discussed, including surgery. Specific implications for nursing interventions during this potentially lifethreatening period are suggested.     

Anti-inflammatory therapy for obstructive sleep apnea in children

Question A 4-year-old child was diagnosed by polysomnography as experiencing mild obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Despite the child being inattentive and distracted during the day at school, his parents prefer to avoid surgical treatment (adenotonsillectomy). Are there any non-surgical treatments for mild OSA in young children?Answer Obstructive sleep apnea in children is caused mainly by adenotonsillar hypertrophy and can lead to considerable morbidities, including neurocognitive and behavioural disturbances. Surgical removal of the tonsils and adenoids is the treatment of choice. In recent years, however, a new understanding of the inflammatory components of OSA has led to the assumption that anti-inflammatory treatment can reduce adenotonsillar size and improve OSA symptoms. Evidence from a few studies suggests that intranasal steroids and oral leukotriene receptor antagonists have beneficial effects, but data from randomized controlled trials are still lacking.