Selective inhibition of Hepatocarcinoma cells by apatite nanoparticles

In 1 994,Hideki Aoki and his colleagues happened to find that apatite (HAP)nanoparticlesinhibited growth of cancer cells when they tried to determine the possi-bility for HAP nanoparticles to act as tumor suppressing drugs carrier〔1〕.LaterShipu Li etal.…     

Effects of recombinant human G-CSF and GM-CSF on primary human leukemic cells

The effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) and recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) on primary human leukemic cells were studied. Phagocyte-depleted mononuclear cells containing more than 88% blasts were obtained from peripheral blood of 11 AML and 2 ALL patients and from bone marrow aspirates from 2 ALL patients. The leukemic cells were incubated with these CSF in suspension cultures or in methylcellulose cultures. In suspension cultures, the spontaneous proliferation was observed in 1 M4 patient. RhG-CSF stimulated the leukemic cell proliferation in 5 AML, cases and rhGM-CSF that in 4 AML cases. In methylcellulose cultures, spontaneous colony formation occurred in 3 M4 patients. RhG-CSF and rhGM-CSF stimulated the leukemic colony formation in 8 AML cases. The CSFs had an additive effect in both cultures. Neither CSF induced O2- production or phagocytic activity. From these results, we concluded that both CSFs stimulated the proliferation of leukemic cells without inducing differentiation.     

Selective binding of CD4 and CD8 T-cells to antigen presenting cells for enrichment of CMV and HIV specific T-lymphocytes

Adherent antigen presenting cells (APC) pulsed with protein or peptide antigens were used to capture specific CD4 or CD8 T-cells derived from established T-cell lines or from PBMC of immune subjects based on physiological interaction between TCR and MHC-peptide complex. This method could be applied independently of epitope specificity, HLA restriction alleles, activation markers and secreted cytokines, parameters required by other methods for selection of specific T cells. Non specific T-cells were removed by applying a 1g force that did not affect binding of specific T-lymphocytes. Lymphocyte selection was specific and the average recovery was 36% for CD4 T-cells. CD8 T-cells proved trickier to purify, since solid phase APC were recognized as targets for cytotoxicity. Specificity was comparable to CD4 cells, but the average recovery for CD8 cells was 26%. No residual alloreactivity was detected in expanded T-cells. Frequency and recovery of specific T-cells were comparable to other current technologies, such as generation of T-cell lines and cytokine capture method. Since antigen and IL2 are the only reagents added to the cultures, this physiological procedure can be proposed for selection and expansion of pathogen specific T-cells not only for research purposes, but also for adoptive reconstitution of immunocompromised subjects if performed under GMP conditions.     

Selective targeting of somatostatin receptor 3 to neuronal cilia

Recently, five members of the somatostatin receptor family have been cloned. However, little is known about their cellular and subcellular localization in the central nervous system. Using specific anti-peptide antisera, we observed somatostatin receptor 3-like immunoreactivity in many brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala and cerebellum. In all of these regions (except for the cerebellar cortex), somatostatin receptor 3-like immunoreactivity was selectively targeted to 4-8-microm-long rod-shaped profiles which did not co-localize with axonal or dendritic markers. One immunoreactive profile was always associated with one neuronal cell body. This staining pattern was resistant to colchicine treatment and showed a closely overlapping distribution with somatostatin receptor 3 messenger RNA, suggesting that the receptor protein is not transported over long distances. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that somatostatin receptor 3-like immunoreactivity is localized to the plasma membrane of neuronal cilia which extended into an intercellular pocket and showed a 9+0 filament pattern in their basal body and proximal segments. Thus, somatostatin receptor 3 demonstrates a unique example of a G-protein-coupled receptor not localized to "classical" pre- or postsynaptic sites, but selectively targeted to neuronal cilia. The presence of the somatostatin receptor 3 receptor on neuronal cilia suggests that these presumably non-motile cilia may not merely represent developmental remnants, but rather function as chemical sensors of the immediate milieu.     

Specific targeting to B cells by lipid-based nanoparticles conjugated with a novel CD22-ScFv

The CD22 antigen is a viable target for therapeutic intervention for B-cell lymphomas. Several therapeutic anti-CD22 antibodies as well as an anti-CD22-based immunotoxin (HA22) are currently under investigation in clinical settings. Coupling of anti-CD22 reagents with a nano-drug delivery vehicle is projected to significantly improve treatment efficacies. Therefore, we generated a mutant of the targeting segment of HA22 (a CD22 scFv) to increase its soluble expression (mut-HA22), and conjugated it to the surface of sonicated liposomes to generate immunoliposomes (mut-HA22-liposomes). We examined liposome binding and uptake by CD22⁺ B-lymphocytes (BJAB) by using calcein and/or rhodamine PE-labeled liposomes. We also tested the effect of targeting on cellular toxicity with doxorubicin-loaded liposomes. We report that: (i) Binding of mut-HA22-liposomes to BJAB cells was significantly greater than liposomes not conjugated with mut-HA22 (control liposomes), and mut-HA22-liposomes bind to and are taken in by BJAB cells in a dose and temperature-dependent manner, respectively; (ii) This binding occurred via the interaction with the cellular CD22 as pre-incubation of the cells with mut-HA22 blocked subsequent liposome binding; (iii) Intracellular localization of mut-HA22-liposomes at 37 °C but not at 4 °C indicated that our targeted liposomes were taken up through an energy dependent process via receptor-mediated endocytosis; and (iv) Mut-HA22-liposomes loaded with doxorubicin exhibited at least 2-3 fold more accumulation of doxorubicin in BJAB cells as compared to control liposomes. Moreover, these liposomes showed at least a 2-4 fold enhanced killing of BJAB or Raji cells (CD22⁺), but not SUP-T1 cells (CD22⁻). Taken together these data suggest that these 2nd-generation liposomes may serve as promising carriers for targeted drug delivery to treat patients suffering from B-cell lymphoma.     

The targeting of endothelial progenitor cells to a specific location within a microfluidic channel using magnetic nanoparticles

A common problem with the in vivo therapeutic applications of cells is that cells can rapidly disappear into the circulatory system after an injection. Magnetic nanoparticles can be used to solve this problem. Bacterial magnetic nanoparticles were used in this study for targeting stem cells at a specific location within a microfluidic channel. Magnetic nanoparticles were isolated from Magnetospirillum sp. AMB-1 and delivered to endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Cellular uptake of magnetic nanoparticles and their functional feasibility was characterized in vitro. The environment of a human blood vessel was simulated using a microfluidic channel. Magnetic nanoparticle-incorporated EPCs were injected into a microchannel and the flow rate of cells was uniformly controlled by use of a syringe pump. EPCs were effectively targeted to a specific location within the microchannel by an external magnetic field (about 400 mT). About 40% of EPCs were efficiently targeted with a flow rate of 5 μl min⁻¹ when 10 μg of magnetic nanoparticles were used per 10⁴ cells. This microfluidic system provides a useful tool towards a better understanding of the behavior of magnetic nanoparticle-incorporated cells within the human circulatory system for clinical use.     

The use of monoclonal antibodies against primary myeloid granules in normal and leukemic cells.

Three monoclonal antibodies, K101, D46, and H36/71 (CD15), reactive with membrane components of primary granules of human promyelocytes, were studied to assess their binding to normal and leukemic cells. Using the alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase technique, these antibodies were applied to sections of normal organs and to peripheral blood and bone marrow films from hematologically normal individuals and patients with hematologic malignancies. In control experiments, antibodies showed reactivity with cytoplasmic constituents of granulocytes from the promyelocytic to the neutrophilic stage. In acute myeloid leukemia, antibody K101 was positive (more than 20% of blasts) in 13 of 21 (62%) cases, while antibody D46 was positive in 11 of 17 (65%) cases. Antibody H36/71 was positive in only 4 of 24 (17%) cases of acute myeloid leukemia. At least one marker was present in 6 of 8 (75%) cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with myeloid antigen-positive blasts and was negative in 20 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with myeloid antigen-negative blasts. These results support the view that abnormal granules (with defective expression of the D46, K101, and H36/71 antigens) form in blastic and leukemic cells of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Data also suggest that membrane components of myeloid granules are made in the cytoplasm of cells from some acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with myeloid antigen-positive blasts.     

Selective inhibitory effects of 50-nm gold nanoparticles on mouse macrophage and spleen cells

Nanoparticles (NP) are significant to multiple industrial processes, consumer products and medical applications today. The health effects of many different types of NP, however, are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of 50-nm gold NP coated with poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on mouse macrophage and spleen cells with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS), testing the hypothesis that the NP would modulate immune responses without being overtly toxic. Gold NP had no effect on macrophage viability and, in the absence of LPS, they had no effect on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production as measured by ELISA. The presence of LPS significantly increased the release of TNFα from the macrophages above no-treatment controls, but increasing gold NP concentration led to decreasing release of TNFα. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by exposed macrophages were also reduced compared to untreated controls, both with and without LPS, suggesting some kind of oxygen radical scavenging. In splenocyte cultures, gold NP had no effect alone, but significantly reduced the release of interleukin (IL)-17 and TNFα triggered by LPS. These results suggest that the gold NP used here are not cytotoxic to immune cells at these concentrations, but may affect cellular responses to infection or inflammation by altering the balance of cytokines.     

磁性靶向纳米粒体外多模态成像及对肝星状细胞的靶向作用

文题释义： 多模态成像：随着分子影像学的飞速发展,多模态成像改变了传统单一的成像方式,联合超声、CT、MRI、光声及SPECT等各自独特的成像优势,只使用一种对比剂即可获得多种模态增强显影,同时得到疾病的解剖学、分子学及功能学信息。这对疾病的诊断、受检者的健康及减少医疗资源浪费都有重要意义。 寻靶：通过对微泡外壳进行改建,将特异性配体结合或连接到微泡表面,这些微泡可通过血液循环聚到特定的病变组织上,并长时间停留于靶组织或靶器官,从而达到使病变组织在影像中得到特异性的标记增强或局部靶向治疗作用的目的。背景：近来年,分子成像结合医学影像技术和靶向分子探针逐渐成为研究的热点,其相互结合能够在分子水平对靶组织进行观察,从而实现对疾病的发生、发展实时无创成像。 目的：制备载磁性颗粒靶向纳米粒探针,探讨其体外超声/CT/MRI成像效果,观察其体外对大鼠肝星状细胞的靶向能力。 方法：以高分子材料聚乳酸/羟基乙酸作为外壳、含有精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸序列环八肽作为配体,通过双步乳化法制备包载磁性颗粒和全氟辛溴烷的载磁性颗粒靶向纳米粒cRGD-PLGA-Fe₃O₄-PFOB,检测其理化性质。将载磁性颗粒靶向纳米粒以双蒸水稀释为不同质量浓度的混悬液,体外观察其超声、CT、MRI显影效果。通过碳二亚胺法连接精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸序列肽与载磁性颗粒靶向纳米粒,验证载磁性颗粒靶向纳米粒的精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸序列连接情况和体外靶向能力。细胞毒性实验测定不同质量浓度载磁性颗粒靶向纳米粒对大鼠肝细胞BRL-3A的毒性作用。 结果与结论：①载磁性颗粒靶向纳米粒分散度好,大小较均匀,单个纳米粒呈球形,数个黑色的铁颗粒分布于壳膜上,平均粒径为(221.5±60.3) nm,Fe₃O₄包封率为38%;②随着载磁性颗粒靶向纳米粒质量浓度的降低,样品的超声回声强度、CT值均逐渐降低;随着纳米粒中Fe₃O₄颗粒质量浓度的增加,MRI T2加权信号强度逐渐降低;③流式细胞仪检测显示,含有精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸序列环八肽与载磁性颗粒靶向纳米粒的连接率为94.13%;体外靶向实验显示,大部分载磁性颗粒靶向纳米粒聚集于大鼠肝星状细胞细胞HSC-T6周围;④不同质量浓度的载磁性颗粒靶向纳米粒对大鼠肝细胞BRL-3A活力无影响;⑤结果表明,载磁性颗粒靶向纳米粒探针不仅能作为多模态显像剂用于超声、CT、MRI,且在体外实验中对大鼠肝星状细胞有较强的靶向能力,对肝纤维化的早期诊断具有重大应用潜力。 ORCID: 0000-0001-8470-8548(李璇) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

基于改性复合多糖的载阿霉素纳米粒子的制备及其靶向肝癌细胞的研究

目的 制备一种具有氧化还原敏感性的载阿霉素(DOX)纳米粒子,并研究其体外释放及靶向肝癌细胞的性能.方法 以1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐/N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺为催化剂,使透明质酸(HA)侧链接枝胱胺,进一步通过Schiff碱反应偶联β-环糊精(β-CD)制备β-环糊精接枝透明质酸(HACD).然后以HACD为载体材料,采用透析法制备载DOX纳米粒子(HACD/DOX),并对其载药量、包封率、粒径及分布、zeta电位等理化性质及体外释放行为进行表征;采用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)检测HACD/DOX纳米粒子对肝癌细胞HepG2的毒性作用;通过流式细胞术及激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)研究HACD/DOX纳米粒子对HepG2细胞的靶向作用.结果 成功制备了HACD,其可携载DOX形成形态均匀的纳米粒子.DOX在纳米粒子中的载药量为(16.1±0.2)％,包封率为(64.2±0.9)％.透射电子显微镜结果显示其为球形结构;粒度分析结果表明,HACD/DOX纳米粒子的平均粒径为(203.1±2.5) nm,多分散系数为0.202,zeta电位为(-29.1±0.8)mV.该纳米粒子的体外释放行为具有明显的氧化还原敏感性.体外毒性结果显示,空白载体材料HACD对肝癌细胞无明显毒性,而HACD/DOX纳米粒子可有效杀伤肝癌细胞,48 h的半数抑制浓度(IC50)值为0.38 μg/ml.流式细胞术和CLSM结果均显示HACD/DOX纳米粒子是通过HA的介导而发挥肝癌靶向作用的.结论 制备的HACD/DOX纳米粒子具有适宜的粒径、高载药量和包封率,能在还原剂刺激下释放药物,且具有明显靶向肝癌细胞的作用,有望成为一种具有良好应用前景的靶向治疗肝癌的药物递送系统.     

Isolation of germ cells from leukemic cells

Sir, We have read with great interest the article by Geens et al.(2007), titled ‘The efficiency of magnetic-activated cellsorting and fluorescence-activated cell sorting in the decontaminationof testicular cell suspensions in cancer patients' publishedon Hum Reprod. The authors concluded that fluorescence-activated cell sorting(FACS) was neither in a murine nor in a human model sufficientto completely deplete testicular tissue of malignant cells.Specifically, in the human model only     

T cell targeting and phagocytosis of apoptotic biliary epithelial cells in primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is characterized by loss of tolerance against ubiquitously expressed mitochondrial autoantigens followed by biliary and salivary gland epithelial cell (BEC and SGEC) destruction by autoreactive T cells. It is unclear why BECs and SGECs are targeted. Previous work demonstrated that the reduced form of the major PBC autoantigen predominated in apoptotic BECs and SGECs as opposed to an oxidized form in other apoptotic cells. This led to the hypothesis that presentation of novel self-peptides from phagocytosed apoptotic BECs might contribute to BEC targeting by autoreactive T cells. The effect of autoantigen redox status on self-peptide formation was examined along with the phagocytic ability of BECs. Oxidation of PBC autoantigens first was shown to be due to protein S-glutathionylation of lipoyllysine residues. Absence of protein S-glutathionylation generated novel self-peptides and affected T cell recognition of a lipoyllysine containing peptide. Liver biopsy staining revealed BEC phagocytosis of apoptotic BECs (3.74+/-2.90% of BEC) was present in PBC (7 of 7 cases) but not in normal livers (0 of 3). BECs have the ability to present novel mitochondrial self-peptides derived from phagocytosed apoptotic BECs. Apoptotic cell phagocytosis by non-professional phagocytes may influence the tissue specificity of autoimmune diseases.     

FMN-coated fluorescent iron oxide nanoparticles for RCP-mediated targeting and labeling of metabolically active cancer and endothelial cells

Riboflavin is an essential vitamin for cellular metabolism and is highly upregulated in metabolically active cells. Consequently, targeting the riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) may be a promising strategy for labeling cancer and activated endothelial cells. Therefore, Ultrasmall SuperParamagnetic Iron Oxide nanoparticles (USPIO) were adsorptively coated with the endogenous RCP ligand flavin mononucleotide (FMN), which renders them target-specific and fluorescent. The core diameter, surface morphology and surface coverage of the resulting FMN-coated USPIO (FLUSPIO) were evaluated using a variety of physico-chemical characterization techniques (TEM, DLS, MRI and fluorescence spectroscopy). The biocompatibility of FLUSPIO was confirmed using three different cell viability assays (Trypan blue staining, 7-AAD staining and TUNEL). In vitro evaluation of FLUSPIO using MRI and fluorescence microscopy demonstrated high labeling efficiency of cancer cells (PC-3, DU-145, LnCap) and activated endothelial cells (HUVEC). Competition experiments (using MRI and ICP-MS) with a 10- and 100-fold excess of free FMN confirmed RCP-specific uptake of the FLUSPIO by PC-3 cells and HUVEC. Hence, RCP-targeting via FMN may be an elegant way to render nanoparticles fluorescent and to increase the labeling efficacy of cancer and activated endothelial cells. This was shown for FLUSPIO, which due to their high T(2)-relaxivity, are favorably suited for MR cell tracking experiments and cancer detection in vivo.     

Possibility of active targeting to tumor by local hyperthermia with temperature-sensitive nanoparticles

Recently, the concept of drug delivery requires that the release of encapsulated drug be produced only at the diseased site with controllable rates. Given that thermosensitive hydrogels have been widely investigated for controlled delivery based on their phase transition, we speculate that nanoparticles with the novel polymers play a key role in tumor therapy respond to thermal activity. Therefore, we here hypothesize that enhanced delivery of therapeutics might be achieved by conjugation to thermosensitive polymers, in concert with targeted hyperthermia by precisely specifying the phase transition temperature of the thermosensitive polymer. By local hyperthermia at tumor site, a targeted drug delivery system could be obtained, exploiting both the temperature-sensitive and the site-specific behaviors. The proposition may provide a new strategy into the development of a novel drug delivery system for tumor therapy.     

Magnetic targeting of cardiosphere-derived stem cells with ferumoxytol nanoparticles for treating rats with myocardial infarction

Stem cell transplantation is a promising therapeutic strategy for acute or chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy. A major limitation to efficacy in cell transplantation is the low efficiency of retention and engraftment, due at least in part to significant early “wash-out” of cells from coronary blood flow and heart contraction. We sought to enhance cell retention and engraftment by magnetic targeting. Human cardiosphere-derived stem cells (hCDCs) were labeled with FDA-approved ferumoxytol nanoparticles Feraheme^® (F) in the presence of heparin (H) and protamine (P). FHP labeling is nontoxic to hCDCs. FHP-labeled rat CDCs (FHP-rCDCs) were intracoronarily infused into syngeneic rats, with and without magnetic targeting. Magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence imaging, and quantitative PCR revealed magnetic targeting increased cardiac retention of transplanted FHP-rCDCs. Neither infusion of FHP-rCDCs nor magnetic targeting exacerbated cardiac inflammation or caused iron overload. The augmentation of acute cell retention translated into more attenuated left ventricular remodeling and greater therapeutic benefit (ejection fraction) 3 weeks after treatment. Histology revealed enhanced cell engraftment and angiogenesis in hearts from the magnetic targeting group. FHP labeling is safe to cardiac stem cells and facilitates magnetically-targeted stem cell delivery into the heart which leads to augmented cell engraftment and therapeutic benefit.     

表皮生长因子受体介导的新型肝癌靶向性基因转移

如何使得外源基因稳定地从吞噬溶酶体中释放 ,是提高受体介导基因转移系统转移效率的关键。本文以绿色荧光蛋白质粒为报告基因 ,合成针对表皮生长因子受体 (EGFR)的相应 16肽配体寡肽和流感病毒血凝素HA2 0寡肽 ,并与多聚赖氨酸连接 ,连接物与绿色荧光蛋白报告基因按 1∶1混合 ,构建新型肝癌靶向性转移系统 ,命名为四元复合体。分别以四元复合体和脂质体在体内外进行基因转染 ,流式细胞仪和激光共聚焦显微镜检测绿色荧光蛋白表达。结果表明 ,四元复合体介导基因定向转染至肿瘤细胞 ,其转染率为 44 95 % ,显著高于脂质体转染组( 3 3 0 9% ,P <0 0 5 ) ,动物实验证明 ,四元复合体介导绿色荧光蛋白特异性表达于肿瘤细胞 ,具有良好的应用前景