内支架结合放疗治疗晚期食管癌18例临床分析

目的 通过被覆支架治疗晚期食管癌恶性狭窄，并行术后放射治疗，以提高生活质量，延长生存期。方法 晚期食管癌恶性食管狭窄18例，狭窄直径均在2．5mm以下，其中3例呈梗阻状，4例合并有食管瘘，1例出现肝部转移。经口置入镍钛合金被覆支架20枚，于2周后行外照射，肿瘤试剂照射剂量(DT)：60～70Gy。结果 所有患者均一次顺利完成支架置入，患者进善食顺利，疗效满意。2周后均顺利接受放射治疗，未出现并发症。经随访复查，支架未产生移位及出现再狭窄改变，食管通畅，患者进食顺利，生存期延长，平均11个月。结论 被覆支架治疗晚期食管癌恶性食管狭窄及术后结合放疗，能有效地抑制肿瘤生长，提高生活质量，延长生存期，是治疗晚期食管癌患者的一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

应用带膜镍钛记忆合金支架治疗晚期食管癌

目的总结应用带膜镍钛记忆合金支架治疗晚期食管癌的临床经验。方法53例晚期食管癌患者在食管X线钡餐透视下采用介入法、内镜法或术中植入法在食管内放置带膜镍钛记忆合金支架。术后进食困难程度用Neuhaus分级评估，并随访观察所有患者近期和远期疗效。结果所有患者支架均一次放置成功，无操作引起的严重并发症，术后患者吞咽困难症状明显改善，置入支架后患者吞咽困难分级较置入支架前明显降低（P〈0．01），能顺利进半流质或普通食物。狭窄食管段直径由2～4mm扩张至16～20mm。随访49例（92．5%），随访时间3～24个月。术后近期并发症主要为胸骨后异物感、疼痛、恶心和少量消化道出血，发生率为96．2％（51／5a）。26例患者（53．1％，26／49）于术后3～15个月内死亡，平均生存7．8个月，死亡原因多为肿瘤转移、全身衰竭。结论食管内放置带膜镍钛记忆合金支架治疗晚期食管癌患者的食管狭窄、食管瘘简单易行、损伤小，近期疗效明显，是一种有效的姑息性非手术治疗方法。     

带膜食管支架置入治疗食管癌术后胸内食管吻合口瘘

目的总结覆硅胶膜镍钛合金食管支架置入治疗食管癌术后胸内食管吻合口瘘的临床经验。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年12月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院12例食管癌手术后发生胸内食管吻合口瘘经覆硅胶膜镍钛合金食管支架置入治疗的临床资料,其中男7例,女5例;平均年龄65(45～70)岁。胸内食管吻合口瘘发生于术后第5～28 d,均为单个漏口,漏口直径约0.2～1.0 cm。确诊食管吻合口瘘后给予支持治疗7 d,待病情稳定后置入覆硅胶膜镍钛合金食管支架,支架长5～12 cm,内径1.8～2.0 cm。结果术后因进食呛咳死于肺部感染1例。术后出现胸骨疼痛7例,支架移位3例,消化道出血1例,均经相应的治疗后好转或治愈。生存患者于置入食管支架后第3～15 d经口进食。随访11例,随访时间1～6个月,食管吻合口瘘愈合良好9例;支架移位1例,瘘口未愈合,术后4个月死于肿瘤复发;在回收食管支架过程中黏膜撕裂,致吻合口狭窄1例。结论带膜食管支架置入是治疗食管癌术后胸内食管吻合口瘘的一种有效方法。     

镍-钛合金支架在胸外科临床应用指征探讨

1995年至 2 0 0 1年 ,我们用镍 钛合金支架治疗病人 2 1例 ,现报道如下。临床资料　本组 2 1例中包括晚期食管癌无手术指征者8例 ,食管癌致食管支气管瘘 3例 ,气管狭窄 3例 ,长段气管肿瘤致气管狭窄 1例 ,自体气管移植术后气管软化 1例 ,食管化学灼伤性食管狭窄支架置入术后 5例。8例晚期食管癌病人置入支架后均可进流质或半流饮食 ,术后 4例有剧烈胸痛 ;2例死于大出血 ,6例死于全身状况恶化。食管癌致食管支气管瘘 3例 ,置入带膜的网状合金支架后 ,进食时呛咳症状明显好转 ,肺部炎症得到控制。气管狭窄 3例中 ,1例为气管肿瘤切除端端吻合…     

晚期食管癌食管支架置入术病人的护理

对18例晚期食管癌病人采用食管支架置入术进行姑息治疗。术前给予心理护理、术前准备;术后予饮食指导、并发症的观察及护理,以及出院指导。结果13例吞咽困难改善。能经口进流质饮食和普食,5例因癌肿广泛转移死亡。提示食管支架置入术治疗晚期食管癌能较好地解决进食困难问题,而正确的护理是提高病人生存质量的保证。     

带膜网状食管支架治疗食管狭窄43例临床应用体会

1 资料和方法 1.1 临床资料 本组43例,年龄42～70岁,平均53.2岁。其中食管癌36例,食管胃吻合口狭窄6例,贲门失弛缓症手术治疗失败1例。全部病例置人食管支架前均出现明显梗阻症状,有8例滴水未进8～16天。43例置入带膜网状食管支架均获成功,进食恢复通畅,观察时     

食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘患者行覆膜内支架置入术的临床效果观察

目的:回顾性分析和评价食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘患者行覆膜内支架置入术的临床效果。方法:对26例食管癌放疗后并发狭窄及食管气管瘘患者,在数字减影血管造影技术支持下行覆膜食管内金属支架置入术,充分做围术期的专科护理和治疗,观察患者行介入治疗前后的症状变化和不良反应。结果:26例患者均一次性顺利置入覆膜内金属支架,呛咳、进食困难等症状明显改善,有效地预防和控制了呼吸道炎症。术后1周有效率100%,明显改善了患者的生活质量。结论 :采用覆膜内支架置入治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘效果确切,安全性高,能够改善患者的预后和生存质量。     

超细胃镜下食管记忆合金支架置入治疗食管贲门癌28例

目的探讨超细胃镜下食管记忆合金支架置入术治疗晚期食管癌、贲门癌的作用。方法对28例食管癌、贲门癌患者行超细胃镜下食管记忆合金支架置入术治疗的体会加以总结。结果28例食管癌、贲门癌患者均一次性置入成功，成功率100％，无严重并发症发生。结论超细胃镜下食管记忆合金支架置入术是治疗晚期食管癌、贲门癌简单易行、安全可靠、并发症低、疗效好的重要方法，且较传统的普通胃镜痛苦小和成功率高。     

11例经口人造食管置入术的麻醉体会

１１例经口人造食管置入术的麻醉体会邓邦连＊＊＊曹兆吉１１例中晚期食管癌患者，均为男性。在全麻下经口作人造食管（食管带膜支架）置入治疗。术前合并食管气管瘘３例（其中１例还合并有吸入性肺炎）、高血压１例、ＥＫＧ异常５例，通气功能减退７例。麻醉前准备不同内...     

放射性125I粒子支架适形治疗中晚期食管癌

目的探讨放射性~(125)I粒子支架适形治疗中晚期食管癌的临床价值。方法回顾性分析在我院接受支架治疗的中晚期食管癌患者68例,根据患者是否自愿接受放射性~(125)I粒子分为两组:普通支架组30例,粒子支架组38例,根据放射治疗计划系统(TPS)及肿瘤形态适形综合布源放射性粒子。比较两组支架置入成功率、并发症发生率、吞咽困难改善率及生存期情况。结果两组支架置入成功率100%,均未发生严重并发症,吞咽困难均缓解,两组间吞咽困难改善情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但粒子支架组平均生存期及中位生存期明显长于普通支架组(P均0.05)。结论中晚期食管癌患者治疗中,根据TPS及肿瘤形态适形综合布源不同活度放射粒子支架安全、可靠,可有效延长患者生存期,值得临床广泛应用。     

晚期食管癌带膜记忆合金支架植入术的并发症防治

目的　探讨晚期食管癌带膜记忆合金支架植入的并发症及其防治措施。方法　应用带膜记忆合金支架治疗晚期食管癌117例,其中76例术前检查发现失去手术机会,6 例食管癌放疗、化疗或术后吻合口复发,2例食管癌合并食管气管瘘,采用介入法放置支架;33例尚有手术探查指征,术中见肿瘤无法手术切除而于术中放置支架。观察近、远期并发症,并给予相应处理。结果　117 例患者植入支架131支,其中14例放置 2 枚支架。全组无手术死亡病例。近期并发症发生率为 40.2%(47/117),其中33例胸部膨胀感、钝痛,2 例室性心律失常,5 例支架移位,7 例出血。远期并发症发生率为18.6%(11/59),其中 2 例支架内食物堵塞,4 例出血,5 例肿瘤生长超过支架上端而再狭窄。除1例术后12天大呕血死亡外,其余均采取相应措施处理成功。结论　降低晚期食管癌带膜记忆合金支架植入并发症必须采取术前、术中和术后的综合防治措施。     

Self-expanding esophageal metallic stents in the treatment of esophageal obstruction

Esophageal obstruction from any cause is debilitating. In patients with malignant obstruction palliation to relieve pain and dysphagia is the primary goal. Conventional endoluminal prostheses allow variable palliation. Covered expandable metallic stents with an 18-mm lumen allow improved deglutition. From December 1994 through December 1998, 59 patients underwent placement of self-expanding silicone-covered esophageal stents for esophageal obstruction. There were 36 men and 23 women ranging in age from 41 to 94. All patients underwent esophageal dilation using a flexible gastroscope and Savary bougies. After dilation placement of the stent was performed under fluoroscopic control. Follow-up was complete in all patients. Technical success was achieved in all patients. There was one postoperative death (bronchopulmonary fistula), one migration of the stent requiring removal, and one recurrent obstruction. The remaining stents were well tolerated even in the cervical region (four patients). All patients returned to a diet of solid foods. We conclude that covered self-expanding esophageal metallic stents are technically simple and safe to insert and appear to provide durable excellent palliation of esophageal obstruction due to either benign or malignant conditions.     

Double stenting for esophageal and tracheobronchial stenoses

Background. We examined the complications and outcomes of placing stents for both esophageal and tracheobronchial stenoses.

Methods. We placed stents for both esophageal and tracheobronchial stenoses in 8 patients (7 with esophageal cancer and 1 with lung cancer). Covered or noncovered metallic stents were used for the esophageal stenoses, except in 1 patient treated with a silicone stent. Silicone stents were used for the tracheobronchial stenoses. The grades of esophageal and tracheobronchial stenoses were scored.

Results. All patients experienced improvement of grades of both dysphagia and respiratory symptoms after stent therapy. The complications were: (1) 2 patients suffered respiratory distress after placement of the esophageal stent because of compression of the trachea by the stent; and (2) 3 patients developed new esophagotracheobronchial fistulae, and 2 patients had recurring fistula symptoms because of growth of preexisting fistulae after the stent placement, which were caused by pressure from the 2 stents. Despite the fistulae, the 5 patients treated with covered metallic stents did not complain of fistula symptoms, but 2 patients treated with noncovered metallic or silicone stents did complain.

Conclusions. For patients with both esophageal and tracheobronchial stenoses, a stent should be introduced into the tracheobronchus first. Because placement of stents in both the esophagus and tracheobronchus has a high risk of enlargement of the fistula, a covered metallic stent is preferable for esophageal cancer involving the tracheobronchus.     

应用带膜支架治疗晚期食管癌贲门癌

目的　探讨置入国产CZES型自膨式带膜支架 ,结合其它疗法综合施治重症晚期食管癌贲门癌病人的疗效。方法　采用内镜法、介入法、混合法、手术法 ,为晚期食管癌、贲门癌、食管瘘、吻合口漏、吻合口癌复发或吻合口狭窄病人 15 1例 ,共置入 15 9个支架 ,继而 132例实施放、化疗和中药综合施治。结果　疗效满意 ,明显改善了病人生活质量 ,体质增强 ,进食困难分级由 3.12级降至 1.0 5级 ,肿瘤缩小 2 2～ 3 4cm ,体重增加 1～ 6kg ,置入支架后生存 1 5～ 36个月。结论　置入支架结合综合施治行之有效 ,操作简便、安全可靠 ,适用于临床 ,易于推广     

The palliation of dysphagia secondary to esophageal-cardial carcinoma with self-expandable metal prostheses. The authors' personal experience with 92 patients]

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic insertion of a stent is an important option in the palliative management of esophageal obstruction and esophagorespiratory fistula. Plastic stents have been available for over 20 years. A new class of self-expanding metal stents for palliation of esophageal and cardial cancer is now available. METHODS: Between September 1992 and October 1997, 92 patients underwent implantation of self-expanding metal stents for palliation of dysphagia due to inoperable esophageal or cardial cancer (65 patients) or for locally recurrent carcinoma after surgery (12 patients), laser-therapy (11 patients) or radiotherapy (4 patients). RESULTS: Successful stent implantation was achieved in 89/92 patients (96.7%). After stent implantation the dysphagia score improved from 3.0, on average, to 0.5, on average. Early complications were observed in 4.5% and peroperative mortality was 2.1%. Late complications were observed in 25.6%, with a mortality rate of 1.1%. The mean survival time was 6.9 months. CONCLUSIONS: Self-expanding metal stents are a new effective alternative for palliation of dysphagia due to esophageal and cardial cancers.     

The use of self-expanding silicone stents in esophageal cancer care: optimal pre-, peri-, and postoperative care

Background  Preoperative nutritional supplementation, management of esophageal leaks, and postoperative anastomotic strictures still remain common problems in the management of esophageal cancer. Jejunal feeding tubes, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with nasogastric suction, and repeated esophageal dilations remain the most common treatments, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of removable silicone stents in (1) the preoperative nutritional optimization during neoadjuvant therapy, (2) the management of perioperative anastomotic leak, and (3) the management of postoperative anastomotic strictures. Methods  Review of our prospectively maintained esophageal database identified 15 patients who had removable self-expanding silicone stents placed in the management of one of these three management problems from July 2004 to August 2006. Results  Preoperative therapy: Five patients underwent initial stent placement in preparation for neoadjuvant therapy. Dysphagia relief was seen in 100% of patients, with optimal caloric needs taken within 24 h of placement. All patients tolerated neoadjuvant therapy without delay from dehydration or malnutrition. One stent migration was found at the time of operation, which was removed without sequelae. Perioperative therapy: Five patients developed delayed (>10 days) esophageal leaks that were managed with removable esophageal stent and percutaneous drainage (in three patients). All patients had successful exclusion of the leak on the day of the procedure with resumption of oral intake on the evening of procedure. All five healed leaks without sequelae. Postoperative therapy: Five patients developed postoperative anastomotic strictures that required dilation and placement of removable esophageal stent. The median number of dilations was 1 (range 1–2), with all stents placed for approximate 3 months duration. All patients had immediate dysphagia relief after stent placement. Conclusion  Removable esophageal stents are novel treatment option to optimize relief of symptoms and return the patients back to a more normal oral intake. Continued evaluation is needed to consider stent use as first-line therapy.     

125I内照射联合金属内支架治疗恶性食管狭窄的临床研究

目的探讨125I粒子与内支架结合治疗食管恶性狭窄的可行性及相关疗效。方法本组16例食管恶性狭窄的患者,临床分级为3~4期,在X线透视下经口腔将125I粒子联合内支架植入到患者食管内狭窄段进行治疗,术后随访并发症及疗效。结果16例患者125I粒子联合内支架植入均顺利释放,释放过程中未出现放射粒子脱落现象;所有患者术后吞咽困难症状消除或明显缓解,无明显并发症。结论125I内照射联合金属内支架治疗食管恶性狭窄,是一种安全、可行和有效的方法。     

Prospective evaluation of a new self-expanding plastic stent for inoperable esophageal strictures

BACKGROUND: High stent cost is considered the major drawback of self-expanding metal stents for dysphagia palliation in patients with inoperable esophageal strictures. We report our experience with a self-expanding plastic (Polyflex) stent, the cost of which is half that of the metal stents. METHODS: Between September 1999 and April 2001, 16 dysphagic patients (15 men; mean age, 69.4 +/- 14.5 years; range, 49-100 years; mean dysphagia score, 3.31 +/- 0.6) with esophageal strictures who underwent Polyflex stent placement (insertion device diameter, 12-14 mm; postexpansion inner stent diameter, 16-21 mm; stent length, 9, 12, and 15 cm) were studied prospectively. The strictures were caused by postsurgical recurrence of gastric/esophageal cancer at the anastomotic site in five patients, primary esophageal cancer in four patients, esophagocardia junction cancer in four patients, metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes from a primary lung cancer invading the esophagus in 1 patient, and benign peptic stricture in two elderly patients. All the patients were prospectively followed until death. RESULTS: Stent insertion was technically successful in 12 patients (75%). Stent placement failed in four patients (25%) because of failure to pass the delivery catheter across the stricture in three patients and failure of the stent to open in one patient. Early and late stent migration occurred in two patients and 1 patient, respectively. Tumor overgrowth occurred in 1 patient. The mean dysphagia score 7 days after stent placement was 1.1 +/- 0.9. Mean survival was 100.6 +/- 71.2 days (range, 8-225 days). CONCLUSION: Self-expanding Polyflex stents are safe and effective for inoperable esophageal strictures and have an acceptable technical success rate. Further experience, better selection criteria, and design improvements should improve results.     

新型可回收全覆膜镍钛合金支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄

目的探讨自行设计的新型可回收抗反流全覆膜镍钛合金支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄的疗效。方法2009年11月至2011年5月间中山大学肿瘤防治中心胸科采用新型支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄患者8例。在支架置入术后第1、7、30和60天以及拔除支架术后1、2、3和6个月,进行胃镜和食管吞钡检查,评价患者吞咽功能改善及并发症发生情况。结果8例患者均成功置入新型支架．术后吞咽功能较术前明显改善（P〈0．05）。经9个月的中位随访,已拔除支架6例,其吞咽功能亦较术前明显改善（P〈0．05）：支架继续留置2例,其中1例支架置入术后已15个月,目前仍进普通饮食：另1例支架置入术后2个月吞咽功能较术前改善．但3个月后吞咽功能减退至术前水平。8例患者远期吞咽功能改善率为7／8。术后再狭窄1例：支架脱落2例：肉芽过度增生3例,其中支架覆膜破裂致肉芽向内生长2例。结论新型可回收全覆膜镍钛合金支架置入食管良性狭窄术后和拔除支架后吞咽功能明显改善．远期再狭窄发生率低：但支架脱落发生率仍较高．支架覆膜材料易破裂．仍需进一步改进。     

Partially covered esophageal stents cause bowel injury when used to treat complications of bariatric surgery

Background

We hypothesized that an esophageal nitinol stent that is mainly silicone-covered but partially uncovered may allow tissue ingrowth and decrease the migration rate seen with fully covered stents and still allow safe stent removal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the first human results of using partially covered stents for anastomotic complications of bariatric surgery.

Methods

This was a retrospective evaluation of all patients with staple-line complications after bariatric surgery who received a partly covered stent at a single tertiary-care bariatric center. The stents varied in length from 10 to 15 cm and in diameter from 18 to 23 mm.

Results

From April 2009 to April 2010, eight patients received partially covered stents on 14 separate occasions. The indications were gastrojejunal stricture in four, acute leak in two, acute leak followed by a later stricture in one, and a perforated anastomotic ulcer in one patient. Single stents were placed in 12 sessions and two overlapping stents in two sessions. At the time of stent deployment, one patient had the uncovered proximal end of the stent in the stomach, with all others in the distal esophagus. Immediate symptom improvement occurred in 12/14 stent placements. Oral nutrition was initiated for 10/14 stent treatments within 48 h. Stents were removed after 25 ± 10 days. Minor stent displacement occurred with 9/13 stents, with the proximal end of the stent moving into the stomach, though the site of pathology remained covered. The stents were difficult to remove when tissue ingrowth was present. One patient required laparoscopic removal and one required two endoscopy sessions for removal. At the time of removal of ten stents, where the proximal end was found in the stomach, four had gastric ulceration, three had gastric mucosa replaced by granulation tissue, and three had normal gastric mucosa. In four cases where the proximal portion of the stent stayed in the esophagus, the esophageal deployment zone had abnormalities: three with granulation tissue and one with denuding of the esophageal mucosa. The distal uncovered portion of the stent in the Roux limb never became embedded in the mucosa and caused minimal injury.

Conclusions

A partially covered stent was successful in keeping the site of the pathology covered and provided rapid symptom improvement and oral nutrition in most patients. The proximal end of the stent generally moved from the esophagus to the stomach, probably due to esophageal peristalsis. The proximal uncovered portion of the stent causes significant bowel mucosal injury and sometimes becomes embedded in the esophagus or the stomach, making removal difficult. We no longer use partially covered stents.