间充质干细胞的研究进展及其在软骨组织工程中的应用

组织工程研究中,种子细胞、生长因子以及组织工程支架是三大要素.理想的种子细胞应具备:取材容易,对机体损伤小,体外培养时增殖力强、易稳定表达软骨细胞表型,植入体内后能耐受机体免疫,且无致瘤性等特点.间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)不仅具有以上优点,还具有自我复制、多向分化、抗炎作用和营养作用等特性.因此,MSCs是软骨组织工程中理想的种子细胞.研究MSCs在软骨组织工程中的应用有着重要的意义.     

骨髓间充质干细胞及其在软骨组织缺损修复中的研究进展

软骨缺损长期以来一直是临床上所面临的难题,这主要是因为软骨细胞几乎没有迁徙能力,不能迅速聚集到创伤部位所致〔1〕。组织工程技术为软骨缺损的修复带来了曙光。它通过分离及培养所需的种子细胞、选择适合的生物支架材料、最后构建组织工程化软骨到缺损部位而完成治疗目的。目前,常用的用于修复软骨损伤的种子细胞多为自身软骨细胞,但有如下缺点:( 1)自体来源的软骨细胞数量有限,且随着年龄增大所获取得软骨细胞数量减少;( 2 )取材不方便,对供体部位造成一定的伤害;( 3 )患者要经历两次手术,所受痛苦大,治疗费用高。这就迫使人们寻找更为…     

骨髓间充质干细胞在骨组织工程中的研究进展

间允质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)主要存在于骨髓中,此外还分别从骨骼肌,软骨膜,骨外膜,骨小梁,脐带血和外周血中分离出,它具有向骨、软骨、脂肪、肌肉、肌腱、真皮、骨髓基质、成心肌细胞和神经细胞等组织分化的潜能。骨髓MSCs具有以下特点：1取材方便且对机体无害2由它诱导而来的组织在进行移植时不存在组织配型及免疫排斥的问题     

滑膜间充质干细胞在软骨修复组织工程中的研究进展

关节软骨一旦损伤将很难修复,运用自体软骨细胞移植治疗软骨损伤,愈后较好,但由于细胞来源不足以及供体部位病变等缺点,使其运用受到了限制,因此运用间充质干细胞（mesenchymalstemcells,MSCs）来修复软骨损伤具有很好的应用前景。     

兔骨髓间充质干细胞在组织工程中的应用

以干细胞工程为代表的现代组织工程学是近年迅速发展起来的一个新领域。本文就兔骨髓间充质干细胞的取材、分离培养、细胞表型、诱导分化、应用现状和存在的问题进行综述。     

骨髓间充质干细胞复合纤维蛋白封闭剂体内构建可注射性组织工程软骨

目的 探讨利用人骨髓间充质干细胞（marrow mesenchymal stem cells，MSCs）与可注射性纤维蛋白封闭剂（fibrinsealant，FS）复合，在裸鼠体内构建组织工程软骨的可行性。方法 体外分离扩增健康人MSCs，以含有转化生长因子β1（transforming growth factor β1，TGF—β1）、地塞米松、维生素C的培养基进行成软骨诱导，诱导第7、14天分别检测软骨细胞特异的生物学特性。将诱导7d的MSCs与FS复合，接种于裸鼠背部皮下作为实验组，同时设单纯只注射FS或MSCs的支架对照组和细胞对照组。分别于接种后6、12周取材进行大体观察，行HE、阿尔新蓝染色和Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学染色评价其成软骨能力。结果 MSCs以特定的培养基诱导后由纺锤形变为多角形，并表达软骨细胞分泌的基质。复合物接种6和12周后，实验组均可形成软骨样组织块，6周时形成的组织块较小而质地柔韧，陷窝清楚，可检测到阳性阿尔新蓝及Ⅱ型胶原表达；12周形成的组织块较大，质地较硬，表面光滑，软骨细胞位于成熟的陷窝中，阿尔新蓝及Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化阳性染色较6周增强。两个对照组均无软骨样组织块形成。结论 MSCs复合FS可以作为一种较优良的可注射性组织工程软骨的构建方法。     

间充质干细胞在软骨组织工程中的应用

间充质干细胞具有高度自我更新能力,能够分化为各种类型的细胞.近20年间充质细胞在软骨组织工程中得到应用,动物实验显示了良好的软骨修复潜能,成为软骨组织工程的理想的细胞来源.组织工程和干细胞技术已经确定为对软骨缺损有效的治疗方法,间充质干细胞有望在软骨组织工程中得到更广泛的应用.本文对间充质干细胞的特性和在组织工程中的应用进行了综述.     

骨髓间充质干细胞软骨分化生物学的影响因素

间充质干细胞(MSCs)因具有在适宜的体内或体外条件下分化形成软骨组织的潜能，且易于从骨髓中分离和体外大量扩增纯化，便于自体移植，故被认为是软骨组织工程最有希望的种子细胞来源之一。然而，MSCs在体外培养条件下软骨表型的分化却是一个受多种因素限制的复杂过程。目前其调控机制仍不是很清楚。已知局部环境是影响MSCs向软骨细胞转化的重要因素，低氧张力、高细胞密度、局部应     

转基因骨髓间充质干细胞在软骨组织工程中的研究与应用

软骨组织工程学是用工程学和生命科学的原理和方法、依靠支架材料承载被分离的软骨细胞或其前体细胞并植入宿主体内、支架材料在宿主体内逐渐降解并释放细胞、从而形成新的有功能的软骨组织产品的技术。但目前存在的自身不足为：细胞因子的量控、种子细胞易老化、增值缓慢；细胞的定向分化、细胞与生物材料的亲和性以及动物组织基因人源化等。     

同种异体脱钙骨复合骨髓间充质干细胞在兔膝关节腔内培养组织工程软骨的研究

目的 比较同种异体脱钙骨和细胞因子诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)制成细胞-支架复合物在兔膝关节腔内环境较体外培养出组织工程软骨的优点.方法 BMSC向软骨细胞诱导后与同种异体脱钙骨支架复合分别在体外培养(A组)和成年雄性新西兰白兔(15只)左侧膝关节腔内(B组)培养,右侧膝关节腔内(C组)培养单纯脱钙骨支架做空白对照.每4、8、12周各组标本分别取材,制石蜡切片行苏木素-伊红(HE)染色、甲苯胺蓝染色、Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学等组织学观察,并通过形态学分析软件计算免疫组织化学平均光度(A)值.结果 标本石蜡切片HE染色:4周时A组标本见软骨细胞散在分布于支架表面,内部基本未观察到细胞.B组标本支架内软骨细胞数量明显较多,软骨陷窝形成,陷窝周围基质深染,可见由单个细胞分裂形成的同源细胞群.8周时B组标本以成熟软骨细胞为主,细胞数量多,出现柱状排列的同源细胞群,细胞周围分泌着色均一的玻璃样基质,且渗入支架结构内部,脱钙骨支架有部分被吸收.12周时各组支架结构明显被吸收,A组支架内填满软骨细胞,部分已纤维化,但结构排列紊乱.B组支架呈透明软骨样,软骨细胞充分渗透进入支架内,呈一定应力方向排列.Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学A值统计学分析比较发现:第4,8,12周B组Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学的A值均高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).两组间A值随时间的变化趋势差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 同种异体脱钙骨支架复合经细胞因子诱导的BMSC,在膝关节腔内进行培养,利用关节腔内低氧、多种生长因子的微环境以及关节活动时的应力刺激等优势,较体外培养可以培养出组织学特点更好的工程软骨.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the superiority of cultivating tissue engineered cartilage by homologous decalcified bone matrix combined with bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in rabbits' knee cavity with culture in vitro. Methods Archiogeneration BMSCs were isolated and purified by adhering to the culture glassware wall from neonatal New Zealand white rabbits. The third generation BMSCs were induced to chondrocytes by transforming growth factor TGF-β1, insulin-like growth factor IGF-1 and vitamin C. Seven days later, the cells were bond to homologous decalcified bone matrix and cultured in vitro (group A) , cultured in rabbits' left knee cavity (group B) , or bond to homologous decalcified bone matrix and cultured in rabbits' right knee cavity ( group C ). Every 4 weeks after cellular transplant, all rabbits in groups B and C were sacrificed and paraffin-embedded sections were made from the specimens.All the section were subjected to H-E stain, toluidine blue stain and type Ⅱ collagen immunohistochemical staining with chromogen diaminobenzidine ( DAB) . Immunohistochemical absorbance ( A) values were calculated by morphology analysis software. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard, and satistical analysis was performed by t test, one-way ANOVA using SPSS 15. 0 software. Results After cultivation for 4 weeks, H-E stain showed diffuse distribution of chondrocytes on scaffold' s surface in group A.In group B, there were a great quantity of chondrocytes in the scaffold, and cartilage lacuna, matrix anachromasis and isogenous group were group. At the 8th week, in group B maturated chondrocytes and isogenous groups arranged as column, surrounded by a pond of cellular matrix infiltrating into the scaffolds. The decalcified bone matrix was absorbed partly. At the 12th week, all the scaffolds were absorbed obviously.Chondrocytes filled into the scaffolds in group A, but arranged irregularly. In group B chondrocytes arranged in the stress orientation. At 4th, 8th, and 12th week, A values of type Ⅱ collagen in group B was significantly higher than in group A with the different being significant. Conclusion Compound of Homologous decalcified bone matrix-induced BMSCs cultured in rabbits' knee cavity could yield better histological feature tissue engineered cartilage.     

Mechanical stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells: Implications for cartilage tissue engineering

Articular cartilage is a load‐bearing tissue playing a crucial mechanical role in diarthrodial joints, facilitating joint articulation, and minimizing wear. The significance of biomechanical stimuli in the development of cartilage and maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype in adult tissues has been well documented. Furthermore, dysregulated loading is associated with cartilage pathology highlighting the importance of mechanical cues in cartilage homeostasis. The repair of damaged articular cartilage resulting from trauma or degenerative joint disease poses a major challenge due to a low intrinsic capacity of cartilage for self‐renewal, attributable to its avascular nature. Bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a promising cell type for cartilage replacement strategies due to their chondrogenic differentiation potential. Chondrogenesis of MSCs is influenced not only by biological factors but also by the environment itself, and various efforts to date have focused on harnessing biomechanics to enhance chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Furthermore, recapitulating mechanical cues associated with cartilage development and homeostasis in vivo, may facilitate the development of a cellular phenotype resembling native articular cartilage. The goal of this review is to summarize current literature examining the effect of mechanical cues on cartilage homeostasis, disease, and MSC chondrogenesis. The role of biological factors produced by MSCs in response to mechanical loading will also be examined. An in‐depth understanding of the impact of mechanical stimulation on the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in terms of endogenous bioactive factor production and signaling pathways involved, may identify therapeutic targets and facilitate the development of more robust strategies for cartilage replacement using MSCs. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:52–63, 2018.     

骨髓间充质干细胞在软骨组织工程化组织构建中的应用

人骨髓中所含的细胞可以分为造血类细胞和非造血类细胞。前者中含有的干细胞主要为造血干细胞,而后者中含有间充质类干细胞（mesenchymal sten cell）能够分化为骨、软骨、肌腱、脂肪、皮肤和其他类型的细胞。骨髓中含有多向分化潜能的细胞,这类细胞的共同特征是具有成纤维细胞的形态,能黏附塑料培养皿,并能形成细胞克隆,但无吞噬功能。     

基因转染脂肪间充质干细胞作为软骨组织工程种子细胞的研究

目的 观察人转化生长因子(hTGF)β2基因转染诱导脂肪间充质干细胞向软骨细胞的定向分化能力,探讨脂肪间充质干细胞作为种子细胞和在基因增强的软骨组织工程中应用的可行性.方法 取3周龄Lewis大鼠的脂肪组织,消化法获得脂肪间充质干细胞,pcDNA 3.1(+)/hTGFD2通过脂质体介导转染脂肪间充质干细胞,用免疫化学染色、逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和Western blot检测筛选的阳性克隆细胞中hTGFB2基因与软骨特异性蛋白-Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖表达的情况;然后将基因转染的脂肪间充质干细胞与PLGA支架体外构建细胞-载体复合物,再将其植入裸鼠体内,12周后观察基因增强的组织工程软骨的形成情况.结果 从成体大鼠脂肪组织中培养出脂肪问充质干细胞,能大量稳定增殖传代.hTGFB2基因在脂肪间充质干细胞内能瞬时及稳定表达,并促使Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖合成;细胞.载体复合物在裸鼠体内经12周的培养,可以形成形态、结构接近正常软骨的组织工程软骨.结论 PODNA 3.1(+)/hTGFl32成功转染脂肪间充质干细胞,诱导其向软骨细胞分化,脂肪间充质干细胞可作为基因增强的软骨组织工程较理想的种子细胞.     

软骨细胞外基质源性取向支架与骨髓基质干细胞体外软骨组织工程的初步研究

Objective To fabricate cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) oriented scaffolds and investigate the attachment, proliferation, distribution and orientation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) cultured within the scaffolds in vitro. Methods Cartilage slices were shattered in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and the suspension were differentially centrifugated untill the micro- fiber of the cartilage extracellular matrix was disassociated from the residue cartilage fragments. At last the supernatant were centrifugated, the precipitation were collected and were made into 2%-3% suspension. Using unidirectional solidification as a freezing process and freeze-dried method, the cartilage extracellular matrix derived oriented scaffolds was fabricated. The scaffolds were then cross-linked by exposure to ultraviolet radiation and immersion in a carbodiimide solution. By light microscope and scan electron microscope (SEM) observation, histological staining, and biomechanical test, the traits of scaffolds were studied. After being labelled with PKH26 fluorescent dye, rabbit BMSCs were seeded onto the scaffolds. The attachment, proliferation and differentiation of the cells were analyzed using inverted fluorescent microscope. Results The histological staining showed that toluidine blue, safranin O, alcian blue and anti-collagen Ⅱ immunohistochemistry staining of the scaffolds were positive. A perpendicular pore-channel structures which has a diameter of 100 μm were verified by light microscope and SEM analysis. The cell-free scaffolds showed the compression moduli were (2.02±0.02) MPa in the mechanical testing. Inverted fluorescent microscope showed that most of the cells attached to the scaffold. Cells were found to be widely distributed within the scaffold, which acted as a columnar arrangement. The formation of a surface cells layer was found on the surface of the scaffolds which resembled natural cartilage. Coclusion The cartilage extracellular matrix derived oriented scaffolds have promising biological, structural, and mechanical properties.     

软骨细胞外基质源性取向支架与骨髓基质干细胞体外软骨组织工程的初步研究

目的 制备关节软骨细胞外基质源性取向支架,观察其对体外培养的骨髓基质干细胞分布排列的影响,探索其用于修复关节软骨缺损的可行性.方法 收集天然猪关节软骨,在PBS溶液中超微湿法粉碎关节软骨,利用差速离心收集细胞外基质悬液;低温超速离心收集沉淀,制备成2%～3%悬液;采用定向结晶与冷冻干燥技术制备取向支架,应用紫外交联及碳化二亚胺交联.光学显微镜及扫描电镜观察支架的形态结构,冰冻切片后组织化学染色对支架进行定性分析;生物力学方法检测支架的力学特性.分离培养兔骨髓基质干细胞,PKH26标记,接种到支架上体外软骨诱导培养,倒置荧光显微镜及扫描电镜观察培养3 d内种子细胞在支架内的黏附、分布及排列方式.结果 制备的支架材料具有垂直取向排列的孔道结构,软骨细胞外基质特异性染色阳性,纵向压缩弹性模量为(2.02±0.02)MPa,横向压缩弹性模量为(0.264±0.16)MPa,具有各向异性的力学特点.体外培养显示骨髓基质干细胞广泛均匀地分布在支架内部,并且在支架材料表层呈平行排列,深层呈柱状排列,类似于天然软骨组织中细胞的排列方式.结论 以关节软骨细胞外基质材料制备的取向性组织工程支架,在生化组成和结构上仿生天然关节软骨细胞外基质,是一种较为理想的软骨组织工程支架.     

The effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and fascia wrap application to anterior cruciate ligament tissue engineering

After an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, surgical reconstructions are necessary in most cases, either with autografts, allografts, or artificial ligaments. Potential tissue-engineered ligaments would circumvent the disadvantages apparent in these methods. While seeding of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and fascia wrap could potentially improve tissue regeneration and mechanical properties, their exact roles were evaluated in the current study. Knitted biodegradable scaffolds of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) and poly-glycolic-lactic acid (PGLA) yarns were used to reconstruct ACL in 48 rabbits. These were divided into four equal groups: only knitted scaffolds were used in group I; knitted scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells were used in group II; knitted scaffolds, MSCs, and fascia lata were used in group III; knitted scaffolds and fascia lata were used in group IV. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA)-labeled MSCs were used to trace the fate of seeded cells in groups II and III. Histology, Western blot analysis, and mechanical properties of reconstructed ACL were analyzed after 20 weeks. Fibroblast ingrowths were seen in all four groups while CFDA-labeled MSCs could be found after 8 weeks of implantation in groups II and III. Both the amount of collagen type I and collagen type III in groups III and IV were significantly higher than in group II, which was much higher than in group I. Both maximal tensile loads and stiffness of the reconstructed ACLs in groups I, II, III, and IV were significantly lower than normal controls after 20 weeks of implantation. It is concluded that MSCs could promote synthesis of collagen type I and collagen type III in tissue-engineered ligaments, while fascia wraps have stronger effects. Both MSC seeding and fascia wrap could not enhance ultimate tensile load and stiffness.     

滑膜间充质干细胞及其在组织工程中的应用

目的对滑膜间充质干细胞(synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells,SMSCs)的研究进展及在组织工程中的应用进行综述。方法查阅近年SMSCs相关文献,从分离培养方法、基本特性及在组织工程中的应用三方面进行综述。结果 SMSCs具有分离方法简便、增殖能力及多分化能力较强的特点,已有研究将其应用于软骨、肌腱、韧带及骨组织工程领域。结论 SMSCs是MSCs家族的新成员,可能会成为组织工程领域新的种子细胞,还需要进一步深入研究。