侧颌颈部真皮下血管网皮瓣的解剖学基础

目的：为侧颌颈部真皮下血管网皮瓣提供形态学基础。方法：①2例新鲜成人尸体头颈部标本,分别灌注红色乳胶及明胶墨汁,切取皮瓣,后者制成透明标本;②在10侧头面部铸型标本上,观测侧颌颈部皮肤和皮瓣蒂部的动脉血管分布及静脉回流。结果：侧颌颈部皮肤血供主要来源于面动脉、颞浅动脉、枕动脉的分支,亦有甲状腺上动脉的终末支分支营养,并具有一定的方向性。其蒂部血供来源于颞浅动脉小穿支形成的真皮下血管网。颞浅动脉和面动脉的小穿支在侧颌颈区相互吻合。结论：侧颌颈部真皮下血管网皮瓣可以依赖于耳前蒂部小穿支真皮下血管网供血成活,但临床应用时应考虑其方向性。     

面部真皮下血管网皮瓣血供的解剖学基础

目的 :为面部真皮下血管网皮瓣的血供提供形态学基础。方法 :① 2个新鲜成人尸体头颈部标本 ,分别灌注红色乳胶及明胶墨汁 ,后者制成透明标本 ;②在 10侧头面部铸型标本上 ,观测面部血管分布 ;③ 2例头面部血管铸型标本 ,扫描电镜观测血管的形态特点。结果 :面部皮肤血供主要来源于面动脉、颞浅动脉及眶下动脉的分支 ,亦有上颌动脉及眼动脉的终末支分支营养 ,并因区域的不同而具有一定的方向性。它们发出的分支入浅层构成皮下动脉网 ,再由皮下动脉网发出小动脉达真皮层形成真皮下动脉网 ,并相互吻合交通 ,形似“筛网”状。结论 :面部真皮下血管网皮瓣早期主要依赖于蒂部稠密的真皮下血管网供血。临床应用时应考虑其方向性。     

轴型血管蒂股前外侧真皮下血管网皮瓣的应用解剖

在１２侧灌注颜料的新鲜下肢上，解剖观察了以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的股前外侧真皮下血管网皮瓣血供、真皮下血管网的构筑及静脉回流，结果显示：①皮动脉穿出深筋膜后随即分成２～６支主要分支各自斜行浅筋膜途中发出浅筋膜分支、真皮下血管网分支和混合型三种分支；②真皮下血管网分支在真皮下层形成“血管树”或“蜘蛛痣”状吻合稠密的血管网；③在制备股前外侧真皮下血管网皮瓣时需保留血管蒂周围２．５ｃｍ不超薄，其余周边部分超薄至保留皮下脂肪２～３ｍｍ；④真皮下静脉也吻合成网，通过皮动脉伴行静脉或股外侧浅静脉回流。文中讨论了皮瓣的血供特点和优点。     

轴型血管蒂投前外侧真皮下血管网皮瓣的应用解剖

在１２侧灌注颜料的新鲜下肢上，解剖观察了以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的股前外侧真皮下血管网皮瓣血供、真皮下血管网的构筑及静脉回流，结果显示（１）皮动脉穿出深膜后随即分成２－６支主要分支各自霆浅筋膜涂中发出浅筋膜分支，真皮下血管网分支和混合型三种分支；（２）真皮下血管网分支在真皮下层形成“血管树”蜘蛛痣“状吻合稠密的血管网；（３）在制备股前外侧真皮下血管网皮瓣时需保留血管蒂周围２．５ｃｍ 不超薄，其余周边     

外鼻的血供及临床意义

目的:研究外鼻的血液供应,并探讨其临床意义。方法:①38例成人头颅标本,常规解剖并观察外鼻的动脉来源、分支及分布和静脉回流;②10例成人头部铸型标本,观察外鼻的动脉血供和静脉回流;③1例新鲜成人头颅标本,颈外动脉灌注明胶墨汁,切取鼻部皮肤,制成透明标本,观察其皮肤血供的分布和吻合。结果:外鼻的动脉营养主要来源于面动脉及眼动脉分支,包括鼻背动脉、鼻外侧动脉、鼻翼动脉、鼻翼下缘动脉、鼻中隔动脉等。动脉在鼻孔周围呈环形分布。外鼻皮肤的营养由吻合丰富的真皮下动脉网提供,并具一定的方向性。结论:基于鼻背轴型动脉网的存在,可设计以鼻背皮肤（皮下组织）为蒂的鼻中隔软骨粘膜瓣以修复上下睑缺损。井且可以设计以鼻外侧动脉为血管蒂的鼻唇沟岛状皮瓣逆行修复面部缺损。     

颈肩肱部真皮下血管网皮瓣的解剖学基础

在灌注乳胶及墨汁的１０侧成人新鲜尸体上，解剖观察了颈肩肱部真皮下血管网的血供来源、分布及该皮瓣的动脉构筑及静脉回流情况。筋膜穿支动脉在真皮下层形成“蜘蛛痣”状吻合稠密的动脉网，颈、肩、肱之间通过这些吻合网相互交通，血供可从蒂部到达皮瓣远端；真皮下静脉也稠密吻合成网，“超薄皮瓣”的远端血液可以从真皮下层回流到蒂部，且通过４种途径汇入深静脉：①直接皮动脉的伴行静脉；②肌皮动脉缘支的伴行静脉；③肌皮动脉     

肢体真皮下血管网

目的：研究肢体真皮下血管网的构成和形态。方法：成人前臂和小腿27例，乳胶或碳素墨水灌注，结合巨微解剖和组织学方法观察真皮下血管网的动脉来源及其在皮肤内的走行、分支、吻合。结果：前臂和小腿的真皮下血管网来源于直接皮动脉、肌皮动脉和隔皮动脉，而以后者为主。动脉在真皮下层的行程较长，走行方向与皮肤表面平行，相互吻合成较粗的血管网。后者进一步逐级分支、吻合，形成完整的真皮下血管网。结论：肢体真皮下血管网位于真皮下层，在皮肤和浅筋膜之间，是皮肤血供的直接来源，也是超薄皮瓣容易成活的解剖学基础。     

以前臂皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣解剖学研究

目的：通过对前臂皮神经营养血管及其与皮肤血供关系,与前臂主要浅表静脉关系的显微解剖学研究,为以皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣设计提供形态学基础。方法：新鲜成人上肢标本２２侧,从肱动脉灌注红色乳胶后,对前臂皮神经及营养血管来源、走行、分支、外径进行显微解剖学研究。结果：皮神经都有营养血管伴行,此营养血管来源于前臂知名血管的肌间隙、肌肉穿支或直接皮支;前臂皮神经的营养血管既营养神经,同时也沿途发出许多细小的分支营养皮肤;营养神经的穿支或皮支血管在穿出深筋膜部位经统计处理有一定的规律性。结论：以前臂皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣血供可靠,静脉回流充分,可形成逆行或顺行蒂岛状皮瓣     

上肢皮神经及其营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为上肢皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供解剖学依据。方法：在34侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本上,解剖观察了上肢皮神经及其营养血管的来源、走行、分布、吻合及外径;2侧成人新鲜上肢标本墨汁灌注,观测营养血管的墨染范围。结果：上肢所有皮神经都有来源于知名血管的营养血管伴行,在神经旁形成纵向血管链,除营养神经外,发出众多皮支深筋膜血管网、皮下血管网广泛吻合营养皮肤。结论：以上肢皮神经及其营养血管为蒂可设计顺利或逆行岛状皮瓣。     

全耳再造的解剖学基础研究

目的 :为更好地开展全耳再造术提供解剖学基础。方法 :①观察头面部血管铸型标本 10例 18侧 ,②用逐层解剖的方法观察 10例经 10 %福尔马林固定的成人头部标本和 5例新鲜成人头部标本。结果 :①耳廓及乳突区是由耳后动脉和颞浅动脉相互吻合形成的血管网供血。②耳廓的组织层次简单 ,可以认为耳廓是由皮肤包裹软骨形成的一个附属结构。结论 :①皮肤扩张法耳再造术在皮下层进行皮肤扩张最为理想 ,可形成薄的真皮下血管网皮瓣。②颞顶筋膜瓣可作为耳后皮瓣的补充 ,用于耳廓再造。③残耳可分为三部分进行充分利用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.