小量脑出血早期诊断的探讨(附44例分析)

目的　探讨小量脑出血的早期诊断。方法　对４４例经ＣＴ证实的大脑半球小量（≤１０ｍ ｌ）脑出血患者的发病形式和临床表现进行分析,并与同期住院的脑出血（＞ １０ｍ ｌ）和脑梗死患者作对照。结果　本组患者颅内压增高症状少,肢体功能障碍轻。临床误诊达７３％ ,误治达６１、５％ 。在头痛、呕吐、颈抵抗、意识障碍及双侧巴氏征阳性方面与脑出血组有极显著差异（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,而与脑梗死组差异不显著（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）;在既往无卒中史,活动时起病及发病时血压高等方面与脑出血组比无显著差异（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）,而与脑梗死组比有显著或极显著性差异（Ｐ＜ ０．０５～０．０１）。结论　小量脑出血早期不易诊断,需ＣＴ检查方能确诊。     

脑出血时脑小动脉形态定量的研究

目的探讨脑出血时脑小动脉、微动脉病变的分布与严重的程度。方法对４２例脑出血及２０例对照病例不同脑区的小动脉、微动脉进行病理观察，同时对动脉的面积比值、壁厚比值、肌层细胞与肌层面积的比值做了形态定量分析。结果（１）脑出血组小动脉、微动脉的面积比值显著减少（Ｐ＜００１，Ｐ＜００５）。（２）脑出血组小动脉、微动脉的壁厚比值显著增加（Ｐ＜００１，Ｐ＜００５）。（３）脑出血组小动脉肌层细胞与肌层面积的比值显著减少（Ｐ＜００１），但两组间微动脉肌层细胞与肌层面积的比值，差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞００５）。结论脑出血患者不同脑区的小动脉、微动脉都存在管壁明显增厚及管腔明显狭窄的病理改变，而且小动脉肌层的平滑肌细胞有严重的变性与坏死，这些病变不但是脑出血也是腔隙性脑梗塞发病的重要病理基础之一     

脑卒中与起病前后血压变化之间的关系

对９４例有高血压病史的脑卒中死亡病例（脑出血４６例，脑梗塞４８例）病前、起病时及起病后不同时间血压变化的平均数值进行了比较研究。结果：脑出血与脑梗塞组之间病前血压的比较无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），起病时与起病后血压的比较有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。脑出血患者发病后在原高血压的基础上血压仍显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），而脑梗塞患者在病后较病前的血压明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示脑卒中与血压的变化有密切关系，脑卒中时血压过高可以加重病情及增加致死率，然而，血压降得过低，又能增加脑缺血的危险。     

脑梗死急性期患者脑脊液LDH同功酶分析

的探讨脑梗死患者急性期脑脊液ＬＤＨ同功酶活性变化及其临床意义。方法脑梗死急性期患者３１例，对照组１８例，以琼脂糖凝胶电泳法检测脑脊液ＬＤＨ同功酶。结果脑梗死组与对照组比较ＬＤＨ１同功酶升高有显著差异（Ｐ＜００１），皮层动脉梗死组与腔隙性梗死组比较ＬＤＨ１同功酶升高有显著性差异（Ｐ＜００１），腔隙性梗死组与对照组比较ＬＤＨ１同功酶升高有显著差异（Ｐ＜００１）。结论脑梗死急性期脑脊液ＬＤＨ１同功酶活性增高，并与梗死体积大小、部位有关，对早期诊断及预后判断有重要价值。     

脑出血和脑梗死患者的血栓调节蛋白和蛋白C浓度比较研究

目的　探讨脑血管病患者血浆血栓调节蛋白（ＴＭ ）和蛋白Ｃ（ＰＣ）的水平。方法　应用ＥＬＩＳＡ 法对４５ 例脑梗死患者、１６ 例脑出血患者和对照组２４ 例健康体检者血浆ＴＭ 和ＰＣ进行了检测。结果　脑梗死组ＴＭ 水平显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜ ０．００１） ， 而脑出血组的ＰＣ水平显著高于对照组（Ｐ ＜０．０１）。结论　高水平的ＴＭ 提示脑梗死有较严重的血管内皮的损伤，高水平的ＰＣ提示脑出血患者存在ＰＣ抗凝系统的异常。     

老年人急性脑血管病免疫功能变化及其临床意义

目的　了解老年人急性脑血管病免疫功能的变化及临床意义。方法　检测１２８ 例患者外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群和免疫球蛋白水平，并观察急性期与恢复期的动态变化。结果　脑梗死组和脑出血组外周血Ｔ细胞亚群有异常变化，ＣＤ４ 水平较正常对照组升高（Ｐ＜ ０．０５），其中脑梗死组升高更明显，６０～６９ 岁组与７０ 岁及７０ 岁以上组比较无差异，而ＣＤ８ 在脑梗死７０ 岁及以上组较６０～６９ 岁组明显下降（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）；脑出血组与脑梗死组之间外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群水平的差异比较无显著意义。ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ 水平在两组患者中均有明显下降，与正常对照组有显著或非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５ 或Ｐ＜ ０．０１），在脑出血组下降更明显，恢复期有明显改善。结论　老年人急性脑血管病患者存在免疫功能的改变，脑梗死患者以Ｔ细胞亚群改变较明显，而脑出血患者则以免疫球蛋白改变更明显，早期预防动脉粥样硬化、改善患者的免疫功能对防治脑血管病具有一定的意义     

蛛网膜下腔出血和脑梗死患者IL-6水平研究

目的分析蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）和脑梗死患者血清、脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）的白细胞介素-６（ＩＬ－６）水平变化特点．探讨ＩＬ－６与ＳＡＨ和脑梗死的关系。方法用双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定２０例ＳＡＨ患者、３８例脑梗死患者及２０例正常人血清、ＣＳＦ的ＩＬ－６水平。结果脑梗死组血清ＩＬ－６水平较对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）：ＳＡＨ组血清、ＣＳＦ的ＩＬ－６水平较对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＳＡＨ组ＣＳＦ的ＩＬ－６水平比血清的ＩＬ－６水平明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＳＡＨ组第１天血清和第６天ＣＳＦ的ＩＬ－６平均水平为最高值。结论ＩＬ－６与脑梗死、ＳＡＨ发病有关，ＳＡＨ患者中枢神经系统与颅外免疫系统一样存在严重的免疫和炎症反应．而中枢神经系统与颅外免疫系统的免疫调节可能是不相同的。ＩＬ－６异常增高可能与ＳＡＨ后的脑血管痉挛（ＣＶＳ）和迟发性脑梗死有关。     

正常成年人与急性脑血管病患者红细胞膜钠钾ATP酶的研究

本文采用钠钾ＡＴＰ酶活力试剂盒，用化学比色法分别测定正常成人各年龄组（青、中、老年组）及急性脑血管病患者红细胞膜钠钾ＡＴＰ酶活力。结果表明成人中、老年组该酶活力明显低于青年组（Ｐ＜０．０１），中、老年组之间无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。急性脑血管病患者该酶活力明显低于正常成人中老年组（Ｐ＜０．０５），脑出血和脑血栓组之间无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。认为红细胞膜钠钾ＡＴＰ酶活力可作为观察人体衰老及急性脑血管病诊断参考指标。本文还对其变化机制进行了探讨。     

急性缺血性脑血管病患者血清细胞因子的研究

目的探讨急性脑梗塞时免疫作用机制。方法对７０例急性缺血性脑血管病患者血清白细胞介素－１、白细胞介素－６、肿瘤坏死因子水平进行了测定，并同４６名健康人作对照比较。结果急性脑梗塞和ＴＩＡ患者组上述指标均高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；脑梗塞和ＴＩＡ两组间比较ＩＬ－１、ＴＮＦ也有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５、Ｐ＜０．００１）。各指标水平与梗塞部位无关。神经功能重度受损者的ＩＬ－１、ＴＮＦ明显高于轻度神经功能受损者（Ｐ＜０．０１、Ｐ＜０．０５）。动态观察到在发病第１天与第４、７天的ＩＬ－１、ＴＮＦ相比有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论在缺血性脑血管病的发病机理中有免疫机制的参与     

急性脑血管病患者血清及脑脊液胰岛素水平的初步探讨

对７２例急性脑血管病（ＡＣＶＤ）患者（脑出血３２例，脑梗塞４０例）的血清及脑脊液胰岛素水平进行测定。结果发现脑出血患者血清及脑脊液胰岛素水平均高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）。脑梗塞患者与对照组比较未见明显差别（Ｐ＞０．０５），而两组血糖水平均高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。同时发现胰岛素水平与病人的病情及预后相关。建议对血糖水平升高而血清及脑脊液胰岛素水平较低的ＡＣＶＤ患者应积极使用胰岛素治疗。     

抗心磷脂抗体与脑血管病相关性研究

目的研究抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)与脑血管病的关系,为脑卒中的预测提供临床依据。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,对91例脑梗死(CI)、42例脑出血(CH)患者及30例健康者血清中的抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)进行检测。结果CI及CH组ACA总阳性率、IgG型ACA阳性率均显著高于对照组。ACA阳性卒中容易复发,病灶常为多个。ACA在脑卒中发病一周内阳性率最高,且抗体分型以IgG型为主。结论ACA是CI及CH的危险因素,对脑卒中的预测有一定意义。     

Association between cerebral infarction and increased serum bacterial antibody levels in young adults

Increased antibody levels against several bacteria were found in 15 of the 34 stroke patients (44%) under the age of 45 years, but in only six of the 68 controls (9%) (p less than 0.001). Based on the serologic data, the most common preceding infections were streptococcal, staphylococcal, and enterobacterial. There was no relationship between viral antibodies and cerebral infarction. When the clinical history of the patients was also taken into consideration, stroke was found to be associated with a recent infection in 68% of the patients, as compared with 26% for the second most common risk factor, ethanol intoxication. The results suggest an association between cerebral infarction and bacterial infections in young adults.     

Stroke in women of reproductive age: comparison between stroke related and unrelated to pregnancy

Pregnancy may increase the risk of stroke. However, few studies have compared strokes in women of reproductive age that occur in pregnancy or the puerperium (pregnancy-related stroke, PRS) with those unrelated to pregnancy. This study assesses risk factors and etiologies of stroke in these women based on relationship to pregnancy. From 1984 to 2002, all female patients 15 through 40 years of age with a first-ever stroke at National Taiwan University Hospital were included in this study. PRS was defined as patients who had stroke occurrence during pregnancy or within 6 weeks postpartum. Stroke was categorized as cerebral infarction (CI), cerebral hemorrhage (CH), or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and divided into subtype according to etiology. Risk factors and etiologies were compared for patients with PRS and stroke unrelated to pregnancy. We identified 49 patients with PRS, and 353 patients with stroke unrelated to pregnancy. There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of CI subtypes. Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) was more common in PRS than stroke unrelated to pregnancy (39% vs. 7%, P<0.001), and 73% of these cases occurred postpartum. Preeclampsia-eclampsia was an important cause of peripartum CH (37%), but not CI (4%). Among PRS cases, postpartum cerebral venous thrombosis and preeclampsia-eclampsia were the major causes of CI and CH, respectively.     

6186例脑卒中患者发病时间的季节性分析

目的探讨青岛市区脑出血(CH)、脑梗死(CI)、蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)发病时间的季节规律。方法收集青岛市1998年～2002年脑卒中患者6186例,其中CH1179人,CI4821人,SAH186人。圆分布分析探讨脑卒中患者发病时间的季节规律。结果CH冬季高发,平均角在1月份(P<0.05),男性患者的平均角在2月份(P<0.05),女性患者的平均角在1月份(P<0.05);CI秋季高发,男、女间无差别,平均角在10月份(P<0.05);SAH秋季高发,平均角在10月份(P<0.05),男性患者的平均角在9月份(P<0.05),女性患者的平均角在10月份(P<0.05)。结论青岛市的脑卒中发病具有季节性,在脑卒中预防工作中要充分考虑其发病的季节特点,并采取相应的措施。     

脑血管病颈动脉粥样硬化14例病理研究

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与脑血管病的关系。方法对１４例脑血管病死亡病例（脑出血及脑梗死各７例）的颈动脉进行病理观察及形态定量分析。结果脑血管病患者颈动脉粥样硬化导致管腔狭窄的程度，轻度占６３％，中、重度狭窄约占３７％。脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化导致管腔狭窄的程度比脑出血患者严重；７例脑梗死患者中２例的病因为颈内动脉栓塞，脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块具备不稳定的组织学特性，常见质地松散、密度不均易脱落的斑块。脑出血组出血灶同侧的颈内动脉较对侧显著狭窄。结论颈内动脉栓塞是大面积脑梗死的常见病因之一；不稳定的颈动脉粥样硬化导致的斑块脱落可能也是脑梗死的病因之一。     

同型半胱氨酸与脑卒中及相关因素分析

目的:研究同型半胱氨酸和脑梗死、短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)及脑出血的关系。方法 对450例脑卒中(包括短暂性脑缺血发作、脑梗死、脑出血)患者及149例对照组进行血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平的测定,经颅超声多普勒(TCD)检测颅内外血管。结果 发现脑梗死、TIA组和脑出血组血浆Hcy水平(分别为20.82±11.86,20.61±13.73,24.78±12.75umol/L)非常显著高于对照组(9.84±2.25umol/L,p<0.01);脑梗死组与脑出血组HCY水平有显著差异,P=0.041,高同型半脱氨酸血症在脑出血组的比例(75.5％)明显高于脑梗死组(56.5％)和TIA组(48.6％),p<0.05,高同型半胱氨酸血症对脑梗死、TIA、脑出血的相对危险度分别为1.670(95％的可信区间为1.089,2.562)、1.654(95％的可信区间0.828,3.302)、2.454(95％的可信区间1.479,4.071)。未发现缺血性脑卒中血管狭窄与高同型半胱氨酸血症比例间的统计学上的显著差异。病例组中有糖尿病的患者HCY的水平16.14±7.82(umol/l)明显低于无糖尿病者22.55±12.66(umol/L),p<0.01。结论 血浆Hcy水平不但与缺血性脑卒中有关,而且对脑出血也有显著影响,高同型半胱氨酸血症与脑出血的关系更密切。血管狭窄和同型半胱氨酸水平及比例间无显著差异,无糖尿病的脑卒中患者中,同型半胱氨酸水平对脑卒中有重要影响?     

脑卒中患者发病的季节规律分析

目的探讨脑梗死（CI）、脑出血（CH）、蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）发病的季节规律。方法收集江西省人民医院2004～2009年脑卒中患者3922例。其中CI2382例,CH1293例,SAH247例。用圆分布分析探讨脑卒中患者发病的季节规律。结果 CI冬季高发,平均角在1月份（P〈0.05）,男性患者的平均角在1月份（P〈0.05）,女性患者的平均角在2月份（P〈0.05）;CH夏季高发,平均角在8月份（P〈0.05）,男性患者的平均角在8月份（P〈0.05）,女性患者的平均角在8月份（P〉0.05）,无集中趋势。SAH夏季高发,平均角在7月份（P〈0.05）,男、女间无差别,平均角在7月份（P〈0.05）。结论脑卒中发病具有季节性,在脑卒中防治工作中要充分考虑其发病的季节特点,并采取相应措施。     

Maternal Infections During Pregnancy and Cerebral Palsy in the Child

BackgroundChorioamnionitis is a risk factor for cerebral palsy. The relationship between extra-amniotic infections and cerebral palsy is less well studied. We examined maternal intra-amniotic and extra-amniotic infections and risk of cerebral palsy in the child.MethodsAmong a retrospective cohort of 6 million Californian births, 1991-2001, we analyzed administrative maternal and newborn hospital discharge abstracts linked to records of all children receiving services for cerebral palsy at the California Department of Developmental Services. We identified maternal hospital diagnoses of intra-amniotic (chorioamnionitis) and extra-amniotic (other genitourinary and respiratory) infections occurring up to 12 months before delivery. Using multivariable logistic regression, we determined the independent association between maternal infections and cerebral palsy, adjusting for infant sex, maternal age, race, education, socioeconomic status, and obesity.ResultsAbout 5.5% of mothers had a hospital discharge diagnosis of at least one of the following: chorioamnionitis (2.0%), other genitourinary (3.1%), and respiratory infection (0.6%). An infection diagnosis was more common in mothers of the 8473 infants with cerebral palsy than in mothers of unaffected children (13.7% vs 5.5%, P < 0.001). All three types of maternal infections (chorioamnionitis, odds ratio [OR] 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9-3.4; other genitourinary infection, OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3-1.6; and respiratory infection, OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5-2.2) were associated with cerebral palsy in multivariable analyses. Maternal extra-amniotic infections, whether diagnosed during prenatal or birth hospitalizations, conferred an increased risk of cerebral palsy.ConclusionsMaternal extra-amniotic infections diagnosed in the hospital during pregnancy are associated with a modestly increased risk of cerebral palsy in the child.     

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms in patients with cerebral hemorrhage

Elevated plasma total homocysteine (HCY) level is a risk factor for coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. We investigated relationships between polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, and plasma levels of HCY and folate in patients of Mongolian races who suffered from cerebral ischemia (CI, n = 42) or cerebral hemorrhage (CH, n = 20) and in the 24 age-matched controls. The incidences of both homozygous and heterozygous MTHFR gene mutations in CI (26 and 43%) and in CH (25 and 60%) were significantly higher than those in the controls (8 and 25%). Homozygous MTHFR gene mutation was associated with reduced plasma folate levels, but not with increased plasma HCY levels. Among the subjects with homozygous MTHFR gene mutation, plasma folate levels in CH was significantly lower than those in CI and controls. MTHFR gene mutation in CH was found to be as common as that in CI and was associated with reduced plasma folate levels in the both. In homozygous MTHFR gene mutation, the plasma folate level was profoundly reduced in CH as compared with CI and controls, suggesting that subjects with low plasma folate levels have a predisposition to intracerebral bleeding.     

期前感染的类型与急性脑梗死关系的探讨

目的探讨各系统的期前感染与急性脑梗死的关系。方法采用问卷式调查的方法对172例急性脑梗死患者和87例体检正常1周内的感染情况进行研究。结果脑梗死患者发病前1周内感染率为36．6％，高于对照组21．8％（P〈0．05）。脑梗死组中以呼吸系统感染为主，占所有感染人数的47．6％；其次为胃肠道感染，占30％。与对照组比较均具有统计学差异。结论期前感染增加了脑梗死的危险性，积极防治呼吸系统和消化系统感染，有可能降低脑梗死的发病率。