早、晚期双语者第二语言书写的脑功能定位及机制

目的 观察早、晚期双语者进行第二语言书写时的脑激活区并探讨其神经心理学机制.方法 12名受试者分为早、晚期习得高熟练程度双语组,分别执行假写和英语书写作业,进行功能成像后分别对两组的假写和英语书写的图像数据进行配对t检验,并对两组进行联合分析,分析葡萄糖代谢变化的区域,获得相应的脑功能激活图.结果 早期习得高熟练程度英语书写组葡萄糖代谢增加脑区:双侧额中回(Z=4.35/2.01)、双侧小脑(Z=2.97/2.53)、左侧尾状核头(Z=3.07)等;晚期习得高熟练程度英语书写组葡萄糖代谢增加脑区:右侧额上回(Z=4.06)、右侧小脑(Z=4.63)、左侧壳核(Z=2.70)等;晚期习得高熟练程度组和早期习得高熟练程度组比较葡萄糖代谢增加脑区:右侧额回(Z=2.92)、右侧颞叶(Z=2.31)等.本试验所获数据差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 广泛脑皮层、皮层下结构参与第二语言的书写过程.语言习得年龄是影响第二语言书写脑功能定位的因素之一.

Abstract：

Objective To observe activated cerebral areas during the task of writing in second language by early and late acquisition bilinguals and explore the neuropsychological mechanism. Methods Twelve subjects were divided into group of early acquisition high proficiency bilinguals(EAHP) and group of late acquisition high proficiency bilinguals(LAHP). Each subject carried out the task of pseudo-writing and English writing. After functional imaging,statistical parametric mapping was used to compare data of the two tasks through paired- t test in both two groups. A conjunction analysis was conducted between the two groups also. Areas where the metabolism of glucose changed were analyzed. Then, the corresponding images about activated cerebral regions were obtained.Results Cerebral areas where the metabolism of glucose increased in EAHP: bilateral middle frontal gyrus( Z=4.35/2. 01 ), bilateral cerebellum ( Z = 2.97/2.53 ) and left head of caudate nucleus ( Z = 3.07 ), etc. Cerebral areas where the metabolism of glucose increased in LAHP: right superior frontal gyrus(Z=4.06), right cerebellum( Z=4.63), left putamen(Z=2.70) ,etc. Cerebral areas where the metabolism of glucose increased in compared data of LAHP with data of EAHP: right frontal gyrus ( Z = 2.92 ), right temporal lobe( Z = 2.31 ), etc. Conclusion Extensive cerebral cortex and subcortical structures participate the process of writing in the second language. Age of bilingual acquisition is one of the factors affecting cerebral localization of writing in second language.     

印度人基底神经节英语书写功能的PET-CT研究

目的 应用正电子发射计算机体层显像-计算机体层显像(PET-CT)探讨基底神经节在印度人英语书写中的神经心理学机制,并在此基础七阐释拼音文字书写规律.方法 以6名健康的大学本科印度留学生为研究对象,每人分别执行假写和英语书写作业,采用PET-CT进行扫描并获得数据,通过统计参数图对假写和英语书写的图像数据进行配对t检验.分析葡萄糖代谢变化的区域,获得英语书写所引起的脑功能激活图.结果 英语书写与假写比较时,左侧壳核(x=-30,Y=-11,z=4,t值=2.34,Z值=1.84,P值=0.033)、尾状核头(X=-8,Y=17,z=-4,t值=2.08,z值=1.70,P值=0.045)葡萄糖代谢增加.结论 左侧基底神经节参与英语书写过程,并在右利手人群中具有对侧优势性.     

SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY STUDY OF REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN PATIENTS WITH HEMISPATIAL NEGLECT

Objective. To explore the correlations between the occurrence and severity of neglect and the region, range or extent of the decrease in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF).Methods. Nineteen dextromanual patients who were diagnosed as unilateral stroke clinically and hemispa-tial neglect by a neglect test battery received single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans.Results. On images, the damages of patients with neglect were seen most frequently in the frontal cortex, and then in turn in the parietal cortex, occipital cortex, temporal cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus. Most patients with neglect had two or more regions damaged. The most significant region was temporal - parietal - occipital (TPO) junction. The correlation coefficient between rCBF and the severity of neglect was - 0. 34 (t = -1.5, P> 0. 05), and that between the decrease percentage of rCBF and the severity of neglect was 0. 34 (t = 1. 47, P> 0. 05). The correlation coefficients between the range, number of foci, the flow d     

Effect of HIV-1 Tat on Secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β by U87 Cells in AIDS Patients with or without AIDS Dementia Complex

Objective To explore the role of HIV-1 tat gene variations in AIDS dementia complex(ADC) pathogenesis.Methods HIV-1 tat genes derived from peripheral spleen and central basal ganglia of an AIDS patient with ADC and an AIDS patient without ADC were cloned for sequence analysis. HIV-1 tat gene sequence alignment was performed by using CLUSTAL W and the phylogentic analysis was conducted by using Neighbor-joining with MEGA4 software. All tat genes were used to construct recombinant retroviral expressing vector MSCV-IRES-GFP/tat. The MSCV-IRES-GFP/tat was cotransfected into 293T cells with pCMV-VSV-G and pUMVC vectors to assemble the recombinant retrovirus. After infection of gliomas U87 cells with equal amount of the recombinant retrovirus, TNF-α, and IL-1β concentrations in the supernatant of U87 cells were determined with ELISA. Results HIV-1 tat genes derived from peripheral spleen and central basal ganglia of the AIDS patient with ADC and the other one without ADC exhibited genetic variations. Tat variations and amino acid mutation sites existed mainly at Tat protein core functional area(38-47aa). All Tat proteins could induce U87 cells to produce TNF-α and IL-1β, but the level of IL-1β production was different among Tat proteins derived from the ADC patient's spleen, basal ganglia, and the non-ADC patient's spleen. The level of Tat proteins derived from the ADC patient's spleen, basal ganglia, and the non-ADC patient's spleen were obviously higher than that from the non-ADC patient's basal ganglia. Conclusion Tat protein core functional area(38-47aa) may serve as the key area of enhancing the secretion of IL-1β. This may be related with the neurotoxicity of HIV-1 Tat.     

Single photon emission CT perfusion imaging of cerebral blood flow of early syphilis patients

Objective To injvestigate the cerebral blood flow of patients with early syphilis.Methods ^99Tc^m-ECD as brain perfusion imaging agent was used in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for 32 patients with early syphilis and 15 controls. Visual analyses were made on every BSPECT image.Results The 32 patients with early syphilis had general, patchy hypoperfusion of cerebral blood flow.Fourteen of the 32 patients had 48 episodes of marked patchy hypoperfusion of rCBF. The responsible areas of hypoperfusion in a patchy distribution involved the left frontal lobe (6 episodes), right frontal lobe (3), left parietal lobe (7), right parietal lobe ( 6 ), left temporal lobe ( 11 ), right temporal lobe(5), left occipital lobe (3), left basal ganglia (3), cerebellum (1), and nerve nuceus (1). No abnormality was found in the control group.Conclusions Cerebral blood flow abnormalities exist in patients with early syphilis. General patchyhy poperfusion on SPECT imaging is common.     

Insulin Resistance and Hypertension

The insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT),impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and the insulin resistance (IR) under the disorder or grucose metabolism and hypertension were studied.by glucose tolerance test and insulin release test,insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and the ratio of area under glucose tolerance curve (AUCG) to area under insulin release curve (AUC1) were calculated and analyzed.The results showed that ISI was decreased to varying degrees in the patients with hypertension,the mildest in the group of NGT with hypertension,followed by the group of IGT without hypertension,the group of IGT with hypertension and DM(P=0).There was very significant difference in the ratio of AUCG/AUC1 between the hypertensive patients with NGT and controls (P=0).It was concluded that a significant IR existed during the development of IGT both in hypertension and nonhypertension.The increase of total insulin secretion (AUC1) was associated with nonhypertension simultaneously.IR of the hypertensive patients even existed in NGT and was worsened with the deterioration of glucose metabolism disorder,but the AUC1 in the HT group changed slightly.A relative deficiency of insulin secretion of dysfunction of β-cell of islet existed in IGT and DM of the hypertensive patients.     

抑郁症患者识别悲伤表情刺激时磁源性影像动态变化的性别差异

目的 本研究利用脑磁图(MEG)技术以及表情类型识别实验范式来探讨抑郁症患者识别面部悲伤动态表情时功能网络神经基础的性别差异.方法 利用脑磁图检测12例女性抑郁症患者以及11名年龄、受教育年限相匹配的男性抑郁症患者以及正常对照者识别动态表情视频时的脑部反应.结果 与男性抑郁症患者相较,女性抑郁症患者识别面部悲伤动态表情时活动增强的脑区依次为双侧额下回(x,y,z=58/-60,12/22,20/20,T=2.17,1.88)、左前扣带回(x,y,z=64,12,4,T=2.37)、双侧额上回(x,y,z=30/-24,64/-4,0/50,T=2.86,2.36)、左脑干(x,y,z=-12,-16,-18,T=1.96)、右额中回(x,y,z=40,60,4,T=2.22)、双侧中央前回(x,y,z=-62/56,16/10,10/8.T=1.99,2.65)、左海马(x,y,z=-26,-14,-20,T=1.77)、左海马旁回(x,y,z=-16,-12,-20,T=1.72)、右枕中回(x,y,z=50,-76,-14,T=1.75)等;活动减弱的脑区依次为右颞上回(x,y,z=68,-18,2,T=1.85)、右海马旁回(x,y,z=20,-36,-14,T=1.92)、左楔叶(x,y,z=-6,-98,14,T=2.46)、双侧颞中回(x,y,z=52/-34,-80/-62,20/28,T=1.95,2.57)、左楔前叶(x,y,z=-40,-74,38,T=2.58)、右海马旁回(x,y,z=24,-32,-18,T=2.05)等.设P＜0.05时,均差异具有显著性.结论 本研究结果提示抑郁症患者的悲伤情绪识别功能网络存在显著的性别差异.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the gender differences of brain activation between patients with depression in recognition of dynamically sad expression with magnetoencephalography (MEG) technology and the paradigm of expressional experiment,and further to examine its neurological basis. Methods Brain activities were detected using MEG during the recognition of dynamic facial video with 12 female depressed patients, 11 male depressed patients, and their corresponding normal controls matched by age and education. Results Compared with male depression,female depression showed increased activation during different time periods were in turn as follows: bilateral inferior frontal gyrus ( x, y, z = 58/- 60,12/22,20/20, T = 2.17,1.88 ), left anterior cingulate gyrus ( x, y, z = 64,12,4, T = 2.37 ), bilateral superior frontal gyrus ( x, y, z= 30/-24,64/- 4,0/50, T = 2.86,2.36 ),the left brainstem( x, y,z = - 12, - 16, - 18 ,T = 1.96) ,right middle frontal gyrus( x,y,z =40,60,4,T = 2.22 ),bilateral precentral gyrus(x,y,z = -62/56, 16/10, 10/8. T = 1.99,2.65 ) ,left hippocampus ( x,y,z = - 26,- 14, -20,T = 1.77) ,left parahippocampal gyrus(x,y,z = - 16, - 12, -20,T = 1.72) ,right middle occipital gyrus( x ,y ,z = 50, -76, -14 ,T = 1. 75 ),while the decreased brain activation were in turn in right superior temporal gyrus ( x, y, z = 68, - 18,2, T = 1.85 ), right parahippocampal gyrus ( x, y, z = 20, - 36, - 14, T = 1.92 ), left cuneus( x,y,z = -6, -98,14,T =2.46) ,bilateral temporal middle gyrus( x,y,z =52/-34, - 80/-62,20/28,T = 1.95,2.57 ), left pre-cuneus ( x, y, z = - 40, - 74,38, T = 2.58 ), right hippocampus( x, y, z = 24, - 32, - 18,T = 2.05 ) in recognition of dynamically sad expression. ( p ＜ 0. 05, corrected). Conclusion The data suggest that there may be significant gender differences of functional network in depressed patients during recognizing dynamical sad facial expression.     

DISTRIBUTION OF PARVALBUMIN，CALBINDIN－D28 AND CALRETININ IMMUNOREACTIVE NEURONS AND FIBERS IN THE MONKEY BASAL GANGLIA

Objective To investigate the cellular localization of parvalbumin(PV),calbindin-D28K(CB)and clretinin(CR)in the monkey basal ganglia.Methods Immunocytochemical technique was used to detect PV,CB and CR immunoreactivity in the basal ganglia.Results In the striatum,CB labeled medium-sized spiny projection neuronsshereas PV and CR marked two separate classes of aspiny interneurons,The striatal matrix compartment was markedly enriched with CB while striatal patches displayed a CR-ich neuropil,In the pallidum,virtually all neurons contained PV but none express CB,CR occured only in a small subpopulation of large and small pallidal neurons.In the subthalamic nucleus,there existed a multitude of PV-positive cells and fibers but the number of CR and CB-postive neuronal elements was small,In the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area complex.CB and CR occured principally in dopaminergic neurons of the dorsal tier of the pars compacta and in those of the ventral tegmental area.PV was strickly confined to the GABAergic neurons of the pars reticular and lateralis.CB-rich fibers abounded in the pars reticular and lateralis,while CR-positive axons were confined to the pars compacta.Conclusion:CB and PV were distributed according to a strikingly complementary pattern in primate basal ganglia,and the use of CB and PV immunocytochemistry may be considered as an excellent tool to define distinct chemoarchitectonic and functional domains within the complex organization of the basal ganglia ,CR was less ubiquitous but occured in small basal ganglia components where it labeled distinct subsets of neurons.Such highly specific patterns of distribution indicate that CB,PV and CR may work in synery within primate basal ganglia.     

Effects of Shenfu Injection (参附注射液) on Cerebral Metabolism in A Porcine Model of Cardiac Arrest

Objective:To investigate the effects of Shenfu Injection(参附注射液,SFI) on cerebral metabolism in a porcine model of cardiac arrest(CA).Methods:Thirty Wuzhishan minipigs were randomly assigned to the control group(n=6),epinephrine group(EP group,n=12) and SFI group(n=12).After8 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation(VF),pigs in the EP group or SFI group were administered with either EP(0.02 mg/kg) or SFI(1.0 mL/kg),respectively.After successful resuscitation,cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) levels of glucose,pyruvate,lactate,glutamate and glycerol were measured at 1,6,12 and 24 h after recover from spontaneous circulation(ROSC).In addition,neurologic deficit score(NDS) was calculated at 24 h after ROSC.Surviving pigs were killed at 24 h after ROSC,and the brain tissue was obtained for ultra-microstructure examination.Results:Compared with the EP group,CSF glucose and pyruvate levels were higher(all P0.01),and lactate levels were lower in the SFI group(P0.01).Meanwhile,CSF glutamate and glycerol levels in the SFI group were lower in comparison to the EP group(all P0.05).In addition,SFI decreased NDS at 24 h after ROSC(P0.01),and alleviated the histopathological damage of the brain.Conclusions:SFI could alleviate brain injury after CA,which may be associated with improving cerebral metabolism.     

A Pilot Study on the Relationship between Tongue Manifestation and the Degree of Neurological Impairment in Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction

Objective:To discuss the relationship between tongue manifestation and the degree of neurological impairment in the patients with acute cerebral infarction.Methods:Two hundred patients with first unilateral cerebral infarction were recruited.The relationship between different tongue manifestation and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) were analyzed.Results:NIHSS scores in the patients from different tongue color groups were analyzed and further analysis demonstrated that the NIHSS score was higher in the patients with red or bluish-purple tongue than that of those with the pink(P<0.01).On tongue fur,the NIHSS score in the patients with thick fur was higher than that of those with the thin(P=0.003).NIHSS score in patients with slippery,moist or dry fur was significant different(P=0.003),Further analysis demonstrated that the NIHSS score was higher in the patients with dry fur than that of those with moist fur,and had statistical significance(P=0.01).The NIHSS score was higher in patients from greasy fur group than that of the non-greasy(P=0.002).There was significant difference of NHISS score in the patients with different fur color(P=0.000),and further analysis demonstrated that the NHISS score in white-yellow,yellow fur group were higher than that of the white(P=0.06 or 0.000).Conclusion:The changes of tongue manifestation might be associated with the degree of neurological impairment in the patients with acute cerebral infarction.