Surgical treatment for empty nose syndrome

OBJECTIVES: To detail empty nose syndrome (ENS), an iatrogenic disorder characterized by a patent airway but a subjective sense of poor nasal breathing, and to explore repair options for patients with ENS. DESIGN: A case series of 8 patients with ENS detailing symptoms before and after submucosal implantation of acellular dermis. SETTING: Academic medical center. PATIENTS: Subjects who were evaluated for abnormal nasal breathing and determined to have ENS. Patients were diagnosed as having ENS if they described characteristic symptoms, had evidence of prior nasal turbinate surgery, and their symptoms improved after they underwent a cotton test. INTERVENTION: Acellular dermis was implanted submucosally to simulate missing turbinate tissue. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptoms and symptom scores for the 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test completed before and after the implantation were gathered. RESULTS: A statistically significant improvement in symptom scores for the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test was noted (P < or = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Careful assessment allows reconstructive surgery through submucosal implantation of acellular dermis. Symptoms of patients with ENS can improve with surgical therapy.     

真菌性鼻窦炎主观评价与客观检查的相关性研究

目的：通过对真菌性鼻-鼻窦炎（FRS）患者主观评价和客观检查方法的研究,了解FRS对患者生活质量的影响,分析FRS患者主观评价之间,客观检查方法之间以及主观评估与客观检查方法之间的相关性。方法：收集18例FRS患者的鼻腔鼻窦结局测量20条（SNOT-20）及视觉模拟量表（VAS）、Lund-Kennedy鼻内镜评分以及Lund-Mackay CT评分数据,并对这些数据进行相关性分析。结果：在SNOT-20中得分最高的前6项为：头面部疼痛及压迫感;流脓涕;需要擤鼻涕;打喷嚏;疲倦;沮丧、焦躁、易怒。SNOT-20总分与其他主客观评分之间无相关性（P〉0.05）,SNOT-20鼻部症状评分与Lund-Mackay CT评分呈正相关（r=0.536,P〈0.05）,SNOT-20睡眠症状评分与VAS评分呈正相关（r=0.605,P〈0.01）。VAS评分与Lund-Mackay CT评分正相关性（r=0.615 0,P〈0.01）,Lund-Mackay CT评分和Lund-Kennedy鼻内镜检查评分呈正相关（r=0.500 4,P〈0.05）,Lund-Kennedy鼻内镜检查与主观调查量表之间在统计学上无相关性（P〉0.05）。结论：FRS患者的客观评价方法之间有着较好的相关性,Lund-Mackay CT评分与SNOT-20鼻部症状评分以及VAS评分之间有相关性,SNOT-20睡眠症状评分与VAS评分呈正相关。     

Middle turbinate resection is unlikely to cause empty nose syndrome in first year postoperatively

PurposeEmpty nose syndrome (ENS) is characterized by nasal dryness, crusting, and paradoxical nasal obstruction most commonly after inferior turbinate resection. ENS has also been reported to occur after middle turbinate resection (MTR), and concern for causing ENS is a possible reason surgeons preserve the MT during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). The objective was to determine whether MTR during ESS led to ENS.Materials and methodsThis was a prospective case series of 95 consecutive patients that underwent bilateral subtotal MTR during ESS with either Draf IIB or Draf III frontal sinusotomies, for chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps, and frontal sinus inverted papillomas. Demographic data and postoperative Empty Nose Syndrome 6-item Questionnaire (ENS6Q) scores were obtained. Nasal crusting was also documented on last postoperative nasal endoscopy.ResultsPathologies included chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (69), without nasal polyps (12), and inverted papillomas (14). Fifty-six patients underwent subtotal MTRs during ESS with Draf IIB, and 39 with Draf III. Mean follow-up was 19.4 months (range 12–49). Mean postoperative ENS6Q score was 2.1. Only 2.1% had ENS6Q scores ≥ 11, and 6.3% had nasal crusting at last follow-up. None of the patients with ENS6Q scores ≥ 11 had nasal crusting at last follow-up. There were no significant differences in outcomes between ages, genders, surgery types, or pathologies.ConclusionsPatients who underwent bilateral subtotal MTR during ESS were unlikely to develop ENS by at least 1 year postoperatively, based on patients rarely experiencing ENS6Q scores ≥ 11 or persistent nasal crusting.     

Does septoplasty enhance the quality of life in patients?

Evaluation of the severity of disease and the effectiveness of operative treatment is commonly done by registering pre- and postoperative symptoms. During the preceding decade, greater awareness has focused not only on the symptoms but also on patients’ quality of life (QoL). The aim of the study was to determine the effect of septoplasty, as measured by generic and disease-specific QoL questionnaires. The generic 15D and disease-specific SNOT-22 questionnaires were given to patients before the operation and 6?months after the operation. Data analysis consisted originally of 188 septoplasty patients. One-hundred and twenty-six patients (67%) answered the SNOT-22 questions, and in the 15D, the response rate was 76%. In the post-operative SNOT-22, the need to blow the nose, sneezing, runny nose, nasal obstruction, loss of smell or taste, post-nasal discharge, facial pain/pressure, difficulty in falling asleep and waking up at night improved significantly. However in the 15D the mean QoL, i.e., general well-being, became significantly poorer. The QoL became increasingly poor especially in the older age groups and among the patients in which the improvement achieved in nasal symptoms postoperatively was minor. The more nasal symptoms the patients had pre- or postoperatively, the poorer the QoL was in general. Based on our results, critical evaluation of the symptoms and findings in the patients is essential in deciding whether surgery or other treatment should be given to individual patients having nasal blockage symptoms. Especially in patients with mild symptoms or among older patients, adequate medical treatment has to be tried before even considering surgery. The results also encourage the use of a systematic questionnaire to estimate the severity of symptoms in daily clinical practice.     

功能性鼻内窥镜术后慢性鼻窦炎患者短期布地奈德盐水盥洗疗效观察

目的 观察短期布地奈德盐水盥洗对功能性鼻内窥镜术(FESS)术后慢性鼻窦炎患者的应用效果。 方法 将慢性鼻窦炎入院行FESS术病例55例分为实验组31例与对照组24例,55例患者先于红外影像手术导航系统下进行全麻FESS手术,FESS术后3 d,清除鼻腔填塞物,内镜清理鼻腔后开始鼻腔盥洗。实验组以布地奈德盐水盥洗(0.5 mg布地奈德/200 mL生理盐水/侧),2次/d;对照组以生理盐水盥洗,并以布地奈德鼻喷剂喷鼻,2次/d。共计14 d。分别于术前进行鼻部症状VAS评分(鼻塞、鼻涕、嗅觉、头面痛)和Kennedy评分、盥洗前后LKES评分和SNOT评分。比较两组治疗前后各评分。 结果 实验组与对照组VAS评分分别为(17.80±3.22)、(18.66±3.43)分,Kennedy评分分别为(3.45±1.09)、(3.37±1.05)分,两组比较,P均>0.05。两组盥洗后LKES评分和SNOT评分比较,P均为0.00。治疗过程均未发现不良事件。 结论 慢性鼻窦炎患者FESS术后短期内进行布地奈德盐水盥洗可有效改善鼻腔症状、促进鼻腔黏膜恢复。     

Objective and subjective evaluation of endoscopic nasal surgery outcomes

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) symptoms include nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and facial pain associated with rhinosinusitis disability. When resistance to medical treatment is associated with endonasal anomalies, endoscopic nasal surgery (ENS) can be proposed. However, objective and subjective assessment criteria regarding the evaluation of ENS outcomes remain unclear. The aims of this study were to evaluate the correlation between the inflammation in the nasal mucosa, objective recordings of nasal airway resistance (NAR), subjective evaluation of symptom intensity, and the impact of ENS on patient-perceived rhinosinusitis disability. METHODS: Sixty-one consecutive patients (35 men and 26 women; mean age, 37.5 years) suffering from CRS were monitored at 4 months and 2 years after ENS. All middle turbinate mucosa were analyzed for the density of nonspecific inflammatory cells. All patients scored their own subjective rhinosinusitis symptoms and complaints of rhinosinusitis disability. An active anterior rhinomanometry was performed. RESULTS: A good correlation was observed between subjective and objective NAR (p < 0.001). We found a significant correlation between the density of inflammatory cells in the nasal mucosa, subjective nasal obstruction, and the rhinosinusitis disability score (p < 0.001). Recurrent CRS was seen only in subjects with moderate to severe inflammation of the middle turbinate mucosa sampled at the first surgical intervention. Subjective rhinosinusitis symptoms, objective NAR, and rhinosinusitis disability improved significantly after ENS. CONCLUSION: The degree of inflammation seems to be a good prognostic indicator regarding CRS recurrence. Long-term outcome after ENS for CRS showed significant improvement in subjective rhinosinusitis-specific symptoms, objective NAR, and rhinosinusitis disability.     

下鼻甲序贯手术在慢性肥厚性鼻炎中的应用

目的 探讨下鼻甲序贯手术治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎患者的应用价值,为临床提供一种优化的下鼻甲手术方案。 方法 随机纳入的109例肥厚性鼻炎患者,随机分为2组:序贯手术组54例、单纯等离子治疗组55例。分別于治疗后第2周、第2个月、第6个月记录患者的鼻塞、闷胀、鼻痒、流涕、鼻腔干燥、疼痛、鼻不适感的病情严重程度视觉模拟量表(VAS)积分及Lund-Kennedy内镜评分标准积分,观察治疗6个月。 结果 序贯手术组、单纯等离子治疗2个月、6个月后,2组的Lund-Kennedy内镜评分无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组在治疗第2周后Lund-Kennedy内镜评分的积分有统计学意义(P<0.05);序贯手术组Lund-Kennedy内镜评分的积分低于单纯等离子治疗组。2组在病情严重程度视觉模拟量表鼻塞、闷胀、鼻痒、流涕积分疗效的比较上存在统计学意义(P<0.05);2组在病情严重程度视觉模拟量表鼻腔干燥、疼痛、鼻不适感积分疗效的比较上存在统计学意义(P<0.05),序贯手术组鼻塞模拟视觉量表的积分低于单纯等离子治疗组。 结论 序贯手术组、单纯等离子治疗组在治疗肥厚性鼻炎上均取得了满意的疗效。2组患者经客观的Lund-Kennedy内镜评价,疗效无统计学意义。经主观视觉模拟量表评价,序贯手术组均优于单纯等离子治疗组。下鼻甲序贯手术对慢性肥厚性鼻炎有良好的疗效,对于保护下鼻甲生理功能、避免术后患者主观不适有明显的优越性。     

Platelet-rich plasma injection for empty nose syndrome: A case report

Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is a relatively rare disease found in patients who have undergone sinonasal surgery, characterized by excessive reduction of the turbinate, causing intranasal turbulence and loss of receptors within the nasal mucosa. Patients diagnosed with the disease usually experience symptoms including dryness of the nose, nasal pain, paradoxical nasal obstruction, and crusts in the nasal cavity. ENS can be treated with conservative care such as nasal irrigation or nasal moisturizers. Accurate efficacy of surgical treatment of ENS is often difficult to predict and is accompanied by operational obstacles and complications. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has recently gained attention as a regenerative therapy in several medical fields. We present two cases of ENS treated by injection of PRP as a simple and less invasive method, and describe its efficacy with nasal endoscopy and subjective questionnaires.     

维生素D对慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻内镜手术疗效的影响

目的　分析慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉（ chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps,CRSwNP）患者的血清维生素D水平与鼻内镜临床疗效的相关性。方法　40例CRSwNP患者入院行鼻内镜手术,随机分为试验组和对照组。试验组每日口服维生素D（800 IU）+布地奈德喷鼻剂喷鼻,对照组只给予布地奈德喷鼻剂喷鼻,持续8周。实验前后分别测量血清25羟基维生素D水平,记录Lund-Kennedy评分、鼻腔鼻窦结局测试-20条、视觉模拟量表评分。结果  筛查60例试验对象血清维生素D水平,其中80%患者伴有维生素D不足（<50 nmol/L）;试验后两组间VD水平的差异有统计学意义（P =0.001）;治疗后,试验组与对照组间鼻塞、脓涕、头面部疼痛、视觉模拟量表评分总分等评分的差异均具有统计学意义;两组间嗅觉障碍症状评分的差异无统计学意义。治疗后试验组与对照组间鼻腔鼻窦结局测试-20条评分、Lund-Kennedy评分的差异均具有统计学意义。结论　在CRSwNP患者中血清维生素D水平普遍较低,临床上对患者予以补充维生素D后可显著提高患者血清中25羟基维生素D的水平,与改善CRSwNP患者的临床症状及提高临床综合治疗效果呈正相关。     

空鼻综合征

目的 提出空鼻综合征（empty nose syndrome,ENS)的概念，以提高耳鼻咽喉科医师对鼻甲手术的重视，加深对该手术医源性并发症的认识。 方法 回顾性分析1996－2000年于白求恩医科大学第三临床学院耳 鼻咽喉－头颈外科就诊的空鼻综合征患者14例，均曾经历过包括鼻甲切除性手术在内的各种鼻腔手术，年龄13－52岁。所有患者均行保守治疗，其中5例病情较重行鼻中隔、鼻底粘骨膜下骼骨充填术。结果 所有患者在首次鼻腔手术后6个月－5年内出现鼻塞及鼻腔和（或）鼻咽、咽部干燥感，6我有精神压抑症状，鼻腔检查可见鼻腔宽敞呈“筒状”。保守治疗有效，但疗效欠佳，手术治疗12－20个月随访疗效满意。结论 过分的鼻甲切除性手术可导致继发性鼻腔粘膜萎缩及一系列伴发症状，空鼻综合征概念的提出旨在提醒耳鼻咽喉科医师谨慎地施行鼻甲手术，避免造成患者难以治愈的鼻腔不可逆性损伤。     

Normal aging does not deteriorate nose-related quality of life: Assessment with “NOSE” and “SNOT-20” questionnaires

Objective

Aging causes changes in nasal morphology and function. This study assesses if the age-related nasal changes are detectable with objective measurements and reflected in two validated quality of life outcome tools: the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation Scale (NOSE) and the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20) questionnaires.

Methods

Two study groups were included: the “young” group A (n = 40) with a mean age of 27 years and the “elder” group B (n = 40) with a mean age of 70 years. The subjective nasal complaints and quality of life status were recorded by means of the NOSE and SNOT-20 questionnaires. Objective assessment of intranasal dimensions and nasal airflow in all subjects were performed with the use of acoustic rhinometry and active anterior rhinomanometry respectively.

Results

The values obtained from acoustic rhinometry were significantly higher in the older group compared to the younger, presenting wider nasal airway passages for the elderly. However this was not the case with rhinomanometry values as no significant differences between groups were found. In addition no statistically significant difference was demonstrated in both questionnaires scoring between younger and older subjects.

Conclusion

The outcome of the NOSE and SNOT questionnaires show no deterioration of quality of life in elderly related with changes in nasal function. Acoustic rhinometry confirmed that nasal cavities are becoming larger across the lifespan.     

Correlation between nasal mucociliary clearance time and gastroesophageal reflux disease: our experience on 50 patients

Objectives

It is increasingly suggested that gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) could play an important role in chronic rhinosinusitis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the nasal mucociliary clearance time in GERD patients and if any correlations could be assumed.

Methods

Fifty GERD patients endoscopically diagnosed underwent an ear, nose and throat evaluation. The saccharin test and the 20-Item Sino-nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-20) were administered to 50 participants who correspond to our inclusion criteria. The saccharin test is a validated proof to verify the nasal mucociliary clearance time and the SNOT-20 is a disease-specific, health-related quality of-life questionnaire widely used for the assessment of rhinosinusitis.

Results

Thirty-seven (74%) patients showed a significant increment in their saccharin test values in comparison with the others subjects (23.79 ± 5.58 vs 8.15 ± 2.06 min; P = 0.0001). This group of patients reported only typical gastroesophageal symptoms (GES) without any other complaint. Gastroesophageal endoscopic findings revealed some interesting and unexpected results in this subgroup. The remainder of patients considered (13/50; 26%) showed normal values for nasal mucociliary clearance time and they referred only typical extraesophageal symptoms (EES). In any case and in both groups rhinosinusitis complaints were present. The SNOT-20 test results were normal in all patients even if a significant difference for GES group could be highlighted (19.3 vs 7.4; P < 0.005).

Conclusion

This study supports the assumption of possible and important correlations between nasal mucociliary clearance time and GERD. GERD could be an altering factor for nasal function also in absence of laryngo-pharyngeal symptoms although to verify this interesting hypothesis more validated data are necessary.     

修正性鼻内镜手术联合中鼻甲切除术综合治疗难治性鼻-鼻窦炎

目的探讨修正性鼻内镜手术联合中鼻甲切除术综合治疗难治性鼻一鼻窦炎的手术效果及应用价值。方法35例难治性鼻一鼻窦炎经CT检查、鼻内窥镜检查、局部用药等规范术前准备,行改良鼻丘径路额窦开放为主修正手术加中鼻甲全部或部分切除,术后凭鼻内镜保健手册进行定期复查,规范随访。26例合并鼻中隔偏曲者其中16例行内镜下传统矫正切除,10例行局限性矫正切除;15例合并变应性鼻炎者对下鼻甲前端、中鼻甲对应鼻中隔等部位黏膜电凝。结果35例患者门诊内镜随诊3～6月以上,治愈11例（31．4％）,黏膜完全上皮化;好转18例（51．4％）,黏膜可以上皮化,但变应性鼻炎发作时,术腔黏膜水肿,经局部处理及药物治疗后可恢复上皮化;无效6例（17．2％）。总有效率82-8％,6例无效均为合并变应性鼻炎及哮喘患者。结论修正性鼻内镜手术联合中鼻甲切除术综合治疗难治性鼻鼻窦炎,疗效较为确切,值得临床推广。     

中鼻甲部分切除术在鼻内镜手术中的作用评价

目的：评价中鼻甲部分切除术在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者鼻内镜手术后的疗效。方法对122例已行鼻内镜手术的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,采用视觉模拟量表（VAS）、鼻腔鼻窦结局测试-20中文版（SNOT-20 CV）量表、Lund-Mackay CT方法和Lund-Kennedy鼻内镜方法进行主客观评分,综合评价中鼻甲部分切除患者与中鼻甲保留患者治疗前后的临床疗效。结果①两组患者术前合并鼻息肉和/或鼻中隔偏曲发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而单纯合并变应性鼻炎和/或支气管哮喘的发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;②两组患者术前CT及鼻内镜评分差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而VAS及SNOT-20CV评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;③两组患者术后半年与术前鼻内镜评分的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而VAS及SNOT-20CV评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论行中鼻甲部分切除的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者多合并鼻息肉和/或鼻中隔偏曲,与中鼻甲保留患者术前及术后的生存质量无明显差异,而行中鼻甲部分切除患者术后的内镜评分明显提高。     

Comparison of effects of baby shampoo vs. saline irrigation on endoscopic sinus surgery outcomes and quality of life

ObjectiveNasal irrigation is an important step of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) postoperative care. This study was performed to compare the effects of diluted baby shampoo (BS) and normal saline solution (NSS) irrigation on patients’ quality of life (QoL) and surgical outcomes after FESS.MethodsThis study included 77 patients who underwent FESS to treat chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Lund–Mackay score, Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score (LKES), synechia score and QoL (using the Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22)) were evaluated.ResultsLKES was significantly better in the BS group (p=0.001), especially in terms of nasal discharge and crust formation (p=0.024 and p=0.030, respectively) at 1 month postoperatively. However, no significant difference was found at 3, 6 or 12 months postoperatively (p=0.833, p=0.263, and p=0.346, respectively). The reduction of SNOT-22 score (between preoperative assessment and 1 month postoperatively) was significantly better in the BS than in the NSS group (p=0.025). However, no statistically significant differences were found between groups at 3, 6, or 12 months postoperatively (p=0.312, p=0.280, and p=0.285, respectively). In the evaluation of SNOT-22 subdomains, changes in psychological, rhinological and extranasal rhinological subdomains were significantly better in the BS group at 1 month postoperatively (p=0.019, p=0.010 and p=0.002, respectively).ConclusionCompared to irrigation with NSS, BS usage following FESS led to reductions of crusting, nasal discharge and synechia formation; moreover, it was associated with improved SNOT-22 scores, especially in psychological, rhinological and extranasal rhinological subdomains.     

下鼻道填充术对下鼻甲继发性缺失患者鼻腔容积影响的对照研究

目的 基于CT的3D建模方法探讨下鼻甲缺失患者行下鼻道填充术(IMAP)手术前后鼻腔容积相关物理量的变化。方法 回顾性收集20例伴有特殊症状的下鼻甲继发性缺失(SITL)患者的空鼻症6项量表(ENS6Q)评分及CT影像,通过3D建模的方式估算鼻腔容积及鼻腔黏膜表面积,计算其鼻腔下部容积比,与ENS6Q评分进行相关性分析;通过SITL患者手术前后的CT影像计算鼻腔容积及鼻腔黏膜表面积,并进行对比分析,将接受IMAP患者术前估算鼻腔下部容积减去术中填充物体积计算推测鼻腔下部容积及容积比,并与20例无鼻窦疾病的对照组进行对比,据此尝试对术中填充物的体积给出建议。结果 SITL且伴有特殊症状患者在IMAP术后的ENS6Q总分显著下降,且均低于11分(P=0.003),但仍显著高于对照组。在容积方面,IMAP显著降低了SITL且伴有特殊症状患者的估算鼻腔下部分容积比(P=0.021),IMAP术后的SITL且伴有特殊症状患者与对照组无明显差异。在黏膜表面积方面,IMAP术后的SITL且伴有特殊症状患者的估算鼻腔下部分黏膜表面积显著降低(P=0.021),但其黏膜表面积大小与对照组比较具有显著差异,且该差异与术前差异相仿。估算的鼻腔下部容积比与实际术后的鼻腔下部容积比存在一定相关性。结论 ①SITL且伴有特殊症状患者的鼻腔容积与其ENS6Q评分有显著相关性;②IMAP对鼻腔的作用不仅仅在于缩窄容积,更在于重新恢复了鼻腔黏膜的功能;③应用下鼻甲部分鼻腔容积的容积比来估算术后鼻腔的情况或许可以进一步改进IMAP手术。     

Rhinitis sicca,dry nose and atrophic rhinitis: a review of the literature

Despite the fact that many people suffer from it, an unequivocal definition of dry nose (DN) is not available. Symptoms range from the purely subjective sensation of a rather dry nose to visible crusting of the (inner) nose (nasal mucosa), and a wide range of combinations are met with. Relevant diseases are termed rhinitis sicca anterior, primary and secondary rhinitis atrophicans, rhinitis atrophicans with foetor (ozena), and empty nose syndrome. The diagnosis is based mainly on the patient’s history, inspection of the external and inner nose, endoscopy of the nasal cavity (and paranasal sinuses) and the nasopharynx, with CT, allergy testing and microbiological swabs being performed where indicated. Treatment consists in the elimination of predisposing factors, moistening, removal of crusts, avoidance of injurious factors, care of the mucosa, treatment of infections and where applicable, correction of an over-large air space. Since the uncritical resection of the nasal turbinates is a significant and frequent factor in the genesis of dry nose, secondary RA and ENS, the inferior and middle turbinate should not be resected without adequate justification, and the simultaneous removal of both should not be done other than for a malignant condition. In this paper, we review both the aetiology and clinical presentation of the conditions associated with the symptom dry nose, and its conservative and surgical management.     

Saddle nose surgery: long term aesthetic outcomes of support grafts

Saddle nose surgery requires support grafts to improve the aesthestic of the nose such as the functional ventilation. Many kind of graft are available: Calvarial bone graft, iliac crest, septal cartilage, conchal cartilage, nasal hump, bony inferior turbinate. OBJECTIVES: To define the surgical strategy and long term aesthetic outcomes of rhinoplasty with support graft for saddle nose correction. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study during the period 1985-2005: 160 patients underwent rhinoplasty with support graft for saddle nose correction. Patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the deformation (group I: Minor saddle nose; group II: Intermediate saddle nose; group III: Major saddle nose). Long term results were analysed at least 5 years after surgery, in 70 patients. RESULTS: An intranasal approach was performed in 92 cases, while an open approach was performed in 68 cases. A bony support graft was used in 85% of patients of group II and 94% of patients of group III. These grafts allowed a more rigid correction of the saddle nose than cartilage. For groups II and III patients, cartilage support grafts were not used because of the lack of quantity to correct the saddle nose. CONCLUSION: Calvarial bone support graft has a great role in saddle nose surgery. The postoperative aesthetic outcomes are interesting and its absorption is low.     

丙酸氟替卡松鼻喷雾剂联合通窍鼻炎片治疗变应性鼻炎的临床观察

目的观察采用丙酸氟替卡松鼻喷雾剂联合通窍鼻炎片治疗变应性鼻炎的临床效果。方法随机从2018年01月~2019年12月接受变应性鼻炎治疗的患者中选取出100例,按照应用不同的治疗方法,分为每组各50例的观察组和对照组,观察组患者用丙酸氟替卡松鼻喷雾剂联合通窍鼻炎片治疗,对照组患者单用丙酸氟替卡松鼻喷雾剂治疗,观察两组患者的治疗效果,以鼻痒、鼻塞、打喷嚏、流鼻涕等症状的缓解作为治疗效果的评价依据。结果观察组患者的总有效率是94.0%,对照组患者的总有效率是78.0%,观察组总有效率明显优于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者的鼻痒、鼻塞、打喷嚏、流鼻涕等症状缓解明显早于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论丙酸氟替卡松鼻喷雾剂联合通窍鼻炎片治疗变应性鼻炎,可有效缓解鼻痒、鼻塞、打喷嚏、流鼻涕等症状,鼻腔黏膜水肿消退、色泽恢复快,疗效显著,减少了药物的不良反应,提高了用药的安全性。     

糖皮质激素对鼻息肉患者手术后的疗效分析

目的分析总结糖皮质激素对鼻息肉患者手术后的治疗效果。方法将2009年8月-2011年12月我院拟接受鼻内镜手术的49例鼻息肉患者数字随机分为治疗组（26例）和对照组（23例）;对照组行鼻息肉切除术,治疗组在对照组基础上采用糖皮质激素联合治疗。观察两组患者的临床疗效、并发症发生情况,并对作用机制进行初步探讨。结果治疗组总有效率为96.15%,高于对照组（78.26%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=14.342,P〈0.05）;随访1年后复查治疗组1例复发（3.85%）,对照组4例复发（17.39%）,治疗组复发率明显低于对照组（χ2=9.657,P〈0.05）。治疗组手术时间、术中出血量均明显少于对照组;脓涕、嗅觉减退、头痛、鼻塞等并发症发病率也显著低于对照组;Lund-Mackey、SNOT-20评分、VAS评分明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）。治疗组ECP浓度、EOS细胞计数均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论糖皮质激素可以提高鼻息肉患者手术疗效,降低并发症的发生率,改善患者术后的预后;其机制与抑制嗜酸性粒细胞有关。