光学相干断层成像评价冠状动脉内支架术后即刻支架周围组织结构改变

目的:应用光学相干断层成像(OCT)评价冠状动脉内支架术后即刻支架周围组织结构改变。方法:对21例临床诊断冠心病准备介入治疗患者,在冠状动脉内置入支架后即刻进行OCT成像检查。21例患者中共有22支冠状动脉置入25个支架,其中前降支11支13个支架,回旋支8支9个支架,右冠状动脉3支3个支架。OCT评价支架贴壁不良、血管夹层及撕裂、组织脱垂等。支架贴壁不良定义为支架支撑杆与血管壁距离大于0.20mm,组织脱垂定义为血管壁组织通过支架网眼突入管腔。结果:21例患者均成功进行OCT检查,22支靶血管25个支架均成功获得清晰OCT图像。通过OCT发现置入的25个支架中有12个支架可以看到部分支架支撑杆未能完全封闭血管壁上的夹层及撕裂;所置入的支架中有50个支架支撑杆贴壁不良,平均支架支撑杆与血管壁的距离为0.39±0.20(0.20~1.16)mm。通过OCT检出置入的25个支架中有20个支架可见到不同程度组织脱垂,共检出85个组织脱垂,平均最大组织脱垂面积为0.55±0.64(0.04~2.81)mm2。结论:OCT成像技术可清晰显示冠心病冠状动脉支架后血管夹层、撕裂组织脱垂及支架贴壁情况,其临床意义有待于进一步研究。     

光学相干断层成像在冠状动脉临界病变介入诊断与治疗中的应用

目的评价光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT)在冠状动脉临界病变介入诊断与治疗中的可行性与有效性。方法在获得患者知情同意后,对来自15例患者的共16处冠状动脉造影结果显示狭窄程度(最小管腔直径/参照管腔直径)介于40%和70%之间的病变(即临界病变)行冠状动脉内OCT检查,评价病变狭窄程度、脂质核心大小、纤维帽的厚度、是否存在斑块破裂、是否伴有血栓形成以及斑块钙化程度。根据检查结果对伴随临床症状和心电图改变的易损斑块进行介入治疗。支架置入术后重复OCT检查,判断支架是否充分覆盖病变、与血管壁贴合情况,是否有斑块组织通过支架网眼突入管腔,以及局部是否存在微小夹层。结果入选的16处病变中的14处成功行OCT检查并获取满意图像。检查结果显示14处病变中有10处病变狭窄程度超过50%,并且脂质核心较大、纤维帽厚度小于65μm,判定以上10处病变为易损斑块,行冠状动脉内支架置入术。对其中2处伴有斑块破裂、局部形成夹层的病变行球囊预扩张后也行OCT检查,可见明显内膜撕裂、夹层形成。10处病变支架置入术后复查OCT显示支架均充分覆盖病变,其中2处支架与血管壁贴合不良,3处发生斑块组织明显突入管腔,有2处支架部分节段释放不充分。其余4处病变脂质核心较小,纤维帽厚度大于65μm,无斑块破裂表现,未行冠状动脉介入治疗。结论冠状动脉内OCT是一种判定冠状动脉病变特征的有效手段,对诊断易损斑块、制定经皮冠状动脉介入治疗策略以及评价支架置入术后即刻效果具有重要意义。     

光学相干断层成像在冠心病介入治疗中的应用价值

目的应用光学相干断层成像（OCT）技术评价冠状动脉内粥样硬化斑块、血管对置入支架后即刻和中远期的反应。方法20例冠心病患者,有22支血管在完成冠状动脉造影或介入治疗后进行OCT成像。同时获取23个支架OCT成像,在23个支架中有15个为支架术后4～35个月随访,其中7个为雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架,8个为金属裸支架,另外8个为支架置放后即刻成像。结果入选的20例患者均成功进行OCT检查,并获取22支血管和23个支架满意的图像。通过OCT成像清晰地显示8处纤维斑块、3处钙化斑块、9处富含脂质斑块、2处血栓形成、斑块破裂3处及血管壁上夹层、粥样硬化斑块微小裂口和夹层等。7个置入雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架后OCT随访,均未发现有明显再狭窄,支架表面有少量内膜覆盖,部分支架表面没有内膜覆盖,其中1个支架血管出现瘤样扩张、支架与血管壁分离、支架表面没有内膜覆盖,有1个支架没有充分扩张。8个金属裸支架后用OCT随访发现,所有置入金属裸支架后支架表面内膜增殖明显,其中有3个支架因为内膜过度增殖而出现再狭窄,并再次接受介入治疗。8个支架术后即刻OCT检查显示,与血管贴壁均良好、支架扩张充分有3个支架,4个支架充分扩张,但可见到斑块裂片通过支架网眼突入管腔,1个支架支撑杆分布不均,可见支架与血管壁分离,在8个支架中有2个为支架内套叠支架。结论OCT成像技术可清晰显示各种冠状动脉粥样斑块情况,并可用于评价冠状动脉介入治疗的效果。     

光学相干断层成像在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗前后的应用

目的:探讨光学相干断层成像(OCT)在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)前后应用的指导作用。方法:入选40例于我院行冠状动脉造影患者,根据罪犯血管狭窄程度分为两组:A组(狭窄程度≤75%,n=20)冠状动脉造影后行OCT检查,观察有无富含脂质斑块、薄帽纤维粥样斑块、斑块破裂、血栓,并测定病变狭窄程度;如需置入支架,则在术后即刻复查OCT,观察有无支架杆贴壁不良、血管夹层、组织脱垂等。B组(狭窄程度75%,n=20)仅在支架置入术后即刻行OCT检查。结果:A组20例患者的20支罪犯血管中,15支(75%)病变狭窄程度70%,其中3支为支架内再狭窄,6支血管发现斑块破裂,3支血管发现血栓形成,共发现富含脂质斑块22处、薄帽纤维粥样斑块9处(平均纤维帽厚度0.06 mm);共置入支架19枚,术后即刻行OCT检查,13枚支架(68.4%)可见不同程度的组织脱垂,平均最大组织脱垂面积为0.16±0.05(0.09~0.21)mm2,4枚支架(21.1%)中8个支架杆贴壁不良。B组20例患者的20支罪犯血管共置入34枚药物洗脱支架,术后即刻行OCT检查,有28枚支架(82.4%)存在不同程度的组织脱垂,平均最大组织脱垂面积为0.40±0.31(0.06~1.02)mm2。有9枚支架(26.5%)共20个支架杆贴壁不良。所有患者随访6个月以上,未发生严重心脏缺血事件。结论:OCT技术在支架术前可清晰显示冠状动脉结构、辨别不同斑块、斑块破裂及血栓,精确测量管腔狭窄程度。在支架术后可清晰显示血管夹层,组织脱垂及支架杆贴壁情况,可以指导及评价介入治疗。     

光学相干断层成像对ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗策略的影响

目的探讨光学相干断层成像(OCT)指导下对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)策略的影响。方法纳入2016年1月至2017年5月接受急诊PCI并行OCT检查的STEMI患者100例,利用OCT检查明确STEMI发病机制,评价PCI即刻效果,随访12个月观察预后。结果 17例(17.0%)患者因OCT图像欠清晰未能明确心肌梗死发病机制,其中15例置入支架;其余83例患者中斑块破裂54例(65.1%,54/83)、斑块侵蚀22例(26.5%,22/83)、钙化结节2例(2.4%,2/83)、支架贴壁不良致晚期支架内血栓形成2例(2.4%,2/83)、亚急性支架内血栓形成1例(1.2%,1/83)、冠状动脉痉挛2例(2.4%,2/83),其中68例置入支架。83例置入支架、造影成功的患者中,OCT发现支架术后造影不易识别的支架贴壁不良、组织脱垂、支架膨胀不全患者18例(21.7%,18/83);支架边缘夹层16例(19.3%,16/83),其中血流受限需要干预的支架近端夹层2例(2.4%,2/83)。17例未置入支架患者中冠状动脉痉挛2例、血栓负荷重1例,其余14例(斑块破裂7例、斑块侵蚀4例、晚期支架内血栓形成2例及亚急性支架内血栓形成1例)因OCT检查残余狭窄70%、TIMI血流Ⅲ级未置入支架。随访(11.0±4.0)个月,除1例院内死于心源性休克和1例亚急性支架内血栓形成患者外,所有出院患者均未发生主要不良心血管事件。结论 OCT可以检测出约1/4 STEMI患者冠状动脉支架置入术后多种不良特征并进行治疗。     

光学相干断层成像和血管内超声在冠状动脉介入手术中的应用

目的 应用光学相干断层成像(OCT)及血管内超声(IVUS)检测技术评价冠状动脉内粥样硬化斑块的稳定性,并指导支架置入,检测血管对置入支架后即刻和中远期的反应.方法 选择2008年2-7月间的27例患者,进行冠状动脉造影、OCT及IVUS检查,共检查了30支血管,其中8处为药物支架植入术后血管,并对19处病变进行了支架置入.结果 除外支架置入的8例(置入6个月～4年)外,其余22例病变行OCT及IVUS检查,发现稳定性斑块5例,不稳定斑块17例,其中OCT检出内膜小撕裂4例(IVUS未检出,P＞0.05),冠状动脉撕裂伴夹层病变5例(IVUS检出1例,P＞0.05),血栓形成5例(IVUS检出1例,P＞0.05),偏心斑块伴薄纤维帽12例(IVUS检出2例,P＜0.01).8例曾经进行支架治疗的患者,造影、OCT和IVUS发现2例再狭窄;OCT显示支架内膜覆盖良好,IVUS小能精确看到内膜;OCT检测出1例患者有支架后瘤样扩张.对17例不稳定性斑块及2例支架再狭窄病例行支架置入术,术后支架膨胀不良发生率26.0%,OCT及IVUS检出率相同;支架贴壁不良发生率63.2%,IVUS榆出率低于OCT(10.5%比63.2%,P＜0.01);支架近远端撕裂10.5%,IVUS均不能检出;内膜脱垂发生率52.6%,IVUS检出率低于OCT(10.5%比52.6%,P＜0.05).结论 OCT与IVUS相比,在不稳定性斑块检测准确度方面明显优于IVUS,更能精确指导冠状动脉支架置人.IVUS在操作简便性及反映斑块负荷方面要优于OCT.     

光学干涉断层成像系统对冠心病病变特征的评价

目的:初步探讨光学干涉断层成像(OCT)系统评价冠心病病变特征的价值。方法:分析在2005年12月行冠状动脉造影检查的同时接受OCT检查的5例冠心病患者的OCT影像特征。结果:2例不稳定型心绞痛患者中,1例右冠状动脉中段成角病变狭窄99%,OCT清晰显示血栓、钙化、纤维帽厚度及脂质斑块,介入治疗后OCT检查示支架贴壁良好,血栓消失;1例前降支狭窄50%,OCT探测到清晰的附壁血栓、最薄处纤维帽及斑块破裂。3例介入治疗后患者中,1例回旋支中远段支架内狭窄75%、2例前降支支架内狭窄50%,OCT检查精确定量再狭窄程度63.33%~87.25%,增生基质主要为纤维样组织,可见少许脂质样基质,其中回旋支支架内狭窄患者OCT检查时发生支架远段冠状动脉夹层,行回旋支远段支架置入术治疗。结论:OCT系统在评价冠心病病变特征和介入治疗结果方面具有较好的应用价值。     

光学相干断层成像在老年冠心病介入诊疗中的初步应用

目的探讨血管内光学相干断层成像（OCT）在老年冠心病介入诊疗中的作用和安全性，评价其临床价值。方法9例老年冠心病患者，行冠脉造影和OCT检查，比较二者对冠状动脉病变的显示情况：包括病变结构、管腔狭窄程度、斑块性质等，根据造影及OCT结果参照病人临床表现对于狭窄较重（造影直径狭窄率〉70％），或造影中等程度狭窄（直径狭窄率介于50％～70％），但OCT狭窄相对较重（OCT管腔面积狭窄率〉60％）并伴有不稳定斑块的病变进行球囊扩张和支架植入治疗，并用OCT评价支架植入后的即时效果。结果与冠脉造影相比，血管内OCT能直观、清晰、实时地显示病变冠脉的管腔狭窄程度、微观组织结构、斑块组成性质及支架植入后靶病变血管及支架的形态特征。结论OCT在老年冠心病患者中的操作安全易行，能够精确测量病变血管狭窄程度、清晰观测管腔微观结构特征，明确斑块特征，指导支架植入及观测支架植入后的即刻效果，对老年冠心病人介入治疗具有指导作用。     

62例冠脉支架术后患者的64排螺旋CT与冠脉造影结果分析

目的探讨64排螺旋CT冠状动脉成像评价冠状动脉支架通畅性的临床应用价值。方法对62例冠状动脉支架置入术后患者的86枚支架行64排螺旋CT扫描，对照冠脉造影检查结果，评价64排螺旋CT在冠脉支架术后再狭窄的诊断价值。结果针对62例患者置入的86枚支架进行了以冠脉造影为“金标准”的诊断试验评价，无创冠状动脉造影（冠脉CTA）对冠脉支架内再狭窄的诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为88．9％、98．6％、66．7％和98．6％。结论冠脉CTA对冠脉支架内再狭窄患者有高的阴性预测值，可应用于冠脉支架术后随访。     

320排CT仿真内镜在冠状动脉支架术后应用价值研究

冠状动脉支架术是治疗冠状动脉狭窄的重要手段之一,但术后仍有10%～20%的患者可能出现支架内再狭窄,所以早期准确地评价支架术后再狭窄问题正日益受到重视。目前,冠状动脉造影(CAG)仍是诊断支架内再狭窄的金标准,但缺点是有创伤,且不能提供支架内血管壁病变的详细信息。普通CT机观察血管内支架的通畅情况容易受支架的材     

Evaluation of coronary plaque and stent deployment by intravascular optical coherence tomography in elderly patients with unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the assessment of plaque characteristics and drug eluting stent deployment quality in the elderly patients with unstable angina (UA) and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Methods OCT was used in elderly patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Fifteen patients, 9 males and 6 females with mean age of 72.6±5.3 years (range 67-92 years) were enrolled in the study. Images were obtained before initial balloon dilatation and following stent deployment. The plaque characteristics before dilation, vessel dissection, tissue prolapse, stent apposition and strut distribution after stent implantation were evaluated. Results Fifteen lesions were selected from 32 angiographic lesions as study lesions for OCT imaging after diagnostic coronary angiography. There were 7 lesions in the left anterior descending artery, 5 lesions in the right coronary artery and 3 lesions in the left circumflex coronary artery. Among them, 12 (80.0%) were lipid-rich plaques, and 10 (66.7%) were vulnerable plaques with fibrous cap thickness 54.2±7.3 μm. Seven ruptured culprit plaques (46.7%) were found; 4 in UA patients and 3 in NSTEMI patients. Tissue prolapse was observed in 11 lesions (73.3%). Irregular stent strut distribution was detected in 8 lesions (53.3%). Vessel dissections were found in 5 lesions (33.3%). Incomplete stent apposition was observed in 3 stents (20%) with mean spacing between the struts and the vessel wall 172±96 mm (range 117-436 mm). Conclusions 1) It is safe and feasible to perform intravascular OCT to differentiate vulnerable coronary plaque and monitor stent deployment in elderly patients with UA and USTEMI. 2) Coronary plaques in elderly patients with UA and USTEMI could be divided into acute ruptured plaque, vulnerable plaque, lipid-rich plaque, and stable plaque. 3) Minor or critical plaque rupture is one of the mechanisms of UA in elderly patients. 4) Present drug eluting stent implantation is complicated with multiple tissue prolapses which are associated with irregular strut distributions. 5) The action and significance of tissue prolapse on acute vessel flow and in-stent thrombus and restenosis need to be further studied.     

Optical coherence tomography as a tool for percutaneous coronary interventions.

This study was performed to demonstrate the ability of intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) to identify characteristic vascular responses to percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). OCT provides cross-sectional images of tissue in situ at approximately 10 microm, rendering detailed structural information. Intravascular ultrasound and OCT images were obtained from 10 patients before and after PCI. Images were evaluated to identify balloon-induced dissections/disruptions, thrombus, cutting balloon-induced vascular changes, tissue protrusion, stent apposition and symmetry, and intimal hyperplasia. The disrupted intima, intraluminal thrombus, depth of balloon-induced dissections, cutting balloon cuts, tissue prolapse, underdeployed struts, and intimal hyperplasia were all noticed with OCT. This is the first report of the use of OCT to identify in vivo human intracoronary pathology after PCI.     

The role of optical coherence tomography in coronary intervention

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical analog of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) that can be used to examine the coronary arteries and has 10-fold higher resolution than IVUS. Based on polarization properties, OCT can differentiate tissue characteristics (fibrous, calcified, or lipid-rich plaque) and identify thin-cap fibroatheroma. Because of the strong attenuation of light by blood, OCT systems required the removal of blood during OCT examinations. A recently developed frequency-domain OCT system has a faster frame rate and pullback speed, making the OCT procedure more user-friendly and not requiring proximal balloon occlusion. During percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), OCT can provide detailed information (dissection, tissue prolapse, thrombi, and incomplete stent apposition [ISA]). At follow-up examinations after stent implantation, stent strut coverage and ISA can be assessed. Several OCT studies have demonstrated delayed neointimal coverage following drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation vs. bare metal stent (BMS) placement. While newer DESs promote more favorable vascular healing, the clinical implications remain unknown. Recent OCT studies have provided insights into restenotic tissue characteristics; DES restenotic morphologies differ from those with BMSs. OCT is a novel, promising imaging modality; with more in-depth assessments of its use, it may impact clinical outcomes in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease.     

光学相干断层显像在冠状动脉介入治疗中的应用

光学相干断层显像是利用近红外光成像技术,能提供高质量血管内图像。这项技术已经应用于冠状动脉介入治疗。现就光学相干断层显像技术在冠状动脉介入治疗中的作用进行综述。     

Optical coherence tomography: clinical applications and the evaluation of DES

Optical coherencet tomography (OCT) is a light-based imaging modality that can provide in vivo high-resolution images of the coronary artery. In the last years there has been a continuous technical development that has improved the image quality and has simplified the acquisition procedure in order to spread the clinical applicability of this technique. Due to its high resolution OCT, can be a very valuable tool for the evaluation of the coronary vessel wall, the acute and long-term impact of catheter-based intervention on plaque structure and vessel architecture and the assessment of stents. During stenting, OCT offers the possibility to evaluate stent apposition in great detail and can identify the presence of vessel injury due to stent implantation. At follow-up, the tissue coverage of individual struts can be imaged with OCT. This is of increasing interest in drug-eluting stents in which the neointimal proliferation is inhibited to such extent that it might not be visualized with conventional intracoronary imaging techniques such as IVUS. Regarding the analysis of the coronary vessel wall, OCT holds promise for the identification of thin cap fibroatheroma due to its ability to provide information about plaque composition, presence of macrophages and thickness of the fibrous cap.     

Optical coherence tomography. Initial experience in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Optical coherence tomography is a new intracoronary diagnostic technique that has a higher resolution than other techniques, such as intravascular ultrasound. We used optical coherence tomography to study outcomes after stent implantation in six patients who had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention, and in whom angiography showed normal results after revascularization. Material was observed to protrude through the stent struts in all patients, small dissections were seen at the stent edges in four patients, and there was incomplete stent apposition in four patients. In two patients, small amounts of thrombus were observed to form around the tomography catheter. With optical coherence tomography, it was possible to detect areas in which the results of percutaneous coronary intervention were suboptimal, despite a satisfactory appearance on angiography.     

支架释放同时推注造影剂评价支架术后即刻贴壁不良

目的:通过支架释放同时推注造影剂(Simultaneous injection contrast,SIC),判断支架贴壁情况与光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT),测量支架小梁与血管内膜之间距离,对比评价SIC方法,判断术后即刻支架贴壁情况的实用性。方法:入选21例原位病变的冠心病患者,行支架植入术的同时通过释放支架,同时推注造影剂(SIC)方法判断支架大体的贴壁情况,同时记录支架的型号释放压力等,之后用光学相干断层成像(OCT)精确判断支架的贴壁情况,并对OCT图像每隔1 mm的横截面的支架小梁的贴壁情况进行记录和分析,通过两者的结果对比,评价SIC方法在支架贴壁情况中的实用性。结果:21例患者中共植入支架34枚,其中2个支架节段用SIC及OCT判断均存在贴壁不良,11个支架节段SIC判断贴壁良好,而经OCT检查发现存在>1%的支架小梁贴壁不良。SIC和OCT检查均为贴壁良好的支架节段有21个。结论:SIC方法是在临床实践中一种简便实用的判断支架贴壁情况的方法,虽然其准确性难以与OCT相媲美,但作为一种简便经济的方法,值得在临床推广使用。