冠状动脉扩张（下）

8 CAE相关因素多种因素可以通过增加基质降解酶的活性导致血管的扩张,最终导致发生CAE。其中多数相关因素直接或间接与动脉粥样硬化的进程相关。     

669例住院冠状动脉扩张（CAE）患者临床特点分析

目的回顾性分析阜外医院669例住院冠状动脉扩张患者的临床特点,增进对冠状动脉扩张的认识。方法 2009年1月1日至2014年5月5日连续有106305位患者在北京阜外医院住院行冠状动脉造影,收集冠脉造影发现的冠状动脉扩张患者共697例,取其中病历资料完整的669例进行临床分析。结果冠状动脉扩张患病率为0.656%,单纯性冠状动脉扩张占冠状动脉扩张的10.31%。冠状动脉扩张共累及878支冠状动脉,好发部位依次为右冠状动脉主支（41.80%）,前降支主支（25.40%）,回旋支主支（21.64%）,及左主干（4.78%）。冠状动脉扩张患者大部分为男性（84.75%）,吸烟者占31.99%,伴高血压者占34.68%,伴高脂血症者占31.54%,而伴糖尿病者仅占11.36%。22.12%的冠状动脉扩张患者有心肌梗死病史,23.77%的冠状动脉扩张患者有冠状动脉支架植入史。实验室检验结果显示,40%以上冠状动脉扩张患者血浆总甘油三酯偏高,70%以上血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇偏高,而20%以上总胆固醇偏低;30%以上脂蛋白（a）偏高;36.62%的患者高敏C反应蛋白偏高。结论冠状动脉扩张的患病率较低,最多累及右冠状动脉主支,多见于男性,除糖尿病外与冠状动脉危险因素相似,大多数冠状动脉扩张患者血脂水平控制不良。冠状动脉扩张可能与炎性反应相关。     

造影冠状动脉扩张并心绞痛4例

通过对四例冠心病心绞痛病人进行冠状动脉造影检查，发现其临床表现，体征，心电图，动态心电图、超声心动图等检查均为典型的冠心病心绞痛，但冠状动脉造影结果却显示冠状动脉扩张，而非狭窄。作者认为在冠心病早期有一个冠状动脉代偿性扩张的过程。在这个过程中，同样可以有心绞痛发作。     

冠状动脉瘤样扩张的研究进展

冠状动脉瘤样扩张首次报道于 1983年[1,2 ] ,随着冠状动脉造影技术及冠脉介入治疗的推广普及 ,有关冠状动脉瘤样扩张的报道逐年增多 ,但是冠状动脉瘤样扩张发生的机制及其对人体的影响尚未清楚 ,本文就近年来冠状动脉瘤样扩张的病因、发病机理、治疗及预后等作一综述。1　冠状动脉瘤样扩张的定义冠状动脉瘤样扩张是指冠状动脉局部或弥漫性扩张。多数学者赞同冠状动脉瘤样扩张指冠状动脉局部管径扩大超过邻近正常段或其管径大于正常值上限的1.5倍[3 7] 。管径的测量有两种方法 ,即ＱＣＡ系统(Ｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｃｏｒｏｎａｒｙａｎ…     

冠状动脉导丝引起冠状动脉小血管穿孔紧急处理策略及临床分析（附四例报告）

冠状动脉破裂、穿孔和此后的心脏压塞也是冠状动脉介入治疗的严重并发症,其发生率在PTCA约为0.1%,在冠状动脉介入新技术（如斑块旋切、旋磨、激光成形等）约为1%。若不能正确诊断和及时治疗,可导致患者死亡。冠状动脉穿孔分3型：Ⅰ型穿孔一般仅局限于动脉中层及外膜,形成蘑菇状向管腔外突出,造影显示造影剂渗漏,可无症状;Ⅱ型穿孔指心肌和脏层心包下形成血肿,造影显示片状造影剂渗漏;Ⅲ型穿孔为冠状动脉破入临近心腔、静脉或心包腔,引起心脏压塞。     

冠状动脉扩张与心肌缺血

冠状动脉扩张（coron aryartery ectasias，CAE）又称为扩张陛冠状动脉病（dilated coronaropathy），是一种非阻塞性、缺血性冠状动脉疾病，临床表现为胸闷、心悸和心绞痛，甚至出现心肌梗死，而冠状动脉血管造影显示弥漫性或局灶节段性CAE，伴有或不伴有粥样硬化斑块。随着冠状动脉造影技术应用的普及，越来越多的患者得剑了临床诊断。但是由于目前缺乏对其病因、流行病学、临床表现和治疗方案的认识，CAE的危险性并未得到应有的重视。     

冠状动脉扩张患者临床特点及近期预后

目的：研究冠状动脉扩张（CAE）患者的临床特点及近期预后。方法纳入2009年1月~2011年10月2258例因典型或不典型胸痛行冠脉造影（CAG）患者的影像资料进行回顾性分析,共发现CAE患者102例,通过多元回归分析,分析年龄、性别、吸烟史、高血压病和糖尿病与CAE的相关性,按照是否合并狭窄分为单纯冠状动脉扩张组（n=25）和冠状动脉扩张合并狭窄组（n=77）,进一步将CAE合并狭窄患者按照所采用的治疗策略不同分为介入治疗亚组和药物治疗亚组,对所有CAE患者随访2年,评价主要心血管事件（MACE,包括再发心绞痛、心肌梗死、死亡）发生率有无差异。结果 CAE发生率4.52％（102/2258）,扩张合并狭窄较单纯扩张更为常见（75.50%vs.24.50％）。多元回归分析结果显示,男性是CAE的独立危险因素（OR=3.32;95%CI：1.80~6.20）。单纯扩张组与扩张合并狭窄组MACE发生率无明显差异（37.5%vs.32.0%,P＞0.05）;但在扩张合并狭窄组中,介入治疗亚组患者的MACE发生率显著低于药物治疗亚组（15.09%vs.72.73%,P＜0.01）。结论 CAE常与狭窄同时存在,更好发于男性,CAE预后与是否合并狭窄无关,但对于合并狭窄的患者,及时采用介入治疗能够改善近期预后。     

心脏移植后硝酸甘油对冠状动脉扩张作用的长期观察

目的：通过长期观察进一步阐明心脏移植后硝酸甘油对冠状动脉的扩张反应。方法：应用定量冠状动脉造影的方法，测量冠状动脉内注射硝酸甘油前后左前降支的直径，以评价心脏移植后1至10年硝酸甘油对冠状动脉的扩张反应，并对供体性别、年龄与硝酸甘油对冠状动脉扩张能力之间的关系进行了相关分析。结果：随着心脏移植后时间的推移，硝酸甘油的扩张反应有逐渐减弱的趋势，但无统计学显著性意义；供体性别对心脏移植后近期硝酸甘油诱导的冠状动脉扩张能力有一定的影响，发现女性供体心脏在移植后1—4年，硝酸甘油对冠状动脉的扩张能力显著大于男性供体；供体年龄对心脏移植后硝酸甘油诱导的冠状动脉扩张能力无显著影响。结论：心脏移植后时间对硝酸甘油诱导的冠状动脉扩张能力无影响。女性供体心脏移植后近期硝酸甘油对冠状动脉的扩张能力更佳。     

冠状动脉瘤样扩张与缺血性心脏病的关系

目的　探讨冠状动脉瘤样扩张与缺血性心脏病的关系。方法　常规方法行选择性冠状动脉造影。缺血性心脏病的临床诊断按Ｗ ＨＯ 标准。结果　共发现３２ 例冠状动脉瘤样扩张,其中１７ 例为单纯冠状动脉扩张,１５ 例为冠状动脉扩张并狭窄。１１ 例并有心肌梗塞,１７ 例心绞痛,５ 例为非典型胸痛。结论　部分缺血性心脏病可能由冠状动脉瘤样扩张所致     

冠状动脉扩张症患者的临床特征及新分型指导介入治疗的效果观察

目的:总结51例冠状动脉扩张症(CAE)患者新分型临床特点及指导介入治疗的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析我院2015年1月至2019年1月出院诊断含CAE且冠状动脉造影结果均符合CAE诊断标准患者51例.收集临床资料,按CAE新分型分类,随访主要不良心血管事件(MACE),其定义为全因死亡、心原性死亡、心肌梗死、血运重建的...     

Coronary artery ectasia

Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is defined as localized or diffuse dilatation of coronary artery lumen exceeding the largest diameter of an adjacent normal vessel more than 1.5 fold. The incidence of CAE is reported as 0.3–4.9% of patients undergoing coronary angiography. The rate of recognition may increase with the use of new non-invasive imaging methods like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) coronary angiography. Atherosclerosis is considered as the main etiologic factor responsible for more than 50% of cases in adults while Kawasaki disease is the most common cause in children or young adults. Coronary ectasia is thought to be a result of exaggerated expansive remodeling, which is eventuated as a result of enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix and thinning of the vessel media. Patients with CAE without significant coronary narrowing may present with angina pectoris, positive stress tests or acute coronary syndromes. Ectatic vessel may be an origin of thrombus formation with distal embolization, vasospasm or vessel rupture. The prognosis of CAE depends directly on the severity of the concomitant coronary artery disease. Antiplatelet drugs underlie the therapy. Other management strategies in CAE involve both the prevention of thromboembolic complications and percutaneous or surgical revascularization.     

Coronary artery ectasia due to microfistulae

The pathogenesis of coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is not fully understood and associated with a vast group of disorders. We present a rare case of CAE of the left coronary artery associated with microfistulae. Microfistulae bypass myocardial capillaries and decrease the distal blood flow. The coronary artery responds to this coronary steal phenomenon with a compensatory dilatation, causing diffuse ectasia to catch up for the considerable decrease in coronary diastolic perfusion pressure. Although segmental dilatation is frequently seen in association with hypertension, one should think of microfistulae as an underlying cause of diffuse coronary ectasia.     

Coronary artery ectasia associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease) is characterized by a variety of cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral vascular anomalies. A patient with classic hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia was shown to have three-vessel coronary artery ectasia without evident atherosclerosis, and association not previously demonstrated. The possibility that coronary artery ectasia may be a manifestation of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is discussed.     

Coronary artery ectasia in a patient with myocardial infarction

We report on a case of triple-vessel coronary artery ectasia (CAE) in a young patient. This patient presented with anterior wall myocardial infarction (MI) with post-infarct angina. His coronary angiogram revealed coronary artery ectasia involving the left anterior descending, circumflex and right coronary arteries.     

Coronary artery ectasia: angiographic, clinical profile and follow-up

Out of 3200 coronary angiograms we reviewed, there were 144 cases of coronary ectasia--an incidence of 4.5 percent. Among these, 122 were associated with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, i.e. coronary stenosis more than 50 percent (group A) and 22 not associated with coronary artery disease (group B). The patients in groups A and B were compared with age- and sex-matched patients (group C) (n=100) who had coronary artery disease alone without ectasia. The incidence of ectasia was not increased in patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm i.e. 2/154 (1.8%) or in patients with peripheral occlusive vascular disease i.e. 5/161 (3.1%). Ectasia was typed according to a modified version of the criteria proposed by Markis et al. Type II was the commonest, followed by type I, III and IV. Right coronary artery was the most commonly involved vessel by ectasia followed by left circumflex, left anterior descending artery and left main coronary artery. Diffuse ectasia was seen more frequently in right coronary artery and localised ectasia in left anterior descending artery. Patients in groups A and B had similar epidemiological characteristics, though more patients with ectasia alone (group B) had better left ventricular function and negative stress tests. The patients in group A had a similar incidence of previous myocardial infarction, coronary risk factor profile, treadmill exercise test status and severity of coronary artery disease when compared to group C. On a mean follow-up of 3+/-1.2 years, all the three groups had similar event rates.     

Coronary fistula of right coronary artery to vena cava superior and ectasia of pulmonary artery

We report on a patient with coronary heart disease, a coronary fistula of right coronary artery to vena cava superior and pulmonary hypertension. Combined with coronary artery revascularization, the coronary fistula was closed successfully.     

Coronary artery ectasia. Its prevalence and clinical significance in 4993 patients

To assess the clinical significance of coronary artery ectasia 4993 consecutive coronary arteriograms were reviewed to identify patients with this condition and to allow the assessment of their progress. Coronary ectasia was a relatively uncommon finding (overall incidence 1.4%). It was not related to the development of aortic aneurysms and did not affect the outcome, results of coronary artery surgery, or symptoms.     

Coronary artery ectasia. Its prevalence and clinical significance in 4993 patients.

To assess the clinical significance of coronary artery ectasia 4993 consecutive coronary arteriograms were reviewed to identify patients with this condition and to allow the assessment of their progress. Coronary ectasia was a relatively uncommon finding (overall incidence 1.4%). It was not related to the development of aortic aneurysms and did not affect the outcome, results of coronary artery surgery, or symptoms.     

Clinical features of coronary artery ectasia

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical significance of coronary artery ectasia in Japanese patients. METHODS: Coronary artery ectasia was found in 54 of 3,778 (1.4%) consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography. The clinical characteristics and the coronary angiographic findings of these patients were studied. Follow-up data were obtained for 49 patients, who were separated into two groups: Group A subsequently suffered a follow-up major cardiac event, and Group B did not develop such an event. RESULTS: Among the coronary artery ectasia patients, 65% had myocardial infarction, 91% had coronary artery disease, and 48% had single-vessel disease. Seventy-six percent had single-vessel involvement with coronary artery ectasia. Eighteen patients (37%) suffered 22 follow-up major events. Seventy-two percent of the first follow-up event cases occurred within 4 years after the first cardiac event. The follow-up event in 78% of cases was acute coronary syndrome. There were no significant differences in age and prevalence of each coronary artery risk factor between Groups A and B. There were no significant differences in the incidence of follow-up event between the patients with single-vessel disease and the patients with multi-vessel disease, nor between the patients with single-vessel involvement with coronary artery ectasia and the patients with multi-vessel involvement with coronary artery ectasia. There was no significant difference in the percentage of patients in whom the culprit vessel of the cardiac event was the same as the ectatic vessel between the first cardiac event and follow-up cardiac events (41% vs 62%). CONCLUSIONS: Coronary artery ectasia is not benign and must be carefully monitored. Coronary atherosclerosis may contribute to the occurrence of subsequent cardiac events.