溴敌隆防制家栖鼠的实验室和现场评价

目的 :评价溴敌隆防制家栖鼠的效果。方法 :实验室毒力测定和摄食试验 ;现场灭鼠效果考核。结果 :(1)溴敌隆对大白鼠的急性LD50 和回归方程分别为 0 .86 (0 .80～ 0 .92 )mg/kg和^Y =6 .11 17.0 7x ,慢性LD50 和回归方程分别为 0 .16 (0 .15～ 0 .18)× 5mg/kg和 ^Y =15.80 13.72x ;对小白鼠的急性LD50 和回归方程分别为 1.19(1.0 1～ 1.2 7)mg/kg和 ^Y =4 .4 6 9.6 9x ,慢性LD50 和回归方程分别为 0 .2 2 (0 .2 0～ 0 .2 5)× 5mg/kg和 ^Y =10 .57 8.6 0x。 (2 ) 0 .0 0 5%溴敌隆毒铒对大白鼠和小白鼠无选择和有选择摄食试验 ,都达到 10 0 %毒杀率 ;有选择试验的摄食系数分别为 0 .95和 1.4 4。 (3)现场试验 ,投毒饵 7d灭鼠率 6 6 % ,2 1d和 35d灭鼠率分别为 84 %和 95%。结论 :溴敌隆对两种家栖鼠毒性强 ,适口性好 ,毒效高。     

抗凝血灭鼠剂低浓度混配现场防治家鼠效果的研究

目的　报告抗凝血灭鼠剂敌鼠钠盐和溴敌隆低浓度混配现场防制家鼠的效果。方法　采用两次湿润的方法,分别将敌鼠钠盐和溴敌隆按 0 .015%, 0. 002%的浓度分两次加入新鲜稻谷制成混配毒饵,然后连续 3d进行现场饱和投放毒饵;采用盗食法对现场灭前、灭后的鼠密度进行调查,计算灭鼠率。结果　0 .015%敌鼠钠盐和 0. 002%溴敌隆低浓度混配的毒饵现场对家鼠适口性良好,灭前家鼠对无毒诱饵摄食率为 54. 1%,而连续 3日家鼠对混配毒饵的平均摄食率为 51 .0%,其 3d实际摄食量分别为 3 .810g, 5 .940g,7 .710g明显多于无毒诱饵被摄食的量 985g,存在显著性差异 (t=2. 58,P<0 .05 ); 21d后测定灭效达95. 9%。结论　敌鼠钠盐和溴敌隆低浓度混配毒饵灭鼠效果良好,值得研究与推广应用。     

溴敌隆和杀鼠迷再遇适口性和灭效实验室研究

目的观察0.005%溴敌隆和0.0375%杀鼠迷对Wister大白鼠和Km小白鼠的再遇适口性和灭效,为现场灭鼠药物的选择提供依据。方法将大白鼠和小白鼠分别分为对照组、0.005%溴敌隆组和0.0375%杀鼠迷组,通过有选择摄食试验,观察和比较两种灭鼠药物的再遇摄食系数和毒杀率。结果大白鼠、小白鼠对0.005%溴敌隆的再遇摄食系数分别为1.05和2.89,毒杀率均为100%;大白鼠、小白鼠对0.0375%杀鼠迷的再遇摄食系数分别为0.81和0.32,毒杀率分别为100%和91.67%。结论溴敌隆和杀鼠迷都有较好的再遇适口性和灭效,溴敌隆再遇适口性优于杀鼠迷。     

0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂的适口性及其现场灭鼠效果研究

目的观察0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂实验室的适口性和现场灭鼠的效果。方法用0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂对大白鼠进行实验室的有选择摄食试验和3种类型试验现场的灭家栖鼠的药效观察。结果 0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂对大白鼠的摄食系数为1.28,达到A级;实验室灭鼠率为100%,养鸡场、居民区和农贸市场3种不同类型试验场所的家栖鼠校正灭鼠率分别为94.05%、89.47%及88.77%。结论 0.005%溴鼠灵饵剂对家栖鼠毒效髙,适口性好,具有较好的防治效果。     

两种溴敌隆毒饵适口性实验室效果观察

目的　了解 0 .0 0 5 %溴敌隆普通毒饵和蜡块毒饵对大白鼠的适口性及杀灭效果 ,为使用此类药物灭鼠提供依据。方法　选择性摄食试验和毒杀效果观察。结果　 0 .0 0 5 %溴敌隆普通毒饵和蜡块毒饵对大白鼠的摄食系数分别为 0 .81和 0 .6 6 ;毒杀率都达到 10 0 % ;平均死亡时间分别为 5d和 6 .3d ;雌性试鼠对溴敌隆更为敏感 ,雄性试鼠对溴敌隆较为耐受。结论　 0 .0 0 5 %溴敌隆普通毒饵和蜡块毒饵对鼠类适口性好 ,毒效高。     

克鼠星1号灭鼠效果研究

目的在实验室内及现场对“克鼠星1号”灭鼠剂的杀灭效果进行试验,为抗凝血灭鼠剂的选择使用提供依据。方法进行实验室“克鼠星1号”对SD大鼠和小白鼠有选择性和无选择性杀灭试验,并进行现场毒杀试验。结果有选择性杀灭试验,SD大鼠和小白鼠对“克鼠星1号”摄食系数分别为0.30和0.38。无选择性杀灭试验,SD大鼠连续3次给药毒杀率可达100%,小白鼠连续2次给药毒杀率90%。现场试验,3 d饱和投毒饵,灭效92.59%。结论“克鼠星1号”灭鼠剂适口性良好,对SD大鼠和小白鼠有较好的杀灭效果,可作为家栖鼠化学防制的有效选择之一。     

溴敌隆毒饵对大白鼠灭效和适口性观察

目的 测定溴敌隆毒饵对大白鼠的灭效和适口性。方法 无选择和有选择摄食试验。结果 毒杀率均为100％，死亡高峰在第6～8d，摄食系数0．63。结论 该毒饵杀灭效果和适口性好。     

2种灭鼠剂混配毒饵对黄胸鼠的毒杀效果观察

目的了解含0.015%敌鼠钠盐和0.002%溴敌隆的2种抗凝血灭鼠剂混配毒饵对黄胸鼠的实验室毒杀效果。方法采用无选择摄食试验和有选择摄食试验方法,试鼠单笼饲养分别摄食混配毒饵和单剂毒饵。结果有选择摄食试验试鼠对混配毒饵(1号方)、0.015%敌鼠钠盐(2号方)和0.002%溴敌隆(3号方)的摄食系数分别为0.93、0.70、0.99,毒杀率分别为100%、46.7%、66.7%;无选择摄食试验中1～3号方对试鼠的毒杀率分别为100%、50%、70%。试鼠对1号方4 d摄食量与2～3号方统计学分析,无统计学意义;1号方对黄胸鼠毒杀效果优于2、3号方,三者毒杀率有统计学意义。结论使用2种抗凝血灭鼠剂较低浓度混配制成的毒饵对黄胸鼠适口性和毒杀效果好,可用于家鼠的防治。     

新型灭鼠药现场灭鼠效果试验研究

目的了解新型灭鼠药在不同地区、不同生境对不同鼠种的现场杀灭效果。方法室内用粉迹法、室外用鼠夹法调查灭前、灭后鼠密度并进行比较，用毒饵、基饵消耗量对比观察其适口性。结果现场灭效平均达79．53％，灭效略高于溴敌隆，野外摄食系数为0．51。结论该新型灭鼠药现场灭鼠效果及适口性较好。     

溴敌隆和杀鼠迷毒饵的适口性比较

目的比较0．005％溴敌隆和0．038％杀鼠迷毒饵的适口性,为城市社区灭鼠剂的选择提供依据。方法对大白鼠和小白鼠进行集体群养有选择性试验,观察和比较0．005％溴敌隆和0．038％杀鼠迷毒饵的摄食系数。结果大白鼠对0．005％溴敌隆和0．038％杀鼠迷毒饵的摄食系数分别为1．14和0．75。小白鼠对0．005％溴敌隆和0．038％杀鼠迷毒饵的摄食系数分别为2．79和0．47。结论两种毒饵的摄食系数均大于0．3,适口性均达“好”的标准,溴敌隆适口性高于杀鼠迷,可推荐溴敌隆作为城市社区首选灭鼠剂。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.