全身麻醉下气管支架植入术治疗恶性气管狭窄

目的评价全身麻醉下气管支架植入术治疗恶性气管狭窄的疗效。方法选择因恶性肿瘤致气管狭窄、中、重度呼吸困难患者17例,行全身麻醉及气管插管,于DSA监视下经气管套管植入镍钛记忆合金支架。结果全部病例均成功植入支架,呼吸困难症状立即得到改善。随访3～24个月,支架无移位,气管通畅,患者无明显疼痛及异物感。结论全身麻醉下气管支架植入术治疗恶性气管狭窄安全、快捷、有效,患者痛苦小,可为后续治疗提供条件。     

镍钛记忆合金支架治疗气管狭窄的麻醉处理

镍钛记忆合金支架治疗气管狭窄的麻醉处理贾天军＊宋运琴＊镍钛记忆合金支架（简称ＮＴ－支架）是治疗气管狭窄的一种新手段［１］。我科自１９９１年３月至今对ＮＴ－支架治疗６例气管狭窄患者手术施行了麻醉。术中经过顺利，取得了较好的效果。现报告如下。资料与方法成...     

镍钛记忆合金网状支架在前列腺增生中应用

目的：探讨对年老体弱高危前列腺增生排尿困难患者简单有效的治疗方法。方法：采用国产镍钛记忆合金网状支架置入前列腺增生梗阻部位。结果：250例高危前列腺增生性排尿困难患者经置入镍钛记忆合金网状支架后 ,84.2%患者排尿比较满意,尿流率及剩余尿量明显改善。结论：网状支架置入法是治疗并发严重心、肺、脑血管疾病不能耐受开放性手术及电切术的前列腺增生排尿困难患者的有效方法,对前列腺中叶增生较大及神经源性膀胱者效果欠佳。     

气管支架置入术治疗气管狭窄患者的护理

对20例气管狭窄患者行镍钛合金支架置入术治疗,做好术前心理护理,局部麻醉,术中密切监护并做好术后并发症的预防及护理.20例患者均顺利完成支架安放,术后呼吸困难改善,未发生大咯血及支架移位等严重并发症.     

气管支架置入术治疗气管狭窄患者的护理

对20例气管狭窄患者行镍钛合金支架置入术治疗。做好术前心理护理，局部麻醉，术中密切监护并做好术后并发症的预防及护理。20例患者均顺利完成支架安放．术后呼吸困难改善。未发生大咯血及支架移位等严重并发症。     

植入镍钛记忆合金支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床分析

目的 评价植入镍钛记忆合金支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻的疗效。方法 对16例恶性胆道梗阻患者。采用经手术及介入方法植入镍钛记忆合金胆道支架。结果 术后1个月内死亡1例，15例黄疸完全解除。随访15例，12例术后平均生存13．1个月。结论 植入镍钛合金胆道支架可提高姑息切除的疗效；对不能切除病灶患者，支架植入可解除黄疸，改善生活质量。     

食管金属支架治疗食管良、恶性狭窄

目的　通过对 12 4例食管良、恶性狭窄患者的治疗 ,探讨食管金属支架治疗的临床效果、适应证、并发症以及治疗过程中存在的问题。　方法　食管狭窄患者在内窥镜和食管 X线透视下进行食管金属支架治疗。分别置入镍钛记忆合金支架 83例次 ,带膜不锈钢支架 47例次。　结果　金属支架操作均一次性完成 ,位置良好 ,支架扩张内径1.2～ 1.6 cm ,吞咽困难程度由术前的 3.35 %下降至 1.0 5 % ,患者恢复正常饮食。并发症为下胸痛、反流性食管炎、上消化道出血等 ,无食管穿孔和手术死亡。　结论　食管金属支架治疗食管狭窄操作简单、效果确切 ,能提高晚期食管癌、贲门癌患者的生存质量 ,但对贲门失弛缓症等良性疾患的金属支架治疗需慎重 ,要掌握适应证。     

不同部位消化道梗阻的内支架治疗特点与对策

目的探讨不同部位消化道梗阻的内支架治疗特点与对策。方法消化道恶性梗阻63例采用71枚内支架治疗，全部使用永久性部分带膜镍钛合金支架，均在数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography，DSA）监视下经口或肛门将支架置于梗阻部位，预扩张和后扩张分别为6例和3例，术前术后均做造影对照，根据进食和排便情况评价疗效，并做临床随访3～24个月，平均11个月。结果单次成功放置支架60例；胃窦部、十二指肠空肠曲及乙状结肠首次操作失败再次置入支架各1例。56例上消化道支架置入后恢复饮食47例，7例乙状结肠和直肠支架置入后肠梗阻症状即刻解除；8例食管-支气管瘘置入食管支架后瘘管完全封堵；1例残胃-纵隔-支气管瘘置入支气管支架后轻度呛咳，3周后瘘口基本闭塞。出现剧烈疼痛1例，轻度疼痛12例，大出血1例，支架移位2例，术后再狭窄2例，声音嘶哑1例。结论部分带膜镍钛合金支架置入术是消化道恶性梗阻和食管一支气管瘘的有效治疗方法。但对不同部位消化道恶性梗阻均应区别对待，必须使用相应的材料和操作方法，以提高其有效性和安全性。     

应用带膜镍钛记忆合金支架治疗晚期食管癌

目的总结应用带膜镍钛记忆合金支架治疗晚期食管癌的临床经验。方法53例晚期食管癌患者在食管X线钡餐透视下采用介入法、内镜法或术中植入法在食管内放置带膜镍钛记忆合金支架。术后进食困难程度用Neuhaus分级评估，并随访观察所有患者近期和远期疗效。结果所有患者支架均一次放置成功，无操作引起的严重并发症，术后患者吞咽困难症状明显改善，置入支架后患者吞咽困难分级较置入支架前明显降低（P〈0．01），能顺利进半流质或普通食物。狭窄食管段直径由2～4mm扩张至16～20mm。随访49例（92．5%），随访时间3～24个月。术后近期并发症主要为胸骨后异物感、疼痛、恶心和少量消化道出血，发生率为96．2％（51／5a）。26例患者（53．1％，26／49）于术后3～15个月内死亡，平均生存7．8个月，死亡原因多为肿瘤转移、全身衰竭。结论食管内放置带膜镍钛记忆合金支架治疗晚期食管癌患者的食管狭窄、食管瘘简单易行、损伤小，近期疗效明显，是一种有效的姑息性非手术治疗方法。     

食管金属要治疗食管良,恶性狭窄

目的 通过对１２４例食管良、恶性狭窄患者的治疗,探讨食管金属支架治疗的临床效果、适应证、并发症以及治疗过程中存在的问题。方法 食管狭窄患者在内窥镜和食管Ｘ线透视下进行食管金属支架治疗。分别置入镍钛记忆合金支架８３例次,带膜不风支架４７例次。结果 金属支架操作均一次性完成,位置良好,支架扩张内径１．２￣１．６ｃｍ,吞咽困难程度由术前的３．３５％下降至１．０５％,患者恢复正常饮食。并发症为下胸痛、反流     

The management of post-intubation tracheal stenoses with self-expandable stents: early and long-term results in 11 cases

Objective: The optimal management of post-intubation tracheal stenoses is surgical reconstruction of the airway. Stenting of the trachea using silastic T-tubes or one of the various types of tracheal stents are the alternative ways to surgical reconstruction for the management of post-intubation tracheal stenoses. The early and long-term results of 11 patients with post-intubation tracheal stenosis, who underwent tracheal stenting with self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs), are presented. Methods: Twelve patients (10 men, mean age: 47.8 ± 20.4 years) with post-intubation tracheal stenosis were referred for tracheal stenting with SEMS (2000–2004). In three cases, the upper tracheal stenosis extended within the subglottic larynx. Stenting was successful in 11 patients, while, in one patient with involvement of the subglottic larynx, the attempt to insert the stent failed. Follow-up time varied from 6 to 96 months, and it was made with virtual and fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Results: Immediate relief of obstructive symptoms was observed in all the 11 patients, where an SEMS was successfully inserted. Stent dislodgement occurred shortly after the procedure in two patients, and it was treated with insertion of a new stent in the first case and a stent-on-stent insertion in the second. Good patency of the stent was observed in three patients for 60–96 months. Three patients with good patency of the stent died from other reasons 24–48 months after stent insertion. Four patients developed obstructive granulation tissue at the ends of the stent after 12–43 months, requiring further treatment with thermal lasers and/or tracheostomy. One patient underwent stent removal and successful laryngotracheal reconstruction 6 months after stent insertion. Conclusions: The application of SEMS in post-intubation tracheal stenoses results in immediate improvement of obstructive symptoms without significant perioperative complications. SEMSs have the potential risks of migration and of granulation tissue formation at the end of the stent. SEMS should be applied only in strictly selected patients with post-intubation tracheal stenosis, who are considered unfit for surgery and/or with limited life expectancy.     

Nitinol stent for the treatment of tracheobronchial stenosis

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential utility of implantation of a nickel-titanium alloy (nitinol) stent for the treatment of malignant or benign tracheobronchial stenosis. METHODS: We evaluated 18 patients (14 men and 4 women) who received 24 nitinol stents, between November 1997 and May 2000. All 18 patients had severe dyspnea caused by tracheobronchial stenosis. The underlying condition was malignant disease in 15 patients, and benign tracheal collapse in the other 3 patients. RESULTS: Implantation of the stent was successfully performed in all patients. Seventeen patients experienced immediate clinical improvement in respiratory symptoms. The remaining 1 patient with a bronchial fistule after lobectomy did not benefit, and died of pneumonia at 16 days after the implantation. In 15 patients, the procedure was performed using a flexible bronchoscope under local anesthesia alone, while the remaining 3 patients needed intravenous sedation. There was no complication resulting from the stent implantation. Among the 3 patients with benign tracheal collapse, 2 patients were alive at 746 and at 401 days after the stent implantation, at the time of this report. One patient with cicatricial stenosis after intubation died of heart failure due to previous myocardial infarction. Among the 15 patients with malignant disease, 4 patients have survived for 177 to 305 days to date, while the other 11 patients have died of primary malignancy with a mean survival duration of 60.2 days. CONCLUSION: The nitinol stent was effective in treating malignant or benign tracheobronchial stenosis, and had some remarkable advantages compared with other tracheobronchial stents. In stenting, most procedures can be performed using flexible bronchoscope under local anesthesia.     

Gianturco self-expanding metallic stents in treatment of tracheobronchial stenosis after single lung and heart and lung transplantation

Three patients with recurrent bronchial stenosis following single lung transplant (SLTx), and one patient with tracheal stenosis following heart-lung transplantation (HLTx), not responding to repeated dilatations (3 patients) and prolonged use of silastic stents (patient with tracheal stenosis), have been treated by the endoscopic insertion of Gianturco self-expanding metallic stents under fluoroscopic control. The stent resulted in immediate improvement in respiratory function in all four patients. One patient (SLTx) had early bronchial re-stenosis due to growth of granulation tissue within the stent which was successfully treated by cryotherapy. In one patient (HLTx), a left lower lobe bronchial stenosis developed 14 months after tracheal stenting. The metallic stent appears to be a promising device in the management of recurrent or resistant bronchial stenosis following SLTx or tracheal stenosis after HLTx.     

Self-expanding polytetrafluoroethylene covered nitinol stents for the treatment of ureteral stenosis: preliminary report

PURPOSE: We evaluated the treatment of ureteral stenosis using a self-expanding nitinol stent covered with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2001 and April 2003, 37 ePTFE covered metal stents were implanted in 20 patients with a total of 29 ureteral stenoses due to various causes. In general the stents were introduced by using a retrograde approach under combined endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance with patients under spinal block and sedation. Followup assessments in 18 patients, including urography, were done 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after the procedure. Followup endoscopic examinations were performed at 6 and 12 months in 8 patients. RESULTS: Immediate ureteral patency was achieved during all insertion procedures and maintained in most patients. Four patients died of the neoplastic process 3 to 12 months after implantation. Four stent migrations occurred in 3 patients (22.2%), which was resolved by implanting a new stent. Nonobstructive mucous hyperplasia was observed in 5 patients (27.7%) at the end of the stent, although there was no internal calcification. In all cases the stents remained patent until the current time or until patient death. CONCLUSIONS: We found that ePTFE covered nitinol stents were safe and effective for ureteral stenosis. Their resistance to calcification was high with nonobstructive hyperplasia developing in only a few cases and only at the stent ends. The ideal material for covering stents would produce no mucous hyperplasia.     

新型可回收全覆膜镍钛合金支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄

目的探讨自行设计的新型可回收抗反流全覆膜镍钛合金支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄的疗效。方法2009年11月至2011年5月间中山大学肿瘤防治中心胸科采用新型支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄患者8例。在支架置入术后第1、7、30和60天以及拔除支架术后1、2、3和6个月,进行胃镜和食管吞钡检查,评价患者吞咽功能改善及并发症发生情况。结果8例患者均成功置入新型支架．术后吞咽功能较术前明显改善（P〈0．05）。经9个月的中位随访,已拔除支架6例,其吞咽功能亦较术前明显改善（P〈0．05）：支架继续留置2例,其中1例支架置入术后已15个月,目前仍进普通饮食：另1例支架置入术后2个月吞咽功能较术前改善．但3个月后吞咽功能减退至术前水平。8例患者远期吞咽功能改善率为7／8。术后再狭窄1例：支架脱落2例：肉芽过度增生3例,其中支架覆膜破裂致肉芽向内生长2例。结论新型可回收全覆膜镍钛合金支架置入食管良性狭窄术后和拔除支架后吞咽功能明显改善．远期再狭窄发生率低：但支架脱落发生率仍较高．支架覆膜材料易破裂．仍需进一步改进。     

Secondary Carina and Lobar Bronchi Stenting in Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer: Is It Worth the Effort? A Clinical Experience

Background: The lobar airway stenting remains an endoscopic procedure not well standardized in patients with locally advanced lung cancer disease. The goal of this study was to evaluate technical feasibility, clinical outcome, and complications of different stents in patients with malignant lesions involving lobar bronchi, primary and secondary carina.Methods: Between November 2008 and October 2013, we retrospectively analyzed 146 patients with benign and malignant tracheobronchial stenosis who underwent airway stent insertion below main carina and main bronchi.Results: In all, 170 airway stenting procedures were performed on 146 patients. In all, 51 of them with malignant peripheral airway stenosis underwent stents placement below main carina. In all but one patient, the deployment of stents was successful with improvement of symptoms. The chest radiograph after the procedure detected the lung re-expansion in 29 of 51 patients. The mean follow-up duration was 123 days ± 157. Complications observed included stent migration, tumor overgrowth, infections, granulation tissue formation, and obstruction due to tenacious secretions. Longer survival was observed in patients who received additional treatment after airway stenting compared to those who did not (p <0.01).Conclusions: Stenting of lobar bronchi and primary or secondary carina is technically feasible, effective, and acceptably safe.     

Anesthetic management of tracheal stent insertion under total intravenous anesthesia--a report of two cases

Tracheal stent insertion is a useful method for patients with malignant tracheal stenosis. Expandable metal stents were inserted in two patients with severe dyspnea due to tracheal stenosis caused by lung cancer and esophageal cancer. The tracheas were intubated after spraying the pharynx with 4% lidocaine solution. The respiration was assisted. Anesthesia was maintained by intravenous propofol. There were no episodes of coughing during and after the procedure.     

Granulation stenosis caused by a Dumon stent placed for endobronchial tuberculous stenosis

Two patients with cicatric tracheobronchial stenosis caused by tuberculosis who suffered granulation stenosis after placement of a Dumon stent are reported. Dumon stents, which were long enough to cover the stenotic sites, were placed in the trachea and left main bronchus of each patient. Granulation tissue grew at both edges of the stent 3 or 4 months after stent placement, which caused restenosis and necessitated removal of the stents. The authors conclude that a Dumon stent for treatment of tracheobronchial stenosis caused by tuberculosis can cause granulation stenosis at the edges of the stent.     

Tracheal Stenosis Treated With Self-Expanding Nitinol Stent

A self-expanding nitinol stent was used in 2 patients with inoperable tracheal stenosis due to invasive malignant tumor of the trachea. One was a 70-year-old man with recurrent tumor from adenocarcinoma of the left lung, and the other was a 63-year-old man with recurrent tumor in mediastinal lymph nodes from esophageal cancer. The self-expanding nitinol stent is very useful and effective in inoperable tracheal stenosis due to intraluminal tumor invasion.     

The use of a retrievable self-expanding stent in treating childhood benign esophageal strictures

Background/Purpose

Esophageal stenting is a popular form of treatment of esophageal strictures in adults but is not widely used in children. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether esophageal stents could be used safely and effectively in the treatment of esophageal stenosis in children.

Methods

Covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents were placed in 8 children with corrosive esophageal stenosis. The stents were removed 1 to 4 weeks after insertion.

Results

The stents were placed in all patients without complications and were later removed successfully. After stent placement, all patients could take solid food without dysphagia. Stent migration occurred in one patient and so the insertion procedure was repeated to reposition the stent. During the 3-month follow-up period after stent removal, all children could eat satisfactorily. After 6 months, 2 children required balloon dilation (3 times in one and 5 times in the other). The dysphagia score improved in all patients.

Conclusions

The use of the covered retrievable expandable stent is an effective and safe method in treating childhood corrosive esophageal stenosis.