汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童工作记忆训练的迁移效应评价

目的:研究汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童在工作记忆训练前后的识字量和押韵判断的正确率及反应时,探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的工作记忆训练的迁移效应。方法:选取32名阅读障碍儿童,采用双盲对照实验将其分为实验组16人和控制组16人,采用计算机自适应工作记忆干预软件。对实验组和控制组儿童分别进行不同时长的工作记忆训练。结果:工作记忆训练后的实验组和控制组在识字量及押韵试次和非押韵试次的反应时上差异显著(t=2.06,2.20,3.36;P0.05)。结论:工作记忆训练对阅读障碍儿童可以产生有效的远迁移效应,改善阅读障碍儿童阅读水平。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍的认知特点研究进展

文章主要从言语认知和一般信息加工两个层面介绍汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的认知特点。其中,在言语认知层面汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童存在语音、语素、正字法和快速命名缺陷;在一般信息加工层面汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童存在视听觉、工作记忆和执行功能缺陷。从认知特点方面介绍汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的相关研究进展,供该领域研究者借鉴。     

阅读障碍儿童视觉记忆研究

目的 :研究阅读障碍儿童视觉短时和工作记忆能力特点。方法 :采用on -line的实验方法 ,比较小学三年级阅读障碍儿童和正常儿童对简单材料和复杂材料的视觉短时和工作记忆能力。结果 :(1 )在视觉短时记忆能力上 ,阅读障碍儿童与正常儿童不存在显著差异 ;(2 )在视觉工作记忆能力上 ,无论是对简单的视觉材料还是复杂的视觉材料 ,阅读障碍儿童都显著落后于正常儿童 ,工作记忆存在一定的落后。结论 :阅读障碍儿童视觉记忆落后主要存在于工作记忆环节     

发展性阅读障碍的遗传基础

发展性阅读障碍是儿童中最常见的学习障碍。研究者使用连锁分析、关联分析、全基因组扫描等分子遗传学方法对阅读障碍的产生机制进行了深入的探讨。目前，有关阅读障碍的分子遗传学研究表明J、2、3、6、15、18号染色体和X染色体与阅读障碍有关，而且研究者已在15号染色体的15q21区域发现了第一个阅读障碍的候选基因。     

汉语阅读障碍的研究进展

阅读障碍(dyslexia)是指在拥有正常智力、情感以及相应的教育及社会文化机会条件的前提下,在阅读方面长期出现的一系列困难.它受遗传因素和环境因素的影响,有明显的家族聚集性,其发病机制至今仍不十分清楚[1].近年来.汉语阅读障碍儿童这一特殊群体逐渐受到人们的关注,关于汉语阅读障碍的研究渐多.而这些研究的范围、内容以及方法等都各有不同.     

发展性阅读障碍儿童错误监控的特点：来自眼动的证据

目的：探究发展性阅读障碍儿童错误监控的特点及其加工的眼动过程。方法：采用眼动技术,选取发展性阅读障碍儿童、阅读水平匹配儿童和生理年龄匹配儿童各13名,记录三组被试在反向眼跳任务中的眼动反应与行为表现。结果：(1)发展性阅读障碍儿童在无意识错误中的扫视错误率高于另外两组儿童,眼跳潜伏期和扫视矫正时间短于另外两组儿童。(2)发展性阅读障碍儿童在有意识错误中的眼跳潜伏期、扫视矫正时间和扫视错误率与另外两组儿童没有差异。结论：发展性阅读障碍儿童存在无意识错误监控的缺陷,缺少减慢反应以提高正确率的补偿机制,并且错误监控缺陷可能是导致其阅读障碍的重要原因。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的阅读相关认知技能缺陷

目的:探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的阅读相关认知技能缺陷.方法:以47名四、五年级阅读障碍儿童和43名正常儿童为对象,系统考察了儿童的命名组词、阅读理解和阅读流畅性等阅读能力以及语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识及快速命名等阅读相关认知技能.结果:①阅读障碍儿童在所有阅读能力和阅读相关认知技能测验中均显著落后于正常儿童.②不同阅读相关认知技能对阅读能力的不同方面存在不同影响.③语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识及快速命名相结合能有效地预测儿童是否患有阅读障碍.结论:汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童在语音意识、语素意识、正字法意识及快速命名等方面存在着不同缺陷,这可能是导致他们阅读能力落后的重要原因.     

工作记忆训练对焦虑情绪的改善:效果及机制

研究发现,工作记忆训练可以降低焦虑患者以及健康个体的焦虑水平。研究者们采用行为测量和自我报告的方式发现,经过工作记忆训练的个体,焦虑水平明显下降,其抑制功能、注意控制能力以及工作记忆容量都得到了显著的提升,对威胁性刺激的注意偏向也明显的下降。工作记忆训练缓解焦虑情绪的原因可能是因为训练提升了个体的工作记忆容量,从而增强了注意控制能力并降低了对威胁性刺激的注意偏向,最终使个体焦虑情绪得到改善。未来的研究要进一步增强研究的可信度,并采取更加多元且客观的手段探索训练效果潜在的起效机制,同时探讨训练对特定类型的焦虑障碍的作用。     

汉语阅读障碍研究综述

过去二十年，汉语阅读障碍引起研究者的广泛重视。研究者进行了一系列相关研究，取得一定成绩。本文重点介绍一些在汉语阅读障碍方面较具影响的研究及其成果，并在详细分析这些研究的基础上对其做出简要述评。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍诊断与干预的专家意见

发展性阅读障碍是一种以儿童阅读能力显著落后于年龄和智力应有水平为主的障碍，属于具有遗传基础的神经发育性障碍。目前国内对发展性阅读障碍的评估、诊断与干预多出现在科研场合，临床诊疗和教育性质的应用明显不足。专家意见采用专家书面反馈意见和视频会议讨论的形式，以发展性阅读障碍的病因学基础为指导，对发展性阅读障碍的临床表现、诊断流程及干预原则等形成统一意见，旨在为相关专业领域医师和康复专业人员提供参考和帮助，亦为开展对发展性阅读障碍的教育性干预活动提供参考。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.